Astronomy:Photon surface

Short description: Surface of a black hole

Photon sphere (definition):
A photon sphere of a static spherically symmetric metric is a timelike hypersurface $\{r=r_{ps}\}$ if the deflection angle of a light ray with the closest distance of approach $r_o$ diverges as $r_o\to r_{ps}.$

For a general static spherically symmetric metric

$g=-\beta \left(r\right)d{t}^2-\alpha (r)d{r}^2-\sigma (r)r^2(d{\theta }^2+{\sin }^2\theta d{\varphi }^2),$

the photon sphere equation is:

$2\sigma (r)\beta +r\frac{d\sigma (r)}{dr}\beta (r)-r\frac{d\beta (r)}{dr}\sigma (r)=0.$

The concept of a photon sphere in a static spherically metric was generalized to a photon surface of any metric.

Photon surface (definition) :
A photon surface of (M,g) is an immersed, nowhere spacelike hypersurface S of (M, g) such that, for every point p∈S and every null vector k∈T_pS, there exists a null geodesic $\gamma$:(-ε,ε)→M of (M,g) such that $\dot{\gamma }$(0)=k, |γ|⊂S.

Both definitions give the same result for a general static spherically symmetric metric.

Theorem:
Subject to an energy condition, a black hole in any spherically symmetric spacetime must be surrounded by a photon sphere. Conversely, subject to an energy condition, any photon sphere must cover more than a certain amount of matter, a black hole, or a naked singularity.