Biography:Alison Gopnik

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Short description: American psychologist
Alison Gopnik
Alison Gopnik Photo.jpg
Gopnik in 2008
Born (1955-06-16) June 16, 1955 (age 69)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U S.
CitizenshipUnited States
Alma mater
  • McGill University
  • Oxford University
Known forTheory of mind, theory theory, causal learning
Spouse(s)
Children3
AwardsCarl Sagan Prize for Science Popularization (2021)
James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award (2021)
Scientific career
FieldsDevelopmental psychology
InstitutionsUniversity of California, Berkeley
ThesisThe development of non-nominal expressions in 12–24 month old children (1980)
Doctoral advisorJerome Bruner

Alison Gopnik (born June 16, 1955) is an American professor of psychology and affiliate professor of philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley. She is known for her work in the areas of cognitive and language development, specializing in the effect of language on thought, the development of a theory of mind, and causal learning. Her writing on psychology and cognitive science has appeared in Science, Scientific American,[1] The Times Literary Supplement, The New York Review of Books, The New York Times , New Scientist, Slate and others.[2] Her body of work also includes four books and over 100 journal articles.

She has frequently appeared on TV and radio including The Charlie Rose Show and The Colbert Report. Slate writes of Gopnik, "One of the most prominent researchers in the field, Gopnik is also one of the finest writers, with a special gift for relating scientific research to the questions that parents and others most want answered. This is where to go if you want to get into the head of a baby."[3] Gopnik is a columnist for The Wall Street Journal , sharing the Mind & Matter column with Robert Sapolsky on alternating Saturdays.[4]

Academic career

Gopnik received a B.A., majoring in psychology and philosophy, from McGill University in 1975. In 1980, she received a D.Phil. in experimental psychology from Oxford University. She worked at the University of Toronto before joining the faculty at UC Berkeley in 1988.[5]

Lecturing at SkeptiCal – Berkeley, CA – April 21, 2012 – "The Philosophical Baby: What Children's Minds Tell us about Truth, Love and the Meaning of Life"

Gopnik has done extensive work with applying Bayesian networks to human learning and has published and presented numerous papers on the topic.[5] Gopnik says of this work, "The interesting thing about Bayes nets is that they search out causes rather than mere associations. They give you a single representational structure for dealing both with things that just happen and with interventions—things you observe others doing to the world or things you do to the world. This is important because there is something really special about the way we treat and understand human action. We give it a special status in terms of our causal inferences. We think of human actions as things that you do that are designed to change things in the world as opposed to other events that just take place."[6]

Judea Pearl, developer of Bayesian networks, says Gopnik was one of the first psychologists to note that the mathematical models also resemble how children learn. Gopnik's work at Berkeley's Child Study Center seeks to develop mathematical models of how children learn. These models could be used to develop better algorithms for artificial intelligence.[7]

In April, 2013, Gopnik was inducted into The American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[8] She is, as of 2014, a Fellow of the Cognitive Science Society.[9] In 2021, she will receive the James McKeen Cattell Lifetime Achievement Award for Applied Research from the Association for Psychological Science (APS).[10]

Notable publications

Gopnik is an authority on the philosophy of mind and a preeminent developmental psychologist. Gopnik is known for advocating the "theory theory" which postulates that the same mechanisms used by scientists to develop scientific theories are used by children to develop causal models of their environment.[11] The "theory theory" was explored in "Words, Thoughts, and Theories," co-authored with Andrew N. Meltzoff.[12] Gopnik co-authored with Andrew N. Meltzoff and Patricia K. Kuhl "The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind." The book posits that the cognitive development of children in early life is made possible by three factors: innate knowledge, advanced learning ability, and the evolved ability of parents to teach their offspring.[13] "Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and Computation," edited with Laura Schulz, explores causal learning and the interdisciplinary work done in furthering the understanding of learning and reasoning.[14]

In her book "The Philosophical Baby: What Children’s Minds Tell Us about Truth, Love, and the Meaning of Life," Gopnik explores how infants and young children cognitively develop by using processes similar to those used by scientists, including experimenting on their environment.[15] The book explains how an environment maximized for an infant's cognitive development is one that is safe to explore.[16] The book also explores what babies can tell us about love, imagination and identity, as well as considering the broader philosophical significance of care-giving.[17] "The Philosophical Baby" has been recognized as a New York Times Extended List Bestseller, a San Francisco Chronicle Bestseller, and an Independent Bookstores Bestseller.[18] It has also received acclaim on the New York Times Editor's Choice[19] list, the San Francisco Chronicle Editors Choice list, and as one of Babble's 50 Best Parenting Books.[20] It has also been recognized as recommended reading by Scientific American.[18][21]

In 2009, Gopnik published a paper in Hume Studies arguing that the historical record regarding the circumstances around David Hume's authoring of A Treatise of Human Nature are wrong. Gopnik argued that Hume had access to the library of the Royal College at La Flèche, a Jesuit institution that had been founded by Henri IV. At the time Hume was living nearby and working on the Treatise, La Flèche was home to a Jesuit missionary named Charles François Dolu, a learned man who was an expert on different world religions who had visited the French embassy in Siam. In addition, Dolu had met Ippolito Desideri, another Jesuit missionary who had visited Tibet from 1716 to 1721. Gopnik argues that because of his exposure to Theravada Buddhism, Dolu may form the source of the Buddhist influence on Hume's Treatise. Gopnik cites a number of letters from Hume that mention his time at La Flèche and his meeting with Jesuits from the college. It is from this Buddhist connection through the learning of the Jesuit college that Hume is influenced to deny the ontological reality of the self—which Gopnik links to the Buddhist idea of Śūnyatā (Emptiness).[22]

The feature-length documentary film The Singularity by independent filmmaker Doug Wolens (released at the end of 2012), showcasing Gopnik's work in cognitive development as it relates to computer learning, has been acclaimed as "a large-scale achievement in its documentation of futurist and counter-futurist ideas" and "the best documentary on the Singularity to date."[23][24]

Personal life

Gopnik is the daughter of linguist Myrna Gopnik. She is Jewish. She is the firstborn of six siblings[25] who include Blake Gopnik, the Newsweek art critic, and Adam Gopnik, a writer for The New Yorker.[11] She was formerly married to journalist George Lewinski and has three sons: Alexei, Nicholas, and Andres Gopnik-Lewinski.[26] In 2010, she married computer graphics pioneer Alvy Ray Smith, the co-founder of Pixar.[27][28]

Bibliography

  • The Gardener and the Carpenter: What the New Science of Child Development Tells Us About the Relationship Between Parents and Children (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016, ISBN:978-0374229702)[29]
  • The Philosophical Baby: What Children's Minds Tell Us About Truth, Love, and the Meaning of Life (hardcover: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009, ISBN:978-0312429843) (softcover: Picador, 2010, ISBN:978-0312429843)
  • Causal Learning: Psychology, Philosophy, and Computation (Edited with Laura Schulz) (Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN:978-0195176803)
  • The Scientist in the Crib: What Early Learning Tells Us About the Mind (with Andrew N. Meltzoff and Patricia K. Kuhl) (hardcover: William Morrow, 1999, ISBN:978-0688159887) (softcover: HarperCollins Publishers, 2000, ISBN:978-0688177881)
  • Words, Thoughts, and Theories (with Andrew N. Meltzoff) (hardcover: The MIT Press, 1996, ISBN:978-0262071758) (softcover: A Bradford Book, 1998, ISBN:978-0262571265)

References

  1. ↑ Gopnik, Alison, "Making AI More Human: Artificial intelligence has staged a revival by starting to incorporate what we know about how children learn", Scientific American, vol. 316, no. 6 (June 2017), pp. 60–65.
  2. ↑ "Alison Gopnik". Auburn University. http://www.cla.auburn.edu/cla/littleton-franklin/alison-gopnik/. Retrieved 24 March 2012. 
  3. ↑ Bloom, Paul. "What's Inside a Big Baby Head?". Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/books/2009/08/whats_inside_a_big_baby_head.html. Retrieved 24 March 2012. 
  4. ↑ Gopnik, Alison. "Why Are Our Kids Useless? Because We're Smart". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324128504578346214194756042?KEYWORDS=gopnik. Retrieved 10 April 2013. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Alison Gopnik, Ph.D. Curriculum Vitae". http://psychology.berkeley.edu/faculty/profiles/agopnik_cv.pdf. Retrieved 26 March 2012. 
  6. ↑ "What every baby knows". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg17823955.400-what-every-baby-knows.html. Retrieved 1 April 2012. 
  7. ↑ Tung, Stephen. "Tables turned: UC Berkeley researchers study kids to make computers smarter". MercuryNews.com. http://www.mercurynews.com/science/ci_20617266/tables-turned-uc-berkeley-researchers-study-kids-make?IADID=Search-www.mercurynews.com-www.mercurynews.com. Retrieved 14 May 2012. 
  8. ↑ Abdelghaffar, Seif. "10 campus professors inducted into American Academy of Arts and Sciences". The Daily Californian. http://www.dailycal.org/2013/04/25/10-campus-professors-inducted-into-american-academy-of-arts-and-sciences/. Retrieved 4 June 2013. 
  9. ↑ "Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society". Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150716115712/http://cognitivesciencesociety.org/about_awards_fellows.html. Retrieved 14 January 2015. 
  10. ↑ Anwar, Yasmin. "Psychologist Alison Gopnik wins lifetime achievement award". University of California, Berkeley. https://news.berkeley.edu/story_jump/psychologist-alison-gopnik-wins-lifetime-achievement-award/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Remmel, Ethan. "Brainstorming Babies". American Scientist. http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/brainstorming-babies. Retrieved 29 March 2012. 
  12. ↑ "publisher description". The MIT Press. http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7611. Retrieved 1 April 2012. 
  13. ↑ Lerman, Kristina. "The Scientist in the Crib". Information Sciences Institute. http://www.isi.edu/~lerman/etc/ScientistIntheCrib.pdf. Retrieved 31 March 2012. 
  14. ↑ "publisher description". Oxford University Press. http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Psychology/Developmental/?view=usa&ci=9780195176803#. Retrieved 1 April 2012. 
  15. ↑ Hoffman, Jascha. "MIND Reviews: The Philosophical Baby: What Children's Minds Tell". Recommendations from Scientific American MIND. Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=mind-reviews-philosophical-baby. Retrieved 1 April 2012. 
  16. ↑ "New Book Offers Philosophical Insights into Babies' Thinking". University of California, Berkeley. http://ls.berkeley.edu/arts-ideas/archive/alison-gopnik-offers-philosophical-insights-babys-thinking. Retrieved 1 April 2012. 
  17. ↑ Reiter, Amy. "Alison Gopnik: The Philosophical Baby author decodes your child's brain". Babble.com. http://www.babble.com/baby/baby-development/alison-gopniks-philosophical-baby-and-child-development/. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 ""The Philosophical Baby" book site". http://www.alisongopnik.com/ThePhilosophicalBaby.htm. Retrieved 10 April 2012. 
  19. ↑ "Editors' Choice". The New York Times. 16 August 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/16/books/review/EdChoice-t.html. Retrieved 10 April 2012. 
  20. ↑ "50 Best Parenting Books". Babble.com. http://www.babble.com/products/mom-products/top-books-parenting-help-raising-children-development-the-philosophical-baby/. Retrieved 10 April 2012. 
  21. ↑ Wong, Kate. "Recommended: The Philosophical Baby". Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=recommended-sept-09. Retrieved 10 April 2012. 
  22. ↑ Gopnik, Alison (2009). "Could David Hume Have Known about Buddhism? Charles Francois Dolu, the Royal College of La Flèche, and the Global Jesuit Intellectual Network". Hume Studies 35 (1&2): 5–28. http://www.alisongopnik.com/papers_alison/gopnik_humestudies_withtoc.pdf. Retrieved 20 September 2013. 
  23. ↑ "The Singularity: A Documentary by Doug Wolens". Ieet.org. http://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/olson20130301. Retrieved 2013-10-22. 
  24. ↑ "Pondering Our Cyborg Future in a Documentary About the Singularity – Kasia Cieplak-Mayr von Baldegg". The Atlantic. 2013-01-08. https://www.theatlantic.com/video/archive/2013/01/pondering-our-cyborg-future-in-a-documentary-about-the-singularity/266873/. Retrieved 2013-10-22. 
  25. ↑ Moorhead, Laurel. "Author Gopnik on the wonders of babies' brains". Oakland North. http://oaklandnorth.net/2009/09/04/author-gopnik-on-wonders-of-baby-brains/. Retrieved 25 March 2012. 
  26. ↑ Straus, Tamara (3 August 2009). "'Philosophical Baby' author's thoughts on kids". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/08/03/DDMV190EGG.DTL. Retrieved 25 March 2012. 
  27. ↑ "Keynotes, bios, pix". dimeboulder.com. http://dimeboulder.com/keynotes-bios-pix/. Retrieved 26 March 2012. 
  28. ↑ Gopnik, Alison. "How an 18th-Century Philosopher Helped Solve My Midlife Crisis". The Atlantic (October 2015). https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2015/10/how-david-hume-helped-me-solve-my-midlife-crisis/403195/. 
  29. ↑ "Book review, starred". Publishers Weekly. http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-374-22970-2. Retrieved 26 May 2016. 

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