Biography:Daniela Schiller

From HandWiki
Short description: Neuroscientist
Daniela Schiller
Born
Rishon LeZion, Israel
Alma materTel Aviv University, New York University
Known forStudy of memory and trauma
Scientific career
Fieldstrauma, neuroscience
InstitutionsMt Sinai School of Medicine

Daniela Schiller (born October 26, 1972, in Israel[1]) is a neuroscientist who leads the Affective Neuroscience Lab at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine.[2] She is best known for her work on memory reconsolidation, and on modification of emotional learning and memory.[3][4][5]

Early life and education

Schiller was born in Rishon LeZion, Israel. She is the daughter of a Moroccan mother and a Ukrainian father. Schiller's father, Sigmund Schiller, is a survivor of the Holocaust. Schiller is the youngest of four children. She received a bachelor's degree in psychology and philosophy in 1996, and her doctorate in psychobiology from Tel Aviv University in 2004. She was awarded a Fulbright fellowship and worked with Elizabeth A. Phelps and Joseph E. LeDoux at New York University.[6] Schiller plays drums and sings backing vocals for The Amygdaloids[3][7] and Supersmall.[8]

Awards and recognition

  • 2014 Klingenstein-Simons Fellowship in Neuroscience[9]
  • 2013 Kavli Frontiers of Science Fellow, National Academy of Sciences[10]
  • 2010 Blavatnik Award for Young Scientists[11]
  • 2005 Fulbright Scholar[12]

Scientific research

The goal of Schiller's research is to unravel the neurocognitive mechanisms that make emotional memories malleable, allowing for memory modification and for the adaptive adjustment of emotional and social behavior.[13]

Research on the modulation of fear learning

Schiller's research addressed this question by using a behavioral paradigm called reversal learning in conjunction with physiological skin conductance measurements and neuroimaging. In this task, subjects first learned to associate one of two neutral stimuli with an aversive outcome (acquisition stage), and then had to flexibly modify this learning when the second stimulus began to predict the aversive outcome, while the initial predictive stimulus ceased to do so (reversal stage). The study found that responses in the amygdala and the striatum flexibly tracked the predictive aversive value of the conditioned stimuli, and switched their responses from one stimulus to another when reversal occurred. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) also participated albeit in the opposite direction, showing stronger responses to the safe stimuli, but also dissociating ‘naïve’ safe stimuli from stimuli that used to be dangerous but are now safe.[14] In order to identify a general mechanism underlying fear modulation regardless of the particular strategy used, Schiller and Mauricio Delgado demonstrated the overlapping neural systems mediating extinction, reversal and regulation of learned fear.[15] Further research used the reversal learning data to dissociate the different computations performed by the striatum (prediction error) and amygdala (associability) during fear learning.[16] The reversal protocol also helped identifying differences between combat veterans with or without a PTSD diagnosis in how they compute prediction error and update the value of fear predictive stimuli, and the neural tracking of these computations.[17] Schiller's investigation was extended also to instrumental learning of active avoidance, revealing the neural mechanisms that predict successful active coping with threats in the human brain.[18]

Research on memory reconsolidation

To examine the ability to modify emotional memory, Schiller's research focused on reconsolidation, which is a memory process of restabilizing a destabilized memory.[19] Reconsolidation can be blocked using pharmacological agents,[20] or non-invasive behavioral interference such as new motor learning during the reconsolidation of motor memories,[21] new episodic learning during reconsolidation of declarative memory,[22] and extinction learning during the reconsolidation of fear memory.[23] Schiller's research demonstrated the interference of reconsolidation of fear memory using extinction in humans.[24] One failure to reproduce this latter finding in an independent study[25] or to validate the article's claims using the original data[26] have cast doubts on whether it can be replicated.[27] However, the authors contend that it is valid,[28] the original data is publicly available and replicates,[28] and of subsequent replications, about 80% (~50 experiments) were successful.[28]

Additional research demonstrated retrieval-extinction interference in mice,[29][30][31][32] rats,[33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] and humans.[45][46][42][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] Additional demonstrations of retrieval-extinction were shown in juvenile rats[59] and adolescents humans.[60] Variations of the effect include retrieval followed by vicarious extinction[61] and imaginal extinction.[62] The retrieval-extinction procedure was also effective in clinical populations, including heroine addicts,[39] tobacco smokers,[63] PTSD[64] and spider phobics[56] with long-lasting effects.[65] Some forms of therapy, such as coherence therapy, are built on the principles of memory reconsolidation and are designed to maximally optimize this process.[66][67][68][69] Studies have also demonstrated engram specific manipulation of retrieval-extinction on remote memories.[70] The Epigenetic priming of behavioral memory updating was shown to enable retrieval-extinction interference.[71] Additional conceptual replications and demonstrations of reconsolidation updating using other forms of behavioral and non-invasive interferences have been reported.[72][73][74][75] Some studies failed to replicate retrieval-extinction effects and disputed the results.[76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88] Theoretical formulations[89] and empirical work suggest that inconsistencies in reconsolidation effects may depend on the degree of memory destabilization, as not every memory recall involves neural destabilization; or on the efficacy of the interference, which could differ across individuals and populations.[90][91][19][92][57]

Research on imagination

Using real-time fMRI, Schiller's research demonstrated that external motivational cues interact with neural substrates of motor imagery. The study also showed that neural regions that mediate motor imagery were synchronized with motor regions that produce actions.[93] Another study extracted the whole brain signature of learned fear and demonstrate that fear responses could be extinguished by imagining of the conditioned stimuli. Imagined extinction engaged brain regions that were also recruited by actual extinction, including the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Neural activity in the nucleus accumbens predicted the ability to successfully extinguish fear by using imagination.[94]

Research on social navigation

The goal of this line of research is to uncover the neural representation of social relationships. Schiller's research have shown that forming first impressions recruits brain regions involved in emotion and valuation processes, including the amygdala and posterior cingulate cortex. Neural responses in these regions during an initial social encounter, predict subsequent impressions. This suggests that the attribution of social value to people and to things relies on similar basic neural mechanism rather than specialized neural circuits.[95] Another line of research examines how the brain tracks dynamic social structure as people interact with others. To address this, Schiller's team created a social game in which participants arrive to an imaginary town and need to find a job and a place to live by interacting with the town's people. The study found that the location of each character relative to the participant in each interaction could be described by polar coordinates in a two-dimensional axis system of power and affiliation, and that these coordinates were encoded throughout the game by the hippocampus and the posterior cingulate cortex.[96] The findings helped merging the divergent views of hippocampal function as a spatial navigation system versus a hub of episodic memories, and instead support the notion that the hippocampus represents a host of cognitive maps on various domains of experiences and across multiple dimensions.[97][98][99]

Select publications

References

  1. ↑ Yogis, Jaimal (2013-01-08). The Fear Project: What Our Most Primal Emotion Taught Me About Survival, Success, Surfing . . . and Love. Rodale. pp. 18–20. ISBN 9781609611767. https://books.google.com/books?id=qNM6MGL9bSgC&pg=PA18. Retrieved 10 July 2013. 
  2. ↑ "Neuroscience Department - Schiller Lab Home". Mount Sinai School of Medicine. http://neuroscience.mssm.edu/schiller/. Retrieved 10 July 2013. [non-primary source needed]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hall, Stephen S. (June 17, 2013). "Neuroscientist Daniela Schiller is Researching Ways that Bad Memories Can be Made Less Fearsome". MIT Technology Review. http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/515981/repairing-bad-memories/. Retrieved 10 July 2013. 
  4. ↑ Alleyne, Richard (December 10, 2009). "Trauma and fear to be erased from your mind". The Daily Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/6769336/Trauma-and-fear-to-be-erased-from-your-mind.html. Retrieved 10 July 2013. 
  5. ↑ Reardon, Sara (April 13, 2012). "Drug-free therapy makes addicts 'forget' addiction". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn21701-drugfree-therapy-makes-addicts-forget-addiction.html. Retrieved 10 July 2013. 
  6. ↑ Specter, Michael (19 May 2014). "Partial Recall". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/05/19/partial-recall. Retrieved 27 February 2015. 
  7. ↑ Heydarpour, Roja (6 March 2007). "INK; A Band of Scientists Who Really Are a Band". The New York Times: p. 2. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/nyregion/06ink.html. Retrieved 10 July 2013. 
  8. ↑ "Archived copy". https://supersmallmusic.com/. 
  9. ↑ "The Esther A. & and Joseph Klingenstein Fund, Inc.". https://www.klingfund.org/fellows/fellows17.php. 
  10. ↑ "Kavli Frontiers Home". http://www.nasonline.org/programs/kavli-frontiers-of-science/. 
  11. ↑ "Daniela Schiller | Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists". http://blavatnikawards.org/honorees/profile/daniela-schiller/. 
  12. ↑ "Fulbright Postdoctoral Fellowship | Fulbright". https://www.fulbright.org.il/program/1/35. 
  13. ↑ "Schiller Lab | Neuroscience Labs - Icahn School of Medicine". http://labs.neuroscience.mssm.edu/project/schiller-lab/. 
  14. ↑ Schiller, D.; Levy, I.; Niv, Y.; LeDoux, J. E.; Phelps, E. A. (5 November 2008). "From Fear to Safety and Back: Reversal of Fear in the Human Brain". Journal of Neuroscience 28 (45): 11517–11525. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2265-08.2008. PMID 18987188. [non-primary source needed]
  15. ↑ Schiller, Daniela; Delgado, Mauricio R. (June 2010). "Overlapping neural systems mediating extinction, reversal and regulation of fear". Trends in Cognitive Sciences 14 (6): 268–276. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.04.002. PMID 20493762. [non-primary source needed]
  16. ↑ Li, Jian; Schiller, Daniela; Schoenbaum, Geoffrey; Phelps, Elizabeth A; Daw, Nathaniel D (11 September 2011). "Differential roles of human striatum and amygdala in associative learning". Nature Neuroscience 14 (10): 1250–1252. doi:10.1038/nn.2904. PMID 21909088. [non-primary source needed]
  17. ↑ Homan, Philipp; Levy, Ifat; Feltham, Eric; Gordon, Charles; Hu, Jingchu; Li, Jian; Pietrzak, Robert H.; Southwick, Steven et al. (21 January 2019). "Neural computations of threat in the aftermath of combat trauma". Nature Neuroscience 22 (3): 470–476. doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0315-x. PMID 30664770. [non-primary source needed]
  18. ↑ Collins, K. A.; Mendelsohn, A.; Cain, C. K.; Schiller, D. (29 October 2014). "Taking Action in the Face of Threat: Neural Synchronization Predicts Adaptive Coping". Journal of Neuroscience 34 (44): 14733–14738. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2152-14.2014. PMID 25355225. [non-primary source needed]
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Haubrich, Josue; Nader, Karim (2016). "Memory Reconsolidation". Behavioral Neuroscience of Learning and Memory. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. 37. pp. 151–176. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_463. ISBN 978-3-319-78755-8. 
  20. ↑ Nader, Karim; Schafe, Glenn E.; Le Doux, Joseph E. (17 August 2000). "Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval". Nature 406 (6797): 722–726. doi:10.1038/35021052. PMID 10963596. Bibcode: 2000Natur.406..722N. 
  21. ↑ Walker, Matthew P.; Brakefield, Tiffany; Allan Hobson, J.; Stickgold, Robert (October 2003). "Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation". Nature 425 (6958): 616–620. doi:10.1038/nature01930. PMID 14534587. Bibcode: 2003Natur.425..616W. 
  22. ↑ Hupbach, A.; Gomez, R.; Hardt, O.; Nadel, L. (3 January 2007). "Reconsolidation of episodic memories: A subtle reminder triggers integration of new information". Learning & Memory 14 (1–2): 47–53. doi:10.1101/lm.365707. PMID 17202429. 
  23. ↑ Monfils, M.-H.; Cowansage, K. K.; Klann, E.; LeDoux, J. E. (1 April 2009). "Extinction-Reconsolidation Boundaries: Key to Persistent Attenuation of Fear Memories". Science 324 (5929): 951–955. doi:10.1126/science.1167975. PMID 19342552. Bibcode: 2009Sci...324..951M. 
  24. ↑ Schiller, Daniela; Monfils, Marie-H.; Raio, Candace M.; Johnson, David C.; LeDoux, Joseph E.; Phelps, Elizabeth A. (9 December 2009). "Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms". Nature 463 (7277): 49–53. doi:10.1038/nature08637. PMID 20010606. [non-primary source needed]
  25. ↑ Chalkia, Anastasia; Schroyens, Natalie; Leng, Lu; Vanhasbroeck, Niels; Zenses, Ann-Kathrin; Van Oudenhove, Lukas; Beckers, Tom (2020-08-01). "No persistent attenuation of fear memories in humans: A registered replication of the reactivation-extinction effect" (in en). Cortex 129: 496–509. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.017. ISSN 0010-9452. PMID 32580869. 
  26. ↑ Chalkia, Anastasia; Van Oudenhove, Lukas; Beckers, Tom (2020-08-01). "Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms: A verification report of Schiller et al. (2010)" (in en). Cortex 129: 510–525. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.031. ISSN 0010-9452. PMID 32563517. 
  27. ↑ McIntosh, Robert D.; Chambers, Christopher D. (2020-08-01). "The three R's of scientific integrity: Replicability, reproducibility, and robustness" (in en). Cortex 129: A4–A7. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.019. ISSN 0010-9452. PMID 32563515. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Schiller, Daniela; Ledoux, Joseph E.; Phelps, Elizabeth A.. Reply to Beckers, McIntosh and Chambers on the verification of 'preventing the return of fear using retrieval-extinction in humans'. doi:10.31234/osf.io/jn6uw. https://psyarxiv.com/jn6uw/. Retrieved 2021-04-18. 
  29. ↑ Rao-Ruiz, Priyanka; Rotaru, Diana C; van der Loo, Rolinka J; Mansvelder, Huibert D; Stiedl, Oliver; Smit, August B; Spijker, Sabine (11 September 2011). "Retrieval-specific endocytosis of GluA2-AMPARs underlies adaptive reconsolidation of contextual fear". Nature Neuroscience 14 (10): 1302–1308. doi:10.1038/nn.2907. PMID 21909089. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00677961/file/PEER_stage2_10.1038%252Fnn.2907.pdf. 
  30. ↑ Escosteguy-Neto, Joao Carlos; Varela, Patricia; Correa-Neto, Nelson Francisco; Coelho, Laura Segismundo; Onaivi, Emmanuel S.; Santos-Junior, Jair Guilherme (April 2016). "Reconsolidation and update of morphine-associated contextual memory in mice". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 130: 194–201. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.02.015. PMID 26948121. 
  31. ↑ Clem, R. L.; Huganir, R. L. (28 October 2010). "Calcium-Permeable AMPA Receptor Dynamics Mediate Fear Memory Erasure". Science 330 (6007): 1108–1112. doi:10.1126/science.1195298. PMID 21030604. Bibcode: 2010Sci...330.1108C. 
  32. ↑ Gräff, Johannes; Joseph, Nadine F.; Horn, Meryl E.; Samiei, Alireza; Meng, Jia; Seo, Jinsoo; Rei, Damien; Bero, Adam W. et al. (January 2014). "Epigenetic Priming of Memory Updating during Reconsolidation to Attenuate Remote Fear Memories". Cell 156 (1–2): 261–276. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.12.020. PMID 24439381. 
  33. ↑ Cofresí, Roberto U.; Lewis, Suzanne M.; Chaudhri, Nadia; Lee, Hongjoo J.; Monfils, Marie-H.; Gonzales, Rueben A. (March 2017). "Postretrieval Extinction Attenuates Alcohol Cue Reactivity in Rats". Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 41 (3): 608–617. doi:10.1111/acer.13323. PMID 28169439. 
  34. ↑ Lee, Hongjoo J.; Haberman, Rebecca P.; Roquet, Rheall F.; Monfils, Marie-H. (22 January 2016). "Extinction and Retrieval + Extinction of Conditioned Fear Differentially Activate Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala in Rats". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 9: 369. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00369. PMID 26834596. 
  35. ↑ Tedesco, Vincenzo; Roquet, Rheall F.; DeMis, John; Chiamulera, Cristiano; Monfils, Marie-H. (November 2014). "Extinction, applied after retrieval of auditory fear memory, selectively increases zinc-finger protein 268 and phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 expression in prefrontal cortex and lateral amygdala". Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 115: 78–85. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.08.015. PMID 25196703. 
  36. ↑ Auchter, Allison; Cormack, Lawrence K.; Niv, Yael; Gonzalez-Lima, Francisco; Monfils, Marie H. (24 January 2017). "Reconsolidation-Extinction Interactions in Fear Memory Attenuation: The Role of Inter-Trial Interval Variability". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 11: 2. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00002. PMID 28174526. 
  37. ↑ Auchter, Allison M.; Shumake, Jason; Gonzalez-Lima, Francisco; Monfils, Marie H. (11 April 2017). "Preventing the return of fear using reconsolidation updating and methylene blue is differentially dependent on extinction learning". Scientific Reports 7 (1): 46071. doi:10.1038/srep46071. PMID 28397861. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...746071A. 
  38. ↑ Flavell, Charlotte R.; Barber, David J.; Lee, Jonathan L.C. (18 October 2011). "Behavioural memory reconsolidation of food and fear memories". Nature Communications 2 (1): 504. doi:10.1038/ncomms1515. PMID 22009036. Bibcode: 2011NatCo...2..504F. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Xue, Y.-X.; Luo, Y.-X.; Wu, P.; Shi, H.-S.; Xue, L.-F.; Chen, C.; Zhu, W.-L.; Ding, Z.-B. et al. (12 April 2012). "A Memory Retrieval-Extinction Procedure to Prevent Drug Craving and Relapse". Science 336 (6078): 241–245. doi:10.1126/science.1215070. PMID 22499948. Bibcode: 2012Sci...336..241X. 
  40. ↑ Ferrer Monti, Roque I.; Alfei, Joaquín M.; Mugnaini, Matías; Bueno, Adrián M.; Beckers, Tom; Urcelay, Gonzalo P.; Molina, Victor A. (17 July 2017). "A comparison of behavioral and pharmacological interventions to attenuate reactivated fear memories". Learning & Memory 24 (8): 369–374. doi:10.1101/lm.045385.117. PMID 28716956. 
  41. ↑ Olshavsky, Megan E.; Song, Bryan J.; Powell, Daniel J.; Jones, Carolyn E.; Monfils, Marie-H.; Lee, Hongjoo J. (2013). "Updating appetitive memory during reconsolidation window: critical role of cue-directed behavior and amygdala central nucleus". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 7: 186. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00186. PMID 24367304. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Liu, Jianfeng; Zhao, Liyan; Xue, Yanxue; Shi, Jie; Suo, Lin; Luo, Yixiao; Chai, Baisheng; Yang, Chang et al. (December 2014). "An Unconditioned Stimulus Retrieval Extinction Procedure to Prevent the Return of Fear Memory". Biological Psychiatry 76 (11): 895–901. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.027. PMID 24813334. 
  43. ↑ Luo, Yi-xiao; Xue, Yan-xue; Liu, Jian-feng; Shi, Hai-shui; Jian, Min; Han, Ying; Zhu, Wei-li; Bao, Yan-ping et al. (14 July 2015). "A novel UCS memory retrieval-extinction procedure to inhibit relapse to drug seeking". Nature Communications 6 (1): 7675. doi:10.1038/ncomms8675. PMID 26169171. Bibcode: 2015NatCo...6.7675L. 
  44. ↑ Ponnusamy, Ravikumar; Zhuravka, Irina; Poulos, Andrew M.; Shobe, Justin; Merjanian, Michael; Huang, Jeannie; Wolvek, David; O’Neill, Pia-Kelsey et al. (9 May 2016). "Retrieval and Reconsolidation Accounts of Fear Extinction". Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 10: 89. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00089. PMID 27242459. 
  45. ↑ Yang, Yong; Jie, Jing; Li, Junjiao; Chen, Wei; Zheng, Xifu (November 2019). "A novel method to trigger the reconsolidation of fear memory". Behaviour Research and Therapy 122: 103461. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103461. PMID 31585344. 
  46. ↑ Junjiao, Li; Wei, Chen; Jingwen, Caoyang; Yanjian, Hu; Yong, Yang; Liang, Xu; Jing, Jie; Xifu, Zheng (December 2019). "Role of prediction error in destabilizing fear memories in retrieval extinction and its neural mechanisms". Cortex 121: 292–307. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.09.003. PMID 31669978. 
  47. ↑ Schiller, D.; Kanen, J. W.; LeDoux, J. E.; Monfils, M.-H.; Phelps, E. A. (25 November 2013). "Extinction during reconsolidation of threat memory diminishes prefrontal cortex involvement". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (50): 20040–20045. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320322110. PMID 24277809. Bibcode: 2013PNAS..11020040S. [non-primary source needed]
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  49. ↑ Agren, T.; Engman, J.; Frick, A.; Bjorkstrand, J.; Larsson, E.-M.; Furmark, T.; Fredrikson, M. (20 September 2012). "Disruption of Reconsolidation Erases a Fear Memory Trace in the Human Amygdala". Science 337 (6101): 1550–1552. doi:10.1126/science.1223006. PMID 22997340. Bibcode: 2012Sci...337.1550A. 
  50. ↑ Feng, Pan; Zheng, Yong; Feng, Tingyong (June 2016). "Resting-state functional connectivity between amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex following fear reminder predicts fear extinction". Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 11 (6): 991–1001. doi:10.1093/scan/nsw031. PMID 27013104. 
  51. ↑ Agren, T; Furmark, T; Eriksson, E; Fredrikson, M (7 February 2012). "Human fear reconsolidation and allelic differences in serotonergic and dopaminergic genes". Translational Psychiatry 2 (2): e76. doi:10.1038/tp.2012.5. PMID 22832813. 
  52. ↑ Feng, Pan; Zheng, Yong; Feng, Tingyong (18 November 2015). "Spontaneous brain activity following fear reminder of fear conditioning by using resting-state functional MRI". Scientific Reports 5 (1): 16701. doi:10.1038/srep16701. PMID 26576733. Bibcode: 2015NatSR...516701F. 
  53. ↑ Oyarzún, Javiera P.; Lopez-Barroso, Diana; Fuentemilla, Lluís; Cucurell, David; Pedraza, Carmen; Rodriguez-Fornells, Antoni; de Diego-Balaguer, Ruth; El-Deredy, Wael (29 June 2012). "Updating Fearful Memories with Extinction Training during Reconsolidation: A Human Study Using Auditory Aversive Stimuli". PLOS ONE 7 (6): e38849. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038849. PMID 22768048. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...738849O. 
  54. ↑ Steinfurth, E. C. K.; Kanen, J. W.; Raio, C. M.; Clem, R. L.; Huganir, R. L.; Phelps, E. A. (16 June 2014). "Young and old Pavlovian fear memories can be modified with extinction training during reconsolidation in humans". Learning & Memory 21 (7): 338–341. doi:10.1101/lm.033589.113. PMID 24934333. 
  55. ↑ Asthana, Manish Kumar; Brunhuber, Bettina; Mühlberger, Andreas; Reif, Andreas; Schneider, Simone; Herrmann, Martin J. (30 December 2015). "Preventing the Return of Fear Using Reconsolidation Update Mechanisms Depends on the Met-Allele of the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Polymorphism". International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 19 (6): pyv137. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv137. PMID 26721948. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Björkstrand, Johannes; Agren, Thomas; Åhs, Fredrik; Frick, Andreas; Larsson, Elna-Marie; Hjorth, Olof; Furmark, Tomas; Fredrikson, Mats (October 2016). "Disrupting Reconsolidation Attenuates Long-Term Fear Memory in the Human Amygdala and Facilitates Approach Behavior". Current Biology 26 (19): 2690–2695. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.022. PMID 27568591. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Hu, Jingchu; Wang, Wenqing; Homan, Philipp; Wang, Penggui; Zheng, Xifu; Schiller, Daniela (11 June 2018). "Reminder duration determines threat memory modification in humans". Scientific Reports 8 (1): 8848. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27252-0. PMID 29891856. Bibcode: 2018NatSR...8.8848H. [non-primary source needed]
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  59. ↑ Jones, Carolyn E.; Monfils, Marie-H. (15 September 2016). "Post-retrieval extinction in adolescence prevents return of juvenile fear". Learning & Memory 23 (10): 567–575. doi:10.1101/lm.043281.116. PMID 27634147. 
  60. ↑ Johnson, D. C.; Casey, B. J. (9 March 2015). "Extinction during memory reconsolidation blocks recovery of fear in adolescents". Scientific Reports 5 (1): 8863. doi:10.1038/srep08863. PMID 25749583. Bibcode: 2015NatSR...5E8863J. 
  61. ↑ Golkar, Armita; Tjaden, Cathelijn; Kindt, Merel (May 2017). "Vicarious extinction learning during reconsolidation neutralizes fear memory". Behaviour Research and Therapy 92: 87–93. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.02.004. PMID 28286265. 
  62. ↑ Agren, Thomas; Björkstrand, Johannes; Fredrikson, Mats (February 2017). "Disruption of human fear reconsolidation using imaginal and in vivo extinction". Behavioural Brain Research 319: 9–15. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.11.014. PMID 27840245. 
  63. ↑ Germeroth, Lisa J.; Carpenter, Matthew J.; Baker, Nathaniel L.; Froeliger, Brett; LaRowe, Steven D.; Saladin, Michael E. (1 March 2017). "Effect of a Brief Memory Updating Intervention on Smoking Behavior". JAMA Psychiatry 74 (3): 214–223. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.3148. PMID 28146243. 
  64. ↑ Vermes, Joana Singer; Ayres, Ricardo; Goés, Adara Saito; Real, Natalia Del; Araújo, Álvaro Cabral; Schiller, Daniela; Neto, Francisco Lotufo; Corchs, Felipe (1 November 2020). "Targeting the reconsolidation of traumatic memories with a brief 2-session imaginal exposure intervention in post-traumatic stress disorder". Journal of Affective Disorders 276: 487–494. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.052. PMID 32794448. 
  65. ↑ Björkstrand, Johannes; Agren, Thomas; Åhs, Fredrik; Frick, Andreas; Larsson, Elna-Marie; Hjorth, Olof; Furmark, Tomas; Fredrikson, Mats (May 2017). "Think twice, it's all right: Long lasting effects of disrupted reconsolidation on brain and behavior in human long-term fear". Behavioural Brain Research 324: 125–129. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.016. PMID 28214541. 
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  96. ↑ Tavares, Rita Morais; Mendelsohn, Avi; Grossman, Yael; Williams, Christian Hamilton; Shapiro, Matthew; Trope, Yaacov; Schiller, Daniela (July 2015). "A Map for Social Navigation in the Human Brain". Neuron 87 (1): 231–243. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.06.011. PMID 26139376. [non-primary source needed]
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  98. ↑ Schafer, Matthew; Schiller, Daniela (October 2018). "Navigating Social Space". Neuron 100 (2): 476–489. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.006. PMID 30359610. [non-primary source needed]
  99. ↑ "In Search of the Brain's Social Road Maps". February 2020. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/in-search-of-the-brains-social-road-maps/. 

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