Biography:Dolores Gortázar Serantes

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Dolores de Gortázar Serantes
Dolores Gortázar.jpg
Born
María Dolores de Gortázar y Serantes

1872
Leon, Spain
DiedApril 9, 1936 (63 or 64 years)
Leganés, Spain
NationalitySpain
Occupationwriter, teacher, press correspondent
Known forwriter
Political partyCarlism
Spouse(s)1. Fernando Valcárcel y Saavedra,
2. Francisco Pol
ChildrenCarolina Valcárcel y de Gortázar
Template:Spanish name/text

María Dolores de Gortázar Serantes (1872 in León - April 9, 1936 in Leganés) was a Spanish writer, journalist, education activist, feminist militant and political propagandist. In the 1910-1920s she enjoyed some popularity as a novelist; currently her literary contribution is considered of very little value. Over decades she contributed to some 40 periodicals and launched a short-lived feminine review on her own. Briefly engaged in setting up schools for the middle- and low-class girls, later she remained active advocating the presence of females in public life, especially in culture and education. Politically she sided with the Carlists, for decades contributing to their periodicals. All her activities were flavored with zealous Catholicism.

Family and youth

León, early 20th c.

Her father, Carlos Gortázar y Campillo,[1] was member of the urban middle-class. The Gortázar family is one of the oldest ones in Spain, its first representatives noted in the 12th century as related to Vizcaya.[2] Over centuries the Gortázars held various civil and religious posts in Biscay, Alava and Cantabria; the family became very branched and scattered across the North of Spain, some branches renamed to Cortázar.[3] It is not clear which branch the Dolores ascendants belonged to, apart that they were linked to Santander and Biscay.[4] Her father joined the press corps, working as reporter and journalist; in the late 1850s and early 1860s he contributed from La Habana,[5] later settling in León.[6] It is there he married a local girl, Juliana Serantes y de Cadórniga (died 1916),[7] descendant to a Leonese family[4] distinguished especially along her maternal line.[8]

The marriage settled in León; it is not clear how many children they had, though it is likely that Dolores was the only one.[9] She frequented the Carmelitan college in her native city[10] and from childhood demonstrated a talent for letters. Her 1882 poem, dedicated to Jesus, was published in local press;[11] her 1884 comedy was played at the Carmelitan theatre in León; her religious polemics was also acknowledged in print.[12]

Mula, present-day view

In 1888 she got married;[13] none of the sources consulted offers any information on motives for such an early decision. The groom was Fernando Valcárcel Saavedra Fajardo Ladrón de Guevara (1865-1895),[4] descendant to a noble[14] Levantine family;[12] the couple settled in Mula.[15] Valcárcel was soon diagnosed with mental disorder[16] and in 1892 he was placed in a psychiatric hospital,[17] where he passed away in 1895.[18] Dolores’ only child, Carolina, was born either posthumously or shortly before Valcárcel’s death.[19]

Dolores returned to León; with her father already defunct,[20] she joined her mother in the native city; she resumed education, training to be a teacher. In 1899 she completed the curriculum in León, becoming Maestra Superior;[21] in 1903 she reportedly became Maestra Normal in Burgos,[22] though her title was later questioned.[23] She referred to herself as "doctora in filosofia y letras",[24] yet it is not known whether, when and where she graduated.

In 1910 Dolores remarried with a Madrid lawyer and Catholic writer Francisco Pol.[25] The groom either passed away shortly or the couple separated, as the last information on the marriage comes from 1911;[26] Dolores’ personal life is vaguely described as "larga serie de calamidades".[16] The last of these calamities was the premature 1936 death of Carolina;[19] Dolores passed away two months after her daughter. At that point she had 5 grandchildren,[27] born since 1918;[28] none of them grew to prominence.

Writer

La roca del amor

Gortázar wrote poetic pieces throughout all of her life. They are scattered across various periodicals from the 1890s to the 1930s, sometimes featured on front pages;[29] the only major[30] volume she published was Nimias (1898).[31] Her poetry keeps revolving around Christian virtues, advantages of family life, beauty of Spain and patriotic values; fairly conventional if not banal in terms of style, in terms of content it advances the praise of traditional orthodoxy, even if at times flavored with some melancholy. One more literary genre she followed was drama; she is known to have written two one-act comedies[32] featuring "tipos y costumbres leonesas", played in León[33] and perhaps also in Madrid.[34]

In terms of public and scholarly recognition Gortázar was first noticed as a translator; her Spanish El arte poética (1901) version of Horace’s Ars poëtica[35] won awards at the León Juegos Florales[36] and was acknowledged with praise by Real Academia Española.[37] She tried her hand in historiography, especially in paleography; entrusted with specific tasks by Real Academia de la Historia,[38] she published two studies on San Miguel de Escalada (1899)[39] and the Valvanera monastery (1907).[40] Other historiographic works were a mid-size biographical study on St. Frances of Rome (1911)[41] and a piece on Incarnation (1902).[42]

El Correo Español

In literature Gortázar obtained her biggest success as a novelist, the author of El Cristo de la roca (1911) and La roca del amor (1924).[43] Both are in fact one and the same novel, the latter slightly re-edited to provide a sense of novelty;[44] the disguise proved successful, as in contemporary press La roca was acknowledged as original.[45] The novel is a love story, vaguely set in a milieu of Valencian aristocracy; it features a complex family intrigue. The plot is about overcoming a series of mysterious tragedies and misfortunes; Christian backbone of the protagonists, one of them a Catholic priest, enabled them to succeed. Falling into the typical genre fiction of the era, El Cristo / La roca is perhaps most interesting due to its narrative technique, as the story is made of different recollective accounts. Other Gortázar’s prosaic attempts, a shorter novel[46] and a collection of stories,[47] were far less successful.[48]

For some 40 years Gortázar contributed to numerous press titles;[49] according to one source she published in some 35 periodicals[38] in Spain and in America.[50] Only some of them can be identified;[51] the ones to be named due to her longtime collaboration are local dailies El Porvenir (León) and El Diario de Zamora, Carlist periodicals El Correo Español[52] and El Cruzado Español,[53] and women’s reviews like Gloria Femenina. The title which stands out is Roma, her own initiative formatted as one of the first Spanish feminine reviews[54] and issued in 1912-1914.[55] Gortázar’s contributions are mostly poems, travel correspondence.[56] short stories,[57] pieces on literature, arts, culture and education, all invariably formatted along Catholic lines and generally steering clear of controversial topics. As she usually published under various pen-names[58] the scale of her production is yet to be assessed, though it was probably massive.

Education, Catholic and feminist activist

Colegio Maria Cristina, Escorial

In course of the usual opposiciones contest, in 1902 Gortázar emerged successful and commenced teaching in an unidentified Madrid state college.[59] The same year she floated an idea of setting up a school for poor and handicapped children in Madrid,[60] the concept which in 1904 was somewhat re-formatted to a high-quality state school for girls from middle class, daughters of "viudas, empleados, familias de militares y á veces la nobleza hundida".[61] Already at that time the queen-mother Maria Christina was envisioned as a noble patron of the enterprise. In 1905 the project took shape of Centro Nacional de Instrucción de María Cristina, with Gortázar as its directora;[62] she supervised preparation works, which in 1906 led to opening of Escuela María Cristina,[63] in some sources referred to as Real Colegio de María Cristina.[64] The establishment, apparently financed by private sponsors,[65] was hailed in the press as state-of-the-art school;[66] initially it admitted only 19 girls.[67] Its curriculum was fairly standard, though it was allegedly the first one to include cooking lessons.[68]

Though in 1907 Gortázar was still the headmaster,[69] in 1908 and in unclear circumstances she left the establishment and returned to León. The same year she was appointed profesora provisional of Escuela Normal de Maestras in her native city,[70] entering also the jury of Universidad de Oviedo, a body supervising the college opposiciones.[71] In 1909 she was nominated profesora provisional in Escuela Normal de Maestras in Soria,[72] yet her career was rather short. In 1910 she was charged with abuse of power and sacked.[73] The issue is not entirely clear; in private letters Gortázar claimed her problems resulted from the ministry changing formal requirements.[74] The episode seems to have terminated Gortázar’s teaching career,[75] though she was later reported as engaged in opening schools for the working class in Covadonga in 1914[76] and in Madrid in 1918.[77]

women voting in Spain for the first time ever, 1933

Since the 1910s Gortázar was engaged in countless organizations marked by their feminine, Catholic, educational and at times social character. In 1910 she was co-founder of Fundación San Francisco de Paula,[78] in the mid-1910s headed Acción Social Católica Feminista,[79] known also as Acción Social Católica de la Mujer Española,[80] in the late 1910s acted in La Mujer Católica,[81] since the early 1920s campaigned for hygiene and sanity,[82] in 1927 co-launched Cruzada de Buenas Lecturas[83] and as its president[84] remained active in the organization until the early 1930s,[85] in 1931 co-founded Club Feminista[86] and was president of Sociedad Femenina Aspiraciones,[87] while in 1932 she became president of Agrupación Femenina Paz Social.[88] On top of this she contributed to feminine press, kept giving lectures on cultural topics,[89] took part in various veladas culturales[90] and was member of Asociación de Escritores y Artistas.[91] Over time her engagements assumed somewhat non-traditional tone;[92] in 1931-1933 she campaigned for female suffrage.[93]

Carlist

Don Jaime

Gortázar’s father was a Liberal, active republican[94] and friend of Castelar.[95] It is not clear how the young Dolores developed Traditionalist sympathies; in the 1890s she was already a declared Carlist.[96] Initially her activity was about organizing prayers[97] and donations for the Spanish army fighting in Cuba,[98] yet already in 1899 she engaged in veladas artisticas of the León círculo carlista.[99] Successful proselytizing in private[100] she took up propaganda works also in public, commencing cooperation with the semi-official Carlist mouthpiece, El Correo Español.[101] In 1900 rumored even to launch her own Traditionalist daily,[102] at that time she was already known as "ilustre dama carlista".[103]

Her translation of Horace was acknowledged in a 1902 congratulation letter from the Carlist heir to the throne, Don Jaime, two years her senior;[104] since the prince has never developed particular interest in letters and it does not seem that the two had met before, the expression of sympathy remains somewhat mysterious. For the time being her Carlist zeal cooled down. During the Madrid schooling episode she seemed on perfect terms with the Alfonsist royal family[105] and in the 1910s she published in Maurista[106] and national-Catholic press.[107] However, Gortázar retained her Carlist link, together with the party pundits sporadically giving lectures at Traditionalism-flavored events.[108]

The climax of her Carlist activity fell on the years following the Mellista secession. In a huge 1919 front-page El Correo Español article she hailed Cid-style loyalty to the king as a genuine virtue;[109] in 1920 she was listed active on numerous Jaimista meetings;[110] in 1921 she became president of the Madrid Margaritas,[111] the Carlist feminine organization.[112] The same year she took part in Junta de Lourdes, a grand Carlist assembly supposed to set a new political direction; immediately afterwards she published La Regeneración de España,[113] a pamphlet assailing Mellismo and applauding the Lourdes program.[114] During some of the 1922 meetings she was seated next to the Jaimista leader, marqués de Villores.[115]

Carlist standard

Collapse of El Correo Español deprived Gortázar of her key press tribune and advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship brought political life to a standstill. She switched to other conservative periodicals,[116] proudly boasting her friendship with Don Jaime,[117] hailing him as "nuestro caudillo"[118] and at times taking part in Traditionalism-flavored events.[119] In the late 1920s she commenced close collaboration with a new Carlist weekly from Madrid, El Cruzado Español,[120] hoping to convert it into a daily.[121] At that time she was also awarded Ordén de la Legitimidad Proscrita, a high Carlist honor.[91] During late primoderiverismo and dictablanda she resumed more active stand, opening círculos,[122] featuring in headlines[123] and presiding over the Madrid Margaritas, mobilizing against "grandes privilegios a las mujeres rojas",[124] especially after declaration of the Republic. In course of its first years she remained active in the Carlist realm, though rather in the second if not the third row:[125] Gortázar contributed to Cruzado, presided over some meetings,[126] opened new círculos,[127] and gave lectures.[128] Since 1933 she was honorary president of the Madrid círculo;[129] in 1935 she contributed to electoral mobilization.[130]

Reception and legacy

Urval av de bocker som har vunnit Nordiska radets litteraturpris under de 50 ar som priset funnits (3).jpg

In 1901 Gortázar won her first awards with Ars Poetica appreciated at the León Juegos Florales[131] and by the Academy;[132] in public discourse the work earned her the prestige of "distinguida latinista".[133] Her dramas were recognized only locally in León; her poetry went largely unnoticed,[134] though in one case it was acknowledged as "escritas con soltura y buen gusto".[135] Her only literary work which gained nationwide recognition and became sort of a bestseller was El Cristo de la Roca, published in 3 editions and followed by the next 2 under the title of El roca del amor.[136] In contemporary press she was referred to as "insigne literata",[137] "distinguida escritora"[67] "conocida escritora",[138] "insigne escritora", "laureada escritora",[139] "unas de las más galanas plumas de nuestra floreciente literatura",[117] "dama de gran cultura",[50] "novelista de empuje y de maestría",[38] "gran novelista",[140] "eminente poetisa",[141] "insigne poetisa"[142] and "inspirada poetisa".[143] Most of the above seem marketing slogans rather than opinion of informed critics,[144] though Gortázar is known to have exchanged a friendly correspondence with Marcelino Menendez Pelayo[145] and to have collaborated with Concepción Gimeno de Flaquer.[146]

In more detailed reviews her novels were appreciated for educational[139] and human values,[147] adhering to "profoundly Catholic" moral standards, much needed in time of false idols and "libros insulsos o criminales".[148] In terms of literary value, they were noted for suggestive,[45] graceful, elegant, natural style,[149] flesh-and-blood personalities,[150] social observations[45] and in-depth psychological background,[151] but especially for lively narration and interesting plot, allegedly corresponding to "historial de su autora";[50] all that rendered the work "highly recommended".[152] The anti-clerical El Pais also recommended the novel, having found in it a criticism of conventual education, which ensures luxury of religious establishment and pushes the secular one into poverty.[138] One newspaper claimed that a US company intended to buy a copyright and produce a movie.[38]

Enciclopedia Espasa

In history of literature Gortázar was initially treated very briefly, acknowledged by Cejador y Frauca in the 1920s;[153] in 1925 she also featured in Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana.[154] Afterwards she fell into oblivion, barely mentioned in single works covering specific topics,[155] not necessarily related to literature.[156] None of the present-day numerous encyclopedias,[157] dictionaries[158] or synthetic works on Spanish literature[159] mentions her name; even volumes dedicated to modern Spanish feminine poetry[160] or to popular Spanish novel[161] do not consider her worth noting. She earned biographical entries in two studies, perhaps due to her sex rather than because of the quality of her writings,[162] and was twice dedicated articles in the Leonese press, named "principal escritora leonesa de su tiempo".[163] In scholarly realm she is noted in historiography rather than literature, as her paleographic studies are at times quoted in nowadays works.[164] The school she co-founded and directed in 1906-1908 is active until today as Real Centro Universitario María Cristina, though the institution does not mention her on its web page.[165] In the Carlist realm she is entirely forgotten.[166]

See also

  • Carlism
  • Real Centro Universitario Escorial-Maria Christina
  • El Cruzado Español

Notes

  1. ↑ Carmen Ramírez Gómez, Mujeres escritoras en la prensa andaluza del siglo XX (1900-1950), Sevilla 2000, ISBN:8447205606, p. 177
  2. ↑ named Juan López de Gortázar y Mendoza, see 1000 años de Genealogía Vasca, [in:] Gortázar-Villela web service, available here
  3. ↑ in some sources instead of "Dolores Gortázar Serantes" the spelling version of "Dolores Cortázar Serantes" is systematically preferred, compare Córtazar Serantes, Dolores entry, [in:] Real Academia Galega service, available here. Since all her books and almost all her signed press contributions are signed with the "Gortázar" version, it is followed also here
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 La Ilustración Nacional 30.06.01, available here
  5. ↑ he travelled to Cuba in 1857, Boletín oficial de la provincia de Santander 01.09.57, available here
  6. ↑ Alonso Zamora Vicente, Años difíciles: Valle-Inclán y la Fundación San Gaspar, [in:] Boletín de la Real Academia Española 75 (1995), p. 468
  7. ↑ Heraldo Militar 06.10.16, available here, La Correspondencia de España 05.10.16, available here
  8. ↑ compare Emilio Gancedo, El León con más señorío, [in:] Diario de León 09.01.11, available here
  9. ↑ necrological notes of Juliana Serantes de Cadórniga mention only Dolores as her grieving child; Dolores, who used to dedicate poems to various family members, has not dedicated one to any sibling
  10. ↑ Concha Casado, Dolores Gortazar Serantes, [in:] Filandón 22.10.1995, p. 4, La Ilustración Nacional 30.06.01, available here
  11. ↑ El Genio Médi-o-quirurgico 15.06.82, available here, Casado 1995, p. 4
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 La Tradición 16.06.00, available here
  13. ↑ Ramírez Gómez 2000, p. 177, María del Camino Ochoa Fuertes, Dolores Gortázar Serantes, [in:] Filandón 07.12.1997, p. 8
  14. ↑ Valcarcel entry, [in:] ABCgenealogia service, available here, Francisco Javier Guillamón Alvarez, Nobleza titulada relacionada con el concejo de Murcia (1750-1833), [in:] Estudios románicos 6 (1987-1989), pp. 1654-1656
  15. ↑ Boletín Oficial de la provincia de Murcia 26.06.91, available here. Dolores Gortázar has developed a strong sentiment for Valencian region and later preferred to describe herself as a Valenciana rather than a Leonesa, Mujeres españolas 22.12.29, available here, Las Provincias 12.06.27, available here
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Zamora Vicente 1995, p. 468
  17. ↑ Boletín Oficial de la provincia de Murcia 14.12.92, available here
  18. ↑ El Correo Español 07.06.00, available here, El Album Ibero-Americano 14.05.00, available here, Ochoa Fuertes 1997, p. 8
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 ABC 08.02.36, available here
  20. ↑ he died between 1891, see La Justicia 08.03.91, available here, and 1896, see Revista Gallega 87 (1896), available here
  21. ↑ La Tradición 16.06.00, available here; she graduated with 12 sobresalientes, La Ilustración Nacional 30.06.01, available here. The title entitled her to a salary of at best 825 ptas, El magisterio español 20.04.01, available here
  22. ↑ Ramírez Gómez 2000, p. 177
  23. ↑ see Gortázar’s correspondence with Menendez Pelayo, Manuel Revuelta Sañudo, Pedro Sainz Rodríguez (eds.), Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo. Epistolario, vol. 12, April 1908 – April 1910, Madrid 1989 ISBN:9788473923217, p. 314
  24. ↑ Revista Hispano-Lusitana 2 (1932), available here
  25. ↑ El Porvenir de León 07.09.10, available here
  26. ↑ Pol is not mentioned in any of the family-related press pieces, usually obituaries and necrological notes, e.g. the one related to the 1916 death of Dolores’ mother, the one related to the 1936 death of Dolores’ daughter or the one related to the 1936 death of Dolores herself. The last note identified which mentioned the couple comes from 1911 and refers to a common religious enterprise, see La Correspondencia de España 23.04.11, available here
  27. ↑ Carolina Valcarcel Gortázar married Florencio Salamero Castellvi, ABC 08.02.36, available here, La Correspondencia de España 21.09.15, available here
  28. ↑ ABC 28.11.18, available here
  29. ↑ El Día 03.11.04, available here
  30. ↑ in 1931 she wrote collection of poems, titled Collar de flores, which remained unpublished, El Imparcial 10.12.31, available here
  31. ↑ a collection of her 25 early poems. It is available online on Biblioteca Digital Hispanica service, available here. In 1929 Gortázar published also a single lengthy poem, Novena al Santo Cristo de Lego (32 pp), El Cruzado Español 13.12.29, available here
  32. ↑ Margarita (1890) and En el buen retiro (1909)
  33. ↑ La Tradición 16.06.00, available here, El Pueblo 10.06.09, available here. Some scholars claim they were inspired by Zorilla and Campoamor, Ochoa Fuertes 1997, p. 8
  34. ↑ Noticiero Salmantino 06.02.00, available here
  35. ↑ in the prologue she noted that it was death of her father and husband which inspired her, Casado 1995, p. 5
  36. ↑ La Tradición 16.06.00, available here, La Correspondencia de Valencia 13.03.25, available here
  37. ↑ ABC 17.02.23, available here. Some sources claimed the translation was allegedly rewarded by the Royal Academy, compare Mujeres españolas 22.12.29, available here, or Ochoa Fuertes 1997, p. 8; in fact, it was only acknowledged in its bulletin
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 La Correspondencia de Valencia 13.03.25, available here
  39. ↑ San Miguel de Escalada. Nuevos monumentos y documentos, [in:] Boletín de la Real Academia de Historia XXXIII (1889)
  40. ↑ El monasterio de Valvanera. Indices de su Becerro y Archivio á mediados del siglo XVII, [in:] Boletín de la Real Academía de la Historia LI (1907)
  41. ↑ Dolores Gortázar, Francisca Romana Vida de Santa Francisca Romana, viuda de Ponciano, Madrid 1911
  42. ↑ Dolores Gortázar, El mistero de la Encarnación del Hijo de Dios, Madrid 1902
  43. ↑ both novels are available online on Biblioteca Digital Hispánica service, available here
  44. ↑ compare e.g. "El marinerito es de cera y se la antoja ponerle al sol, y el pobre suda la gota gorda y se me deshace" (Cristo de la Roca, p. 35) v. "El bolchevique es de cera, y se le antoja ponerle al sol y se me derrite" (La roca del amor, p. 33). Some editions are purely stylistical, compare e.g. "Espléndida comida nos dio el marino aquella noche en el lujoso comedor de su yate" (Cristo de la Roca, p. 74) v. "Una comida suculenta nos dio el marino aquella noche en el lujoso comedor de su yate" (La roca del amor, p. 67)
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 ABC 12.02.25, available here
  46. ↑ ¡Sueños!; the issue date is unclear but fell on the years prior to 1911, compare Dolores Gortázar, Cristo de la Roca, Madrid 1911, p. 267, available here
  47. ↑ Sin color; the issue date is unclear but fell on the years prior to 1911, compare Dolores Gortázar, Cristo de la Roca, Madrid 1911, p. 267, available here
  48. ↑ though herself a Carlist, she has not contributed to Carlism in literature
  49. ↑ for the first ones identified see El Porvenir de León 30.01.95, available here, El Porvenir de León 10.04.95, available here
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Mujeres españolas 22.12.29, available here
  51. ↑ the ones identified are El Album Ibero-Americano, El Campeón, El Cantábrico, El castellano, El Correo Español (Madrid), El Correo Español (Buenos Aires), La Correspondencia de España, La Crónica, El Cruzado Español, El Cuerno, El Día, El diario de Murcia, El Diario de Zamora, La Gaceta del Norte, Gloria Femenina, El Guadalete de Jerez, Heraldo de Zamora, La Ilustración Nacional, El Lábaro, El Liberal, La Libertad, Las Margaritas, El Nervión, El Noticiero, Nuevo Mundo, La Patria, El Porvenir, Revista Gallega, Revista Hispano-Lusitana, El Siglo Futuro, Renovacion Española and Roma. Listed partially after Judith Rideout, Woman Writers' Networks in Spanish Magazines around 1900 (University of Glasgor research spreadsheet), available here
  52. ↑ in the 1900s, 1910s and early 1920s
  53. ↑ in the late 1920s and early 1930s
  54. ↑ it included sections on literature, hygiene, fashion, music, education, religion and others, El Salmantino 02.03.12, available here
  55. ↑ there are no copies available in digital hemerotecas. Roma was launched in late 1912, as in January 1913 there was 5th issue released, see La Correspondencia de España 12.01.13, available here. Gortázar was last named as its directora in 1915; the same year she started contributing to Gloria Femenina. Roma was already her second attempt to launch a feminine review; the first one occurred in 1900, when a planned review was supposed to be named Revista Madrileña de Señoras, Judith Rideout, Women’s Writing Networks in Spanish Magazines Around 1900 [PhD thesis University of Glasgow], Glasgow 2016, p. 138, El País 15.06.00, available here. Some scholars claim also that in an unspecified period she directed a periodical named El Cuerno, Ochoa Fuertes 1997, p. 8
  56. ↑ see e.g. her 1928 correspondence from Egypt, Las Provincias 26.02.28, available here, or the 1928 from France, Las Provincias 03.06.28, available here
  57. ↑ Las Provincias 16.10.28, available here
  58. ↑ the one identified is "Dama Duende", see Las Provincias 29.08.28, available here
  59. ↑ its objective was to "difundir la cultura entre las clases sociales, inculcar, inspiradas en la doctrina de Jesucristo, al amor universal, este es, la caridad que nos ha de redimir", La Correspondencia de España 06.01.02, available here
  60. ↑ El Lábaro 01.04.02, available here
  61. ↑ La Libertad 16.08.02, available here
  62. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 04.07.05, available here
  63. ↑ El Guadalete 25.03.06, available here
  64. ↑ La Lectura Dominical 13.10.06, available here
  65. ↑ financed by a certain Señor Vincenti
  66. ↑ the school comprised own dormitory, gimnasio and garden
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 El Imparcial 13.06.06, available here
  68. ↑ El Liberal 01.02.05, available here
  69. ↑ one more name was Real Centro de María Cristina, El Guadalete 24.02.07, available here, more detailed info in La Correspondencia de España 19.09.07, available here a
  70. ↑ with the salary of 1500 ptas, El Distrito Universitario 07.09.08, available here
  71. ↑ El Distrito Universitario 28.12.08, available here
  72. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 27.05.09, available here
  73. ↑ namely "abandono de destino y venta de determinados cuadernos de Dibujo", Gaceta de Instrucción Pública y Bellas Artes 30.07.10, available here
  74. ↑ Manuel Revuelta Sañudo, Pedro Sainz Rodríguez (eds.), Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo. Epistolario, vol. 12, April 1908 – April 1910, Madrid 1989 ISBN:9788473923217, p. 314
  75. ↑ one source claims that at unspecified time she taught also in Avila, Ramírez Gómez 2000, p. 177. In 1920 she attempted also theoretical contribution on education, compare Dolores Gortázar, Las Escuelas Pias de Villacrriedo: Un colegio model, [in:] Revista Calasancia 8 (1920), pp. 286-288. She seemed quite competent and discussing detailed issues, e.g. advantages of large dormitory rooms tens of pupils and the small ones, for 4-6 pupils
  76. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 03.07.14, available here
  77. ↑ El Correo Español 05.01.18, available here
  78. ↑ ABC 27.05.10, available here
  79. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 05.04.13, available here a
  80. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 28.02.13, available here
  81. ↑ El Día de Palencia 08.05.15, available here
  82. ↑ El Orzán 23.10.23, available here, La Libertad 03.04.27, available here
  83. ↑ El Siglo Futuro 29.10.27, available here
  84. ↑ Las Provincias 25.05.28, available here
  85. ↑ La Independencia 27.06.31, available here
  86. ↑ its objectives were "defensa social de la mujer" and "protección de la clase media femenina", Ahora 01.11.31, available here
  87. ↑ ABC 27.12.31, available here
  88. ↑ Heraldo de Madrid 24.02.32, available here, ABC 29.03.32, available here
  89. ↑ El País 19.06.10, available here, El Orzán 23.10.23, available here. She was particularly active in 1932; for the single month of June compare La Nación 02.07.32, available here, El Siglo Futuro 30.06.32, available here, La Epoca 30.06.32, available here, La Nación 27.06.32, available here, La Nación 02.06.32, available here
  90. ↑ El magisterio español 05.03.27, available here
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 El Siglo Futuro 09.04.36, available here
  92. ↑ Traditionalist, traditional and generally orthodox conservative outlook used to be her trademark; as late as in 1930 she demanded that minors below 14 years of age are not allowed into cinemas, El Cruzado Español 02.05.30, available here
  93. ↑ "fomentar las actividades políticas y la práctica del voto de la mujer", Ahora 01.11.31, available here
  94. ↑ La Justicia 08.03.91, available here
  95. ↑ La Cruz 15.10.31, available here
  96. ↑ compare an anecdote involving herself and Salmerón, La Cruz, 15.10.31, available here
  97. ↑ El Porvenir de León 14.08.95, available here
  98. ↑ El Porvenir de León 17.08.95, available here
  99. ↑ El Correo Español 13.03.99, available here
  100. ↑ see an account of a fresh Carlist convert: "Lo sentí mucho cuando supe que dicha señora era liberala y carlista. Con gran repulsion fui á verla, y quedé maravillado al contempar á la distinguida dama, llena de encantos sencillos y dulzura". Gortázar is referred to as "joven aristocrática é ilustrada y eminent escritora carlista, de alma grande, sublime; corazón noble, sencillo y angelical; cuyo carácter simpático y dulcisimo contrasta con la energía y fogosidad de sus ideas viriles, y entusiastas y tradicionalistas", La Tradición 06.01.00
  101. ↑ and other party papers, like La Libertad, La Libertad 16.08.02, available here
  102. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 08.04.00, available here
  103. ↑ El Correo Español 17.04.00, available here
  104. ↑ Don Jaime wrote: "He leido con gran interés y verdadero placer la traducción de usted del Arte Poéticode Horacio, congratulándome infinito que tan hermosa traducción sea obra de una literata carlista tan entusiasta como usted. Aseguro á usted que este bello libro ocupará un lugar preferente en mi biblioteca", quoted after El Correo Español 06.09.02, available here
  105. ↑ during a personal visit Gortázar with her daughter paid homage to queen mother, La Correspondencia de España 02.01.04, available here Infanta Isabel acted as madrina at Gortázar’s second wedding, La Correspondencia de España 09.09.10, available here. Already prior to 1899 Infanta Isabel has even earned a dedicated poem, compare Nimias, p. 13, available here
  106. ↑ compare La Lealtad 17.04.15, available here
  107. ↑ compare Renovación Española 11.07.18, available here
  108. ↑ e.g. with Luis Hernando de Larramendi, see La Lectura Dominical 05.07.13, available here
  109. ↑ and pointed to a "serpiente del odio", slipping into the heart of de Mella, El Correo Español 10.04.19, available here
  110. ↑ El Correo Español 07.07.20, available here, El Correo Español 02.03.20, available here
  111. ↑ at unspeficied time she launched and edited a dedicated Carlist feminine review, Las Margaritas, short-lived due to financial problems, Antonio Manuel Moral Roncal, La cuestión religiosa en la Segunda República española, Madrid 2009, ISBN:9788497429054, p. 37
  112. ↑ El Correo Español 15.03.21, available here
  113. ↑ full title Dios, Patria, Rey. La regeneración de España. Impugnación del mellismo. Estudio político social de la Causa Tradicionalista, y reseña de la grandiosa Junta de Lourdes, que presidió don Jaime de Borbón y Borbón el día 7 de enero de 1921, Madrid 1921, referred after Melchor Ferrer, Historia del tradicionalismo español vol. XXIX, Sevilla 1960, p. 307, see also El Correo Español 24.02.21, available here
  114. ↑ El Correo Español 01.03.21, available here
  115. ↑ Las Provincias 13.04.22, available here
  116. ↑ it seems that she also maintained some sort of co-operation with the Integrist El Siglo Futuro, compare El Siglo Futuro 04.12.29, available here
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 Las Provincias 15.03.25, available here
  118. ↑ in 1927 Gortázar penned perhaps the most militant piece in her career, hailing Don Jaime on his namesday. The Carlist king was presented as champion of Christian values and Spanish tradition, a saviour not only of Spain, but also of the entire Europe, covered with "dark clouds". The article ended with "Viva el Rey!", compare El Eco de Gerona 06.08.27, available here
  119. ↑ e.g. in homage to Francisco de Oller, El Eco de Gerona 05.11.27, available here
  120. ↑ some scholars note her, among the Cruzado manager Jesús Cora y Lira, as the key pen of the paper, Moral Roncal 2009, p. 37
  121. ↑ José Luis Agudín Menéndez, Modernidad y tradicionalismo. La recepción de la instauración de la II República desde las páginas de El Siglo Futuro, [in:] Damián A. González Madrid, Manuel Ortiz Heras, Juan Sisinio Pérez Garzón, La Historia, lost in translation? Actas del XIII Congreso de la Asociación de Historia Contemporanea, Cuenca 2017, ISBN:9788490442654, p. 3223
  122. ↑ at times with de Villores, see El Cruzado Español 12.12.30, available here, Moral Roncal 2009, p. 37, also El Cruzado Español 02.08.29, available here
  123. ↑ El Cruzado Español 15.11.29, available here
  124. ↑ El Cruzado Español 30.05.30, available here
  125. ↑ the key work discussing Carlism during the Republic days, Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain, Cambridge 1975 [re-printed with no re-edition in 2008], ISBN:9780521086349, does not mention Gortazar a single time. Also the work discussing the Mellista breakout of the 1910s-1920s, Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN:9788487863820, does not list her. Finally, a key work on Carlism during the late Restoration period, Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis Complutense], Madrid 2012, does not note Gortazar. All this suggests that in terms of forging Carlist politics she was irrelevant, important rather as a propagandist
  126. ↑ El Cruzado Español 31.07.31, available here
  127. ↑ El Cruzado Español 06.12.32, available here
  128. ↑ ABC 31.03.33, available here
  129. ↑ ABC 16.05.33, available here
  130. ↑ La Nación 21.02.35, available here
  131. ↑ La Tradición 16.06.00, available here, La Correspondencia de Valencia 13.03.25, available here, Casado 1995, p. 5
  132. ↑ ABC 17.02.23, available here
  133. ↑ El Album Ibero-Americano 07.05.01, available here
  134. ↑ in terms of general press reception. However, some acknowledged her standing as a poet and in 1910 she was even dedicated a poem, L avisador numantino 19.02.10, available here. In 1901 she was invited to sit in the jury of Juegos Florales, El Album Ibero-Americano 22.11.01, available here, Rideout 2016, pp. 137-138
  135. ↑ Revista Contemporanea 30.10.98, available here
  136. ↑ España y America 01.07.27, available here, La Correspondencia de Valencia 13.03.25, available here
  137. ↑ ABC 04.01.25, available here
  138. ↑ 138.0 138.1 El País 26.07.11, available here
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 La Correspondencia de España 23.07.11, available here
  140. ↑ Las Provincias 04.04.29, available here
  141. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 25.05.01, available here
  142. ↑ El Cruzado Español 08.01.00, available here
  143. ↑ El Album Ibero-Americano 14.06.01, available here
  144. ↑ yet in 1923 she was featured prominently with few contemporary Spanish writers in Blanco y Nero, ABC 18.02.23, available here
  145. ↑ Manuel Revuelta Sañudo, Pedro Sainz Rodríguez (eds.), Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo. Epistolario, Mayo 1910-Diciembre, Madrid 1989 ISBN:9788473923217, pp. 215, 524
  146. ↑ Rideout 2016, pp. 137-138
  147. ↑ Nuevo Mundo 10.08.28, available here
  148. ↑ España y America 01.07.27, available here
  149. ↑ España y America 01.07.27, available here, La Correspondencia de Valencia 13.03.25, available here, ABC 12.02.25, available here
  150. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 23.07.11, available here, ABC 12.02.25, available here
  151. ↑ España y America 01.07.27, available here, La Correspondencia de Valencia 13.03.25, available here, ABC 12.02.25, available here
  152. ↑ ABC 10.09.11, available here
  153. ↑ Julio Cejador y Frauca, Historia de la lengua y literatura castellana. Época contemporánea: 1908-1920, Madrid 1920, p. 147
  154. ↑ Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana Espasa, Madrid 1925, vol. XXVI, p. 732
  155. ↑ José María de Cossío, Cincuenta años de la poesía española (1850-1900), Madrid 1960, pp. 1363, 1400, 1433
  156. ↑ see e.g. Revista de fomento social 26 (1971), p. 417
  157. ↑ see e.g. Rosa Navarro Duran, Enciclopedia de escritores en lengua castellana, Madrid 2000, ISBN:9788408034766, Gran Enciclopedia de España, vol. X, Zaragoza 1994, ISBN:848754410X, Rafael del Moral, Enciclopedia de la novela española, Barcelona 1999, ISBN:8408026666
  158. ↑ see e.g. Jesús Bregante, Diccionario Espasa literatura española, Madrid 2003, ISBN:8467012722, Silvia Cuevas-Morales, Diccionario universal bio-bibliográfico de autoras que escriben en castellano siglo XX, Madrid 2003, ISBN:8492331194, Ricardo Gullón, Diccionario de la Literatura Española e Hispanoamericana, vol. 1, Madrid 1993, ISBN:8420652474, José María Martínez Cachero, Espasa diccionario de escritores célebres, Madrid 1995, ISBN:8423992268, Angel Pariente, Diccionario bibliográfico de la poesía española del siglo XX, Madrid 2003, ISBN:8484721094, Gregorio Sanz, Diccionario Universal de efemérides de escrtores, Madrid 1999, ISBN:8470306650, Andres Solrél (ed.), Diccionario de Autores, Madrid 1988, ISBN:8486168384
  159. ↑ see e.g. Julian Luis Alborg, Historia de la literatura española, vol. V (Realismo y naturalismo. La novela), Madrid 1996, ISBN:8424917936, Carlos Alvar, José-Carlos Mainer, Rosa Navarro, Breve historia de la literatura española, Madrid 2004, ISBN:8420634034, G. G. Brown, Historia de la literatura española, vol. 6/1 (El siglo XX), Barcelona 1993, ISBN:8434483696, Jean Canavaggio (ed.), Historia de la literatura española, vol. VI (Siglo XX), Barcelona 1995, ISBN:843447459X, José-Carlos Mainer, Historia y crítica de la literatura española, vol. 6/1 (Modernismo y 98), Primer suplemento, Barcelona 1994, ISBN:8474236304, Felipe B. Pedraza Jiménez, Milagros Rodríguez Cáceres, Historia esencial de la literatura española e hispanoamericana, Madrid 1008, ISBN:8441407894, Felipe B. Pedraza Jiménez, Milagros Rodríguez Cáceres, Manual de literatura española, vol. XI (Novecentismo y vanguardia. Líricos), Estella 1993, ISBN:8485511271, Felipe B. Pedraza Jiménez, Milagros Rodríguez Cáceres, Manual de literatura española, vol. X (Novecentismo y vanguardia. Introducción, prosistas y dramaturgos), Estella 1991, ISBN:8485511834, Lina Rodríguez Cacho, Manual de historia de la literatura española, vol. II (Siglos XVIII al XX), Madrid 2009, ISBN:9788497402873, Darío Villanueva, Margarita Santos Zas, Cronología de la literatura española, vol. 4 (Siglo XX), Madrid 1997, ISBN:8437615305, Historia de la literatura española, vol. II (Desde el siglo XVIII hasta nuestros días), Madrid 1990, ISBN:8437609127
  160. ↑ Luzmaría Jiménez Faro (ed.), Poetisas Españolas. Antología general, vol. II (De 1901 a 1939), Madrid 1996, ISBN:8478391746, let alone general poetry antologies, see e.g. José Paulino Ayuso (ed.), Antología de la poesía española del siglo XX, Madrid 2003, ISBN:8497400380
  161. ↑ Ramon Charlo Ortiz-Repiso et al., La novela popular en España, Madrid 2000, ISBN:8460711269, Javier Valera, La novela de España, Madrid 1999, ISBN:8430603468
  162. ↑ Carmen Simón Palmer, Escritoras españolas del siglo XIX, Manual bio-bibliográfico, Madrid 1987, ISBN:8470396005, Carmen Ramírez Gómez, Mujeres escritoras en la prensa andaluza del siglo XX (1900-1950), Sevilla 2000, ISBN:8447205606, p. 177. Gortázar is also briefly noted - though mostly in footnotes - in Rideout 2016, p. 138
  163. ↑ Casado 1995, Ochoa Fuertes 1997
  164. ↑ Francisco Javier García Turza, Las aldeas de La Rioja medieval: El ejemplo de Villanueva, [in:] José Ignacio de la Iglesia Duarte (ed.), II Semana de Estudios Medievales, Nájera 5 al 9 de agosto de 1991, Madrid 1992, ISBN:848725201X, pp. 236, 241, Fernando Chueca Goitia, Madrid, pieza clave de España, Madrid 1999, ISBN:9788489512207, p. 124
  165. ↑ see Real Colegio María Cristina web page, available here
  166. ↑ when the Carlist female propagandist of the Republic and the Civil War era, María Rosa Urraca Pastor, is compared to an old-style Carlist feminine model, see María Dolores Andrés Prieto, La mujer en la política y la política de la memoria. María Rosa Urraca Pastor, una estrella fugaz [MA thesis], Salamanca 2012, this comparison might be well applied personally to Dolores Gortázar. Gortázar clearly preferred feminine setting, Urraca had no problem engaging in mixed-sex initiatives. Gortázar excelled in small, dedicated groupings, Urraca starred in broad-scale, general organizations. Gortázar focused on cultural and educational activities, Urraca engaged in open politics. Gortázar was brilliant in behind-the-scene, closed meetings, Urraca was an excellent speaker at mass rallies

Further reading

  • Concha Casado, Dolores Gortázar Serantes, [in:] Filandón 22.10.1995, pp. 4–5
  • María del Camino Ochoa Fuertes, Nuestras mujeres: Dolores Gortázar Serantes, [in:] Filandón 07.12.1997, p. 8
  • Carmen Ramírez Gómez, Mujeres escritoras en la prensa andaluza del siglo XX (1900-1950), Sevilla 2000, ISBN:8447205606
  • Judith Rideout, Women’s Writing Networks in Spanish Magazines Around 1900 [PhD thesis University of Glasgow], Glasgow 2016
  • Carmen Simón Palmer, Escritoras españolas del siglo XIX, Manual bio-bibliográfico, Madrid 1987, ISBN:8470396005

External links




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