Biography:Elie Wiesel

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Short description: Romanian-born American writer (1928–2016)
Elie Wiesel
Wiesel in 1996
Wiesel in 1996
BornEliezer Wiesel
Sighet, Kingdom of Romania
DiedJuly 2, 2016(2016-07-02) (aged 87)
New York City, U.S.
Occupation
  • Author
  • professor
  • activist
  • journalist
Citizenship
  • Romania (until 1940)
  • Hungary (1940–1944)[1]
  • Stateless (1944–1963)[2]
  • United States (from 1963)
Alma materUniversity of Paris
Subjects
  • The Holocaust
  • religion
  • philosophy
Notable worksNight (1960)
Notable awards
  • Congressional Gold Medal
    1984
  • French Legion of Honor – Commander, Grand Officer, Grand Cross
    1984, 1990, 2000
  • Nobel Peace Prize
    1986
  • Presidential Medal of Freedom
    1992
  • Order of the Star of Romania – Grand Officer
    2002
  • Honorary knighthood
    2006
Spouse
Marion Erster Rose (m. 1969)
ChildrenElisha

Eliezer "Elie" Wiesel (/ˈɛli viːˈzɛl/ EL-ee vee-ZEL or /ˈiːlaɪ ˈviːsəl/ EE-ly VEE-səl;[3][4][5] Yiddish: אליעזר "אלי" װיזעל‎, romanized: Eliezer "Eli" Vizel; September 30, 1928 – July 2, 2016) was a Romanian-born American writer, professor, political activist, Nobel laureate, and Holocaust survivor. He authored 57 books, written mostly in French and English, including Night, a work based on his experiences as a Jewish prisoner in the Auschwitz and Buchenwald concentration camps.[6]

He was a professor of the humanities at Boston University, which created the Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies in his honor. He was involved with Jewish causes and human rights causes and helped establish the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. In his political activities, he also campaigned for victims of oppression in places like South Africa, Nicaragua, Kosovo, and Sudan. He publicly condemned the 1915 Armenian genocide and remained a strong defender of human rights during his lifetime. He was described as "the most important Jew in America" by the Los Angeles Times in 2003.[7]

Wiesel was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986. The Norwegian Nobel Committee called him a "messenger to mankind", stating that through his struggle to come to terms with "his own personal experience of total humiliation and of the utter contempt for humanity shown in Hitler's death camps", as well as his "practical work in the cause of peace", Wiesel delivered a message "of peace, atonement, and human dignity" to humanity. The Nobel Committee also stressed that Wiesel's commitment originated in the sufferings of the Jewish people but that he expanded it to embrace all repressed peoples and races.[8] He was a founding board member of the New York Human Rights Foundation and remained active in it throughout his life.[9][10]

Early life

The house in which Wiesel was born in Sighet

Eliezer Wiesel was born in Sighet (now Sighetu Marmației), Maramureș, in the Carpathian Mountains of Romania.[11] His parents were Sarah Feig and Shlomo Wiesel. At home, Wiesel's family spoke Yiddish most of the time, but also German, Hungarian, and Romanian.[12][13] Wiesel's mother, Sarah, was the daughter of Dodye Feig, a Vizhnitz Hasid and farmer from the nearby village of Bocskó. Dodye was active and trusted within the community.

Wiesel's father, Shlomo, instilled a strong sense of humanism in his son, encouraging him to learn Hebrew and to read literature, whereas his mother encouraged him to study the Torah. Wiesel said his father represented reason, while his mother Sarah promoted faith.[14] Wiesel was instructed that his genealogy traced back to Rabbi Schlomo Yitzhaki (Rashi), and was a descendant of Rabbi Yeshayahu ben Abraham Horovitz ha-Levi.[15]

Wiesel had three siblings—older sisters Beatrice and Hilda, and younger sister Tzipora. Beatrice and Hilda survived the war, and were reunited with Wiesel at a French orphanage. They eventually emigrated to North America, with Beatrice moving to Montreal , Quebec, Canada. Tzipora, Shlomo, and Sarah did not survive the Holocaust.

Imprisonment and orphaning during the Holocaust

Buchenwald concentration camp, photo taken April 16, 1945, five days after liberation of the camp. Wiesel is in the second row from the bottom, seventh from the left, next to the bunk post.[16]

In March 1944, Germany occupied Hungary, thus extending the Holocaust into Northern Transylvania as well.[lower-alpha 1] Wiesel was 15, and he, with his family, along with the rest of the town's Jewish population, was placed in one of the two confinement ghettos set up in Máramarossziget (Sighet), the town where he had been born and raised. In May 1944, the Hungarian authorities, under German pressure, began to deport the Jewish community to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where up to 90 percent of the people were murdered on arrival.[17]

Immediately after they were sent to Auschwitz, his mother and his younger sister were murdered.[17] Wiesel and his father were selected to perform labor so long as they remained able-bodied, after which they were to be murdered in the gas chambers. Wiesel and his father were later deported to the concentration camp at Buchenwald. Until that transfer, he admitted to Oprah Winfrey, his primary motivation for trying to survive Auschwitz was knowing that his father was still alive: "I knew that if I died, he would die."[18] After they were taken to Buchenwald, his father died before the camp was liberated.[17] In Night,[19] Wiesel recalled the shame he felt when he heard his father being beaten and was unable to help.[17][20]

Wiesel was tattooed with inmate number "A-7713" on his left arm.[21][22] The camp was liberated by the U.S. Third Army on April 11, 1945, when they were just prepared to be evacuated from Buchenwald.[23]

Post-war career as a writer

France

After World War II ended and Wiesel was freed, he joined a transport of 1,000 child survivors of Buchenwald to Ecouis, France, where the Œuvre de secours aux enfants (OSE) had established a rehabilitation center. Wiesel joined a smaller group of 90 to 100 boys from Orthodox homes who wanted kosher facilities and a higher level of religious observance; they were cared for in a home in Ambloy under the directorship of Judith Hemmendinger. This home was later moved to Taverny and operated until 1947.[24][25]

Afterwards, Wiesel traveled to Paris where he learned French and studied literature, philosophy and psychology at the Sorbonne.[17] He heard lectures by philosopher Martin Buber and existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre and he spent his evenings reading works by Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Franz Kafka, and Thomas Mann.[26]

By the time he was 19, he had begun working as a journalist, writing in French, while also teaching Hebrew and working as a choirmaster.[27] He wrote for Israeli and French newspapers, including Tsien in Kamf (in Yiddish).[26]

In 1946, after learning of the Irgun's bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, Wiesel made an unsuccessful attempt to join the underground Zionist movement. In 1948, he translated articles from Hebrew into Yiddish for Irgun periodicals, but never became a member of the organization.[28] In 1949, he traveled to Israel as a correspondent for the French newspaper L'arche. He then was hired as Paris correspondent for the Israeli newspaper Yedioth Ahronoth, subsequently becoming its roaming international correspondent.[29]

Excerpt from Night
Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever. Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never.

—Elie Wiesel, from Night.[30]

For ten years after the war, Wiesel refused to write about or discuss his experiences during the Holocaust. He began to reconsider his decision after a meeting with the French author François Mauriac, the 1952 Nobel Laureate in Literature who eventually became Wiesel's close friend. Mauriac was a devout Christian who had fought in the French Resistance during the war. He compared Wiesel to "Lazarus rising from the dead", and saw from Wiesel's tormented eyes, "the death of God in the soul of a child".[31][32] Mauriac persuaded him to begin writing about his harrowing experiences.[26]

Wiesel first wrote the 900-page memoir Un di velt hot geshvign (And the World Remained Silent) in Yiddish, which was published in abridged form in Buenos Aires.[33] Wiesel rewrote a shortened version of the manuscript in French, La Nuit, in 1955. It was translated into English as Night in 1960.[34] The book sold few copies after its initial publication, but still attracted interest from reviewers, leading to television interviews with Wiesel and meetings with writers such as Saul Bellow.

As its profile rose, Night was eventually translated into 30 languages with ten million copies sold in the United States. At one point film director Orson Welles wanted to make it into a feature film, but Wiesel refused, feeling that his memoir would lose its meaning if it were told without the silences in between his words.[35] Oprah Winfrey made it a spotlight selection for her book club in 2006.[17]

United States

In 1955, Wiesel moved to New York as foreign correspondent for the Israel daily, Yediot Ahronot.[29] In 1969, he married Austrian Marion Erster Rose, who also translated many of his books.[29] They had one son, Shlomo Elisha Wiesel, named after Wiesel's father.[29][36]

Wiesel in 1987

In the U.S., he eventually wrote over 40 books, most of them non-fiction Holocaust literature, and novels. As an author, he was awarded a number of literary prizes and is considered among the most important in describing the Holocaust from a highly personal perspective.[29] As a result, some historians credited Wiesel with giving the term Holocaust its present meaning, although he did not feel that the word adequately described that historical event.[37] In 1975, he co-founded the magazine Moment with writer Leonard Fein.

The 1979 book and play The Trial of God are said to have been based on his real-life Auschwitz experience of witnessing three Jews who, close to death, conduct a trial against God, under the accusation that He has been oppressive towards the Jewish people.[38]

Wiesel also played a role in the initial success of The Painted Bird by Jerzy Kosinski by endorsing it before it became known the book was fiction and, in the sense that it was presented as all Kosinski's true experience, a hoax.[39][40]

Wiesel published two volumes of memoirs. The first, All Rivers Run to the Sea, was published in 1994 and covered his life up to the year 1969. The second, titled And the Sea is Never Full and published in 1999, covered the years from 1969 to 1999.[41]

Political activism

Wiesel and his wife, Marion, started the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity in 1986. He served as chairman of the President's Commission on the Holocaust (later renamed the US Holocaust Memorial Council) from 1978 to 1986, spearheading the building of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C.[42][43] Sigmund Strochlitz was his close friend and confidant during these years.[44]

The Holocaust Memorial Museum gives the Elie Wiesel Award to "internationally prominent individuals whose actions have advanced the Museum's vision of a world where people confront hatred, prevent genocide, and promote human dignity".[45] The Foundation had invested its endowment in money manager Bernard L. Madoff's investment Ponzi scheme, costing the Foundation $15 million and Wiesel and his wife much of their own personal savings.[46][47]

A staunch foe of the death penalty, Wiesel stated that he believed that even Adolf Eichmann should not have been executed.[48]

Support for Israeli government policy

In 1982, at the request of the Israeli Foreign Ministry, Wiesel agreed to resign from his position as chairman of a planned international conference on the Holocaust and the Armenian genocide. Wiesel then worked with the Foreign Ministry in its attempts to get the conference either canceled or to remove all discussion of the Armenian genocide from it, and to those ends he provided the Foreign Ministry with internal documents on the conference's planning and lobbied fellow academics to not attend the conference.[49]

Following his death, Wiesel was criticized by some for his perceived silence on certain Israeli government policies with regards to the Palestinians.[50] During his lifetime, Wiesel had deflected questions on the topic, claiming to abstain from commenting on Israel's internal debates.[51] Hussein Ibish claimed after his death that despite this position, Wiesel had gone on record as supporting the idea of expanding Jewish settlements into the Palestinian territories conquered by Israel during the 6 Day War, such settlements are considered illegal by the international community.[52]

Awards

Wiesel was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1986 for speaking out against violence, repression, and racism.[53] The Norwegian Nobel Committee described Wiesel as "one of the most important spiritual leaders and guides in an age when violence, repression, and racism continue to characterize the world".[30] Wiesel explained his feelings during his acceptance speech:

Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented. Sometimes we must interfere. When human lives are endangered, when human dignity is in jeopardy, national borders and sensitivities become irrelevant.[30][54]

He received many other prizes and honors for his work, including the Congressional Gold Medal in 1985, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence.[55] He was also elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1996.[56]

Wiesel co-founded Moment magazine with Leonard Fein in 1975. They founded the magazine to provide a voice for American Jews.[57] He was also a member of the International Advisory Board of NGO Monitor.[58]

Wiesel became a regular speaker on the subject of the Holocaust. As a political activist, he advocated for many causes, including Israel, the plight of Soviet and Ethiopian Jews, the victims of apartheid in South Africa, Argentina's Desaparecidos, Bosnian victims of genocide in the former Yugoslavia, Nicaragua's Miskito Indians, and the Kurds.[59][60]

In April 1999, Wiesel delivered the speech "The Perils of Indifference" in Washington D.C., criticizing the people and countries who chose to be indifferent while the Holocaust was happening. He defined indifference as being neutral between two sides, which, in this case, amounts to overlooking the victims of the Holocaust. Throughout the speech, he expressed the view that a little bit of attention, either positive or negative, is better than no attention at all.[61]

In 2003, he discovered and publicized the fact that at least 280,000 Romanian and Ukrainian Jews, along with other groups, were massacred in Romanian-run death camps.[62]

In 2005, he gave a speech at the opening ceremony of the new building of Yad Vashem, the Israeli Holocaust History Museum:

I know what people say – it is so easy. Those that were there won't agree with that statement. The statement is: it was man's inhumanity to man. NO! It was man's inhumanity to Jews! Jews were not killed because they were human beings. In the eyes of the killers they were not human beings! They were Jews![63]

In early 2006, Wiesel accompanied Oprah Winfrey as she visited Auschwitz, a visit which was broadcast as part of The Oprah Winfrey Show.[64] On November 30, 2006, Wiesel received a knighthood in London in recognition of his work toward raising Holocaust education in the United Kingdom.[65]

In September 2006, he appeared before the UN Security Council with actor George Clooney to call attention to the humanitarian crisis in Darfur. When Wiesel died, Clooney wrote, "We had a champion who carried our pain, our guilt, and our responsibility on his shoulders for generations."[66]

In 2007, Wiesel was awarded the Dayton Literary Peace Prize's Lifetime Achievement Award.[67] That same year, the Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity issued a letter condemning Armenian genocide denial, a letter that was signed by 53 Nobel laureates including Wiesel. Wiesel repeatedly called Turkey's 90-year-old campaign to downplay its actions during the Armenian genocide a double killing.[68]

President George W. Bush, joined by the Dalai Lama and Wiesel, October 17, 2007, to the ceremony at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., for the presentation of the Congressional Gold Medal to the Dalai Lama

In 2009, Wiesel criticized the Vatican for lifting the excommunication of controversial bishop Richard Williamson, a member of the Society of Saint Pius X.[69] The excommunication was later reimposed.

In June 2009, Wiesel accompanied US President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel as they toured the Buchenwald concentration camp.[70] Wiesel was an adviser at the Gatestone Institute.[71] In 2010, Wiesel accepted a five-year appointment as a Distinguished Presidential Fellow at Chapman University in Orange County, California. In that role, he made a one-week visit to Chapman annually to meet with students and offer his perspective on subjects ranging from Holocaust history to religion, languages, literature, law and music.[72]

In July 2009, Wiesel announced his support to the minority Tamils in Sri Lanka. He said that, "Wherever minorities are being persecuted, we must raise our voices to protest ... The Tamil people are being disenfranchised and victimized by the Sri Lanka authorities. This injustice must stop. The Tamil people must be allowed to live in peace and flourish in their homeland."[73][74][75]

In 2009, Wiesel returned to Hungary for his first visit since the Holocaust. During this visit, Wiesel participated in a conference at the Upper House Chamber of the Hungarian Parliament, met Prime Minister Gordon Bajnai and President László Sólyom, and made a speech to the approximately 10,000 participants of an anti-racist gathering held in Faith Hall.[76][77] However, in 2012, he protested against "the whitewashing" of Hungary's involvement in the Holocaust, and he gave up the Great Cross award he had received from the Hungarian government.[78]

Wiesel was active in trying to prevent Iran from making nuclear weapons, stating that, "The words and actions of the leadership of Iran leave no doubt as to their intentions".[79] He also condemned Hamas for the "use of children as human shields" during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict by running an ad in several large newspapers.[80] The Times refused to run the advertisement, saying, "The opinion being expressed is too strong, and too forcefully made, and will cause concern amongst a significant number of Times readers."[81][82]

Wiesel often emphasized the Jewish connection to Jerusalem, and criticized the Obama administration for pressuring Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to halt East Jerusalem Israeli settlement construction.[83][84] He stated that "Jerusalem is above politics. It is mentioned more than six hundred times in Scripture—and not a single time in the Koran ... It belongs to the Jewish people and is much more than a city".[85][86]

Teaching

Wiesel held the position of Andrew Mellon Professor of the Humanities at Boston University from 1976,[87] teaching in both its religion and philosophy departments.[7] He became a close friend of the president and chancellor John Silber.[88] The university created the Elie Wiesel Center for Jewish Studies in his honor.[87] From 1972 to 1976 Wiesel was a Distinguished Professor at the City University of New York and member of the American Federation of Teachers.[89][90]

In 1982 he served as the first Henry Luce Visiting Scholar in Humanities and Social Thought at Yale University.[7] He also co-instructed Winter Term (January) courses at Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida. From 1997 to 1999 he was Ingeborg Rennert Visiting Professor of Judaic Studies at Barnard College of Columbia University.[91]

Personal life

Wiesel and wife Marion at the 2012 Time 100

In 1969 he married Marion Erster Rose, who originally was from Austria and also translated many of his books.[29][92] They had one son, Shlomo Elisha Wiesel, named after Wiesel's father.[29][36] The family lived in Greenwich, Connecticut.[93]

Wiesel was attacked in a San Francisco hotel by 22-year-old Holocaust denier Eric Hunt in February 2007, but was not injured. Hunt was arrested the following month and charged with multiple offenses.[94][95]

In May 2011, Wiesel served as the Washington University in St. Louis commencement speaker.[96]

In February 2012, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints performed a posthumous baptism for Simon Wiesenthal's parents without proper authorization.[97] After his own name was submitted for proxy baptism, Wiesel spoke out against the unauthorized practice of posthumously baptizing Jews and asked presidential candidate and Latter-day Saint Mitt Romney to denounce it. Romney's campaign declined to comment, directing such questions to church officials.[98]

Death and aftermath

Wiesel died on the morning of July 2, 2016, at his home in Manhattan, aged 87. After a private funeral service was conducted in honor of him at the Fifth Avenue Synagogue, he was buried at the Sharon Gardens Cemetery in Valhalla, New York, on July 3.[46][99][100][101][102]

Utah senator Orrin Hatch paid tribute to Wiesel in a speech on the Senate floor the following week, in which he said that "With Elie's passing, we have lost a beacon of humanity and hope. We have lost a hero of human rights and a luminary of Holocaust literature."[103]

In 2018, antisemitic graffiti was found on the house where Wiesel was born.[104]

Awards and honors

  • Prix de l'Université de la Langue Française (Prix Rivarol) for The Town Beyond the Wall, 1963.[105]
  • National Jewish Book Award for The Town Beyond the Wall, 1965.[105][106]
  • Ingram Merrill award, 1964.[107]
  • Prix Médicis for A Beggar in Jerusalem, 1968.[105]
  • National Jewish Book Award for Souls on Fire: Portraits and Legends of Hasidic Masters, 1973.[108]
  • Jewish Heritage Award, Haifa University, 1975.[107]
  • Holocaust Memorial Award, New York Society of Clinical Psychologists, 1975.[107]
  • S.Y. Agnon Medal, 1980.[107]
  • Jabotinsky Medal, State of Israel, 1980.[107]
  • Prix Livre Inter, France, for The Testament, 1980.[105]
  • Grand Prize in Literature from the City of Paris for The Fifth Son, 1983.[105]
  • Commander in the French Legion of Honor, 1984.[105]
  • U.S. Congressional Gold Medal, 1984.[109]
  • Four Freedoms Award for the Freedom of Worship, 1985.[110]
  • Medal of Liberty, 1986.[111]
  • Nobel Peace Prize, 1986.
  • Grand Officer in the French Legion of Honor, 1990.[7]
  • Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1992
  • Niebuhr Medal, Elmhurst College, Illinois, 1995.[112]
  • Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement, 1996, presented by Awards Council member Rosa Parks at the Academy's 35th annual Summit in Sun Valley, Idaho.[113]
  • Grand Cross in the French Legion of Honor, 2000.[114]
  • Order of the Star of Romania, 2002.[107]
  • Man of the Year award, Tel Aviv Museum of Art, 2005.[107]
  • Light of Truth award, International Campaign for Tibet, 2005.[107]
  • Honorary Knighthood, United Kingdom, 2006.[65]
  • Honorary Visiting Professor of Humanities, Rochester College, 2008.[115]
  • National Humanities Medal, 2009.[116]
  • Norman Mailer Prize, Lifetime Achievement, 2011.
  • Loebenberg Humanitarian Award, Florida Holocaust Museum, 2012.[117]
  • Kenyon Review Award for Literary Achievement, 2012[118]
  • Nadav Award, 2012.[119]
  • S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards, 2013.[120]
  • John Jay Medal for Justice John Jay College, 2014.[121]
  • Bust of Wiesel was carved on the Human Rights Porch of the Washington National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., 2021.[122]

Honorary degrees

Wiesel had received more than 90 honorary degrees from colleges worldwide.[123]

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.


See also

  • The Boys of Buchenwald – documentary about the orphanage in which he stayed after the Holocaust
  • Canadian Institute for the Study of Antisemitism
  • Elie Wiesel bibliography
  • Elie Wiesel National Institute for Studying the Holocaust in Romania
  • Genesis Prize
  • God on Trial – a 2008 joint BBC / WGBH Boston dramatization of his book The Trial of God
  • Holocaust research
  • List of civil rights leaders
  • List of investors in Bernard L. Madoff Securities
  • List of Jewish Nobel laureates

References

Informational notes

  1. ↑ In 1940, after the Second Vienna Award, Northern Transylvania, including the town of Sighet (Máramarossziget) was returned to Hungary.

Citations

  1. ↑ "Elie Wiesel Timeline and World Events: 1928–1951" (in en). https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/elie-wiesel-timeline-and-world-events-1928-1951. 
  2. ↑ "Elie Wiesel Timeline and World Events: From 1952" (in en). https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/elie-wiesel-timeline-and-world-events-from-1952. 
  3. ↑ "Audio Name Pronunciation | Elie Wiesel". https://www.teachingbooks.net/pronounce.cgi?aid=76. 
  4. ↑ "NLS Other Writings: Say How, U-X". Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/organization/standards-guidelines/uvwx/. 
  5. ↑ "Wiesel, Elie". Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English. https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/elie-wiesel. 
  6. ↑ "Winfrey selects Wiesel's 'Night' for book club". Associated Press. January 16, 2006. https://www.today.com/popculture/winfrey-selects-wiesel-s-night-book-club-wbna10879079. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Distinguished Speaker Series , March 3, 2003
  8. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize for 1986: Elie Wiesel". Nobel Foundation. October 14, 1986. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/press-release/. 
  9. ↑ "Elie Wiesl". Human Rights Foundation. https://humanrightsfoundation.org/about/board-and-international-council/elie-wiesel. 
  10. ↑ "Human Rights Foundation Lauds OAS Discussion on Venezuela". Latin American Herald Tribune. http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2414947&CategoryId=10717. 
  11. ↑ Liukkonen, Petri. "Elie Wiesel". Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/wiesel.htm. 
  12. ↑ "The Life and Work of Wiesel". Public Broadcasting Service. 2002. https://www.pbs.org/eliewiesel/life/. 
  13. ↑ "Elie Wiesel Biography and Interview". American Academy of Achievement. https://achievement.org/achiever/elie-wiesel/#interview. 
  14. ↑ Fine 1982:4.
  15. ↑ Wiesel, Elie, and Elie Wiesel Catherine Temerson (Translator). "Rashi (Jewish Encounters)". ISBN:9780805242546. Schocken, January 1, 1970. Web. October 27, 2016.
  16. ↑ "Elie Wiesel — Photograph". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/former-prisoners-of-the-little-camp-in-buchenwald. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 "Holocaust Survivor And Nobel Laureate Elie Wiesel Dies" (in en). July 2, 2016. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/elie-wiesel-dead_n_57781653e4b0a629c1aa51bb. 
  18. ↑ "Inside Auschwitz" , Oprah Winfrey broadcast visit, January 2006
  19. ↑ "Night by Elie Wiesel". Aazae. http://aazae.com/night-by-elie-wiesel/. 
  20. ↑ Donadio, Rachel (January 20, 2008). "The Story of 'Night'". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/20/books/review/Donadio-t.html. 
  21. ↑ "Eliezer Wiesel, 1986: Not caring is the worst evil". Nobel Peace Laureates. http://www.nobelpeacelaureates.org/pdf/elem_EliezerWiesel.pdf. 
  22. ↑ Kanfer, Stefan (June 24, 2001). "Author, Teacher, Witness". Time (magazine). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,141324,00.html. Retrieved May 17, 2011. 
  23. ↑ See the film Elie Wiesel Goes Home, directed by Judit Elek, narrated by William Hurt. ISBN:1-930545-63-0
  24. ↑ Niven, William John (2007). The Buchenwald Child: Truth, Fiction, and Propaganda. Harvard University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-1571133397. https://books.google.com/books?id=PJ4ANr2oLpwC&pg=PA49. 
  25. ↑ Schmidt, Shira, and Mantaka, Bracha. "A Prince in a Castle". Ami, September 21, 2014, pp. 136-143.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Snodgrass, Mary Ellen. Beating the Odds: A Teen Guide to 75 Superstars Who Overcame Adversity, ABC CLIO (2008) pp. 154–156
  27. ↑ Sternlicht, Sanford V. (2003). Student Companion to Elie Wiesel. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-313-32530-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=Bf-NNeya2IcC. 
  28. ↑ Wiesel, Elie; Franciosi, Robert (2002). Elie Wiesel: Conversations. University Press of Mississippi. p. 81. ISBN 9781578065035. https://books.google.com/books?id=Ym8KcrzUZKYC&pg=PA81. "Interviewer: Why after the war did you not go on to Palestine from France? Wiesel: I had no certificate. In 1946 when the Irgun blew up the King David Hotel, I decided I would like to join the underground. Very naively I went to the Jewish Agency in Paris. I got no further than the janitor who asked: "What do you want?" I said, "I would like to join the underground." He threw me out. About 1948 I was a journalist and helped one of the Yiddish underground papers with articles, but I was never a member of the underground." 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 "Elie Wiesel". JewishVirtualLibrary.org. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Wiesel.html. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "Elie Wiesel, Holocaust survivor and Nobel Peace Prize winner, dies at 87" (in en-us). July 2, 2016. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/elie-wiesel-holocaust-survivor-and-nobel-peace-prize-winner-dies-at-87. 
  31. ↑ Fine, Ellen S. Legacy of Night: The Literary Universe of Elie Wiesel, State Univ. of New York Press (1982) p. 28
  32. ↑ Wiesel, Elie. Night, Hill and Wang (2006) p. ix
  33. ↑ Naomi Seidman (Fall 1996). "Elie Wiesel and the Scandal of Jewish Rage". Jewish Social Studies 3 (1): 5. 
  34. ↑ Andrew Grabois (February 25, 2008). "Elie Wiesel and the Holocaust". Beneath The Cover. http://www.beneaththecover.com/2008/02/25/elie-wiesel-and-the-holocaust/. 
  35. ↑ Ravitz, Jessica (May 27, 2006). "Utah Local News – Salt Lake City News, Sports, Archive". The Salt Lake Tribune. http://www.sltrib.com/faith/ci_3864884. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Telushkin, Joseph. "Rebbe", pp. 190–191. HarperCollins, 2014.
  37. ↑ Wiesel:1999, 18.
  38. ↑ Wiesel, Elie (2000). And the Sea Is Never Full: Memoirs, 1969–. Random House Digital, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-8052-1029-3. "Some of the questions: God? 'I'm an agnostic.' A strange agnostic, fascinated by mysticism." 
  39. ↑ "The Painted Bird [NOOK Book"]. http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/painted-bird-jerzy-n-kosinski/1101317543?ean=9780802195753. 
  40. ↑ Finkelstein, Norman G. (December 5, 2023). The Holocaust Industry. Verso. p. 56. ISBN 9781859844885. https://books.google.com/books?id=VrqK5VdO2i0C&pg=PA56. 
  41. ↑ And the Sea Is Never Full , The New York Times book review, January 2, 2000
  42. ↑ video: 2016 Presidential Tribute to Elie Wiesel , 6 minutes
  43. ↑ "President Clinton's and Elie Wiesel's Remarks on Bosnia Troops". December 13, 1995. https://www.ushmm.org/educators/lesson-plans/holocaust-unit/resources/handout-1. 
  44. ↑ Lerman, Miles (October 17, 2006). "In Memorium: Sigmund Strochlitz" (in en-US). https://amgathering.org/2006/10/1858/in-memorium-sigmund-strochlitz/. 
  45. ↑ "The Elie Wiesel Award — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". https://www.ushmm.org/information/about-the-museum/the-elie-wiesel-award. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Berger, Joseph (July 2, 2016). "Elie Wiesel, Auschwitz Survivor and Nobel Peace Prize Winner, Dies at 87". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/03/world/europe/elie-wiesel-auschwitz-survivor-and-nobel-peace-prize-winner-dies-at-87.html. 
  47. ↑ Strom, Stephanie (February 26, 2009). "Out Millions, Elie Wiesel Vents About Madoff". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/27/business/27madoff.html. 
  48. ↑ Kieval, Daniel (November 3, 2010). "Is Society the Angel of Death? Elie Wiesel's Take". https://momentmag.com/is-society-the-angel-of-death-elie-wiesels-take/. 
  49. ↑ Ofer Aderet (May 2, 2021) "How Israel Quashed Efforts to Acknowledge the Armenian Genocide" , Haaretz
  50. ↑ "Mainstream obits for Wiesel offer barely an asterisk for his intolerant views of Palestinians". July 5, 2016. https://mondoweiss.net/2016/07/mainstream-intolerant-palestinians/. 
  51. ↑ Wiesel, Elie (January 24, 2001). "Jerusalem in My Heart". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/01/24/opinion/jerusalem-in-my-heart.html. 
  52. ↑ "Elie Wiesel's Moral Imagination Never Reached Palestine". July 4, 2016. https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/07/04/elie-wiesels-moral-imagination-never-reached-palestine/. 
  53. ↑ "Elie Wiesel, Holocaust Survivor And Nobel Laureate, Dies At 87" , NPR, July 2, 2016
  54. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1986". Nobel Foundation. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1986/wiesel/26054-elie-wiesel-acceptance-speech-1986/. 
  55. ↑ "Elie Weisel {sic}: Nobel Laureate, Author, Professor" , Wharton Club of DC
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  57. ↑ "About – Moment Magazine". http://www.momentmag.com/about/. 
  58. ↑ "International Advisory Board Profiles: Elie Wiesel". NGO Monitor. 2011. http://www.ngo-monitor.org/article.php?viewall=yes&id=2029. 
  59. ↑ "Elie Wiesel was a witness to evil and a symbol of endurance" , US News & World Report, July 3, 2016
  60. ↑ "Remembering Elie Wiesel" , Jewish Standard, July 7, 2016
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  62. ↑ "Hundreds pay tribute in Elie Wiesel's native Romania" , Agence France-Presse, July 7, 2016
  63. ↑ "Echoes & Reflections: Speech by Elie Wiesel - Education & E-Learning - Yad Vashem". http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/educational_materials/adl/lesson5_speech.asp. 
  64. ↑ "Oprah and Elie Wiesel Travel to Auschwitz". oprah.com. January 1, 2006. http://www.oprah.com/oprahsbookclub/Oprah-and-Elie-Wiesel-Travel-to-Auschwitz. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Cohen, Justin (November 30, 2006). "Wiesel Receives Honorary Knighthood". TotallyJewish.com. http://www.totallyjewish.com/news/national/?content_id=4994. 
  66. ↑ "Reaction to death of Holocaust survivor, author Elie Wiesel" , Associated Press, July 2, 2016
  67. ↑ McAllister, Kristin (October 15, 2007). "Dayton awards 2007 peace prizes". Dayton Daily News. http://www.daytondailynews.com/n/content/oh/story/news/local/2007/10/14/ddn101507peace.html. 
  68. ↑ Holthouse, David (Summer 2008). "State of Denial: Turkey Spends Millions to Cover Up Armenian Genocide". Southern Poverty Law Center. http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=935. 
  69. ↑ Pullella, Philip (January 28, 2009). "Elie Wiesel attacks pope over Holocaust bishop". Reuters. http://in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-37701220090128. 
  70. ↑ "Visiting Buchenwald, Obama speaks of the lessons of evil". CNN. June 5, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/06/05/obama.germany/index.html. 
  71. ↑ "Paid Notice: Deaths Wiesel, Elie". https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E05EFDC113AF936A35754C0A9609D8B63. 
  72. ↑ Sahagun, Louis (April 2, 2011). "Wiesel offers students first-hand account of Holocaust". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/02/local/la-me-beliefs-wiesel-20110402. 
  73. ↑ "The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity". http://www.eliewieselfoundation.org/inthenews.aspx. 
  74. ↑ "Sri Lanka's victimization of Tamil people must stop - Elie Wiesel". http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=2385. 
  75. ↑ "Sri Lanka's victimization of Tamil people must stop - Elie Wiesel". http://www.tamilguardian.com/article.asp?articleid=2385. 
  76. ↑ Quatra.Net Kft. (November 10, 2009). "Elie Wiesel Magyarországon" (in hu). Stop.hu. http://stop.hu/articles/article.php?id=564533. 
  77. ↑ "Magyarországra jön Elie Wiesel" (in hu). Hetek.hu. November 13, 2009. http://www.hetek.hu/kulfold/200911/magyarorszagra_jon_elie_wiesel. 
  78. ↑ Reuters. Wiesel raps Hungary's Nazi past 'whitewash' . The Jerusalem Post. June 19, 2012.
  79. ↑ "Elie Wiesel Says 'Iran Must Not Be Allowed to Remain Nuclear' in Full-Page Ads in NYT, WSJ". Algemeiner Journal. December 18, 2013. http://www.algemeiner.com/2013/12/18/elie-wiesel-says-iran-must-not-be-allowed-to-remain-nuclear-in-full-page-ads-in-nyt-wsj/. 
  80. ↑ Almasy, Steve; Levs, Josh (August 3, 2014). "Nobel laureate Wiesel: Hamas must stop using children as human shields". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2014/08/03/world/meast/elie-wiesel-hamas-ad/. 
  81. ↑ "London Times refuses to run Elie Wiesel ad denouncing Hamas' human shields". Haaretz (Jewish Telegraphic Agency). August 6, 2014. http://www.haaretz.com/news/world/1.609096. 
  82. ↑ Greenslade, Roy (August 8, 2014). "The Times refuses to carry ad accusing Hamas of 'child sacrifice'". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/media/greenslade/2014/aug/08/hamas-thetimes. 
  83. ↑ Cooper, Helene (May 4, 2010). "Obama Tries to Mend Fences With American Jews". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/05/world/05prexy.html. 
  84. ↑ "Elie Wiesel: Jerusalem is Above Politics (ad also placed in 3 newspapers on April 16)". Arutz Sheva. April 17, 2010. http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/137057. 
  85. ↑ "For Jerusalem". The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity. http://www.eliewieselfoundation.org/statementsandappeals.aspx. 
  86. ↑ "'Tension, I Think, is Gone', Elie Wiesel Says of U.S. and Israel", Political Punch (ABC News), May 4, 2010, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2010/05/tension-i-think-is-gone-elie-wiesel-says-of-us-and-israel/ 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 "Fond memories of Elie Wiesel in Boston" , The Boston Globe, July 2, 2016
  88. ↑ "Illustrious Friends Remember John R. Silber". The Alcalde. November 30, 2012. http://alcalde.texasexes.org/2012/11/illustrious-friends-remember-john-r-silber/. 
  89. ↑ Passy, Charles (July 3, 2016). "For Holocaust Survivor Elie Wiesel, New York City Became Home" (in en-US). The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. http://www.wsj.com/articles/for-holocaust-survivor-elie-wiesel-new-york-city-became-home-1467509525. 
  90. ↑ "About Us" (in en). August 19, 2022. https://www.aft.org/about. 
  91. ↑ "Wiesel to Speak at Barnard; Lectures Help Launch a $2.5M Judaic Studies Chair. Columbia University Record, November 21, 1997". Columbia.edu. November 21, 1997. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/23/10/14.html. 
  92. ↑ "Central Synagogue". centralsynagogue.org. http://www.centralsynagogue.org/about_us/shofar_shabbat/wiesel. 
  93. ↑ Semmes, Anne W. (October 2014). "Human rights advocate Elie Wiesel turns 86". Connecticut Post. http://www.ctpost.com/local/article/Human-rights-advocate-Elie-Wiesel-turns-86-5792439.php. 
  94. ↑ "Police arrest man accused of attacking Wiesel: Holocaust-surviving Nobel laureate was allegedly accosted in elevator". Associated Press. NBC News. February 18, 2007. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17193352. 
  95. ↑ "Man gets two-year sentence for accosting Elie Wiesel". USA Today. Associated Press. August 18, 2008. https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-08-18-wiesel-accosted_N.htm. 
  96. ↑ Rectenwald, Miranda. "Research Guides: WU Commencement History: Commencement Speakers" (in en). https://libguides.wustl.edu/wustl-commencement/speakers. 
  97. ↑ Fletcher Stack, Peggy (February 13, 2012). "Mormon church apologizes for baptisms of Wiesenthal's parents". The Salt Lake Tribune (Salt Lake City, Utah). http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/53506130-78/church-mokotoff-jewish-lds.html.csp. 
  98. ↑ "Elie Wiesel calls on Mitt Romney to make Mormon church stop proxy baptisms of Jews". The Washington Post. February 14, 2012. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/elie-wiesel-calls-on-mitt-romney-to-make-mormon-church-stop-proxy-baptisms-of-jews/2012/02/14/gIQAZK6bER_story.html. 
  99. ↑ Yuhas, Alan (July 2, 2016). "Elie Wiesel, Nobel winner and Holocaust survivor, dies aged 87". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/jul/02/elie-wiesel-nobel-winner-holocaust-survivor-dies. 
  100. ↑ Shnidman, Ronen (July 2, 2016). "Elie Wiesel, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and renowned Holocaust survivor, dies at 87". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.575072. 
  101. ↑ Toppo, Greg (July 3, 2016). "Elie Wiesel remembered at private service". USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2016/07/03/elie-wiesel-remembered-private-service/86655480/. 
  102. ↑ Urbain, Thomas (July 3, 2016). "Mourners say farewell to Elie Wiesel at New York funeral". The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/mourners-say-farewell-to-elie-wiesel-in-new-york-funeral/. 
  103. ↑ "Orrin Hatch Pays Tribute to Elie Wiesel" , The Weekly Standard, July 8, 2016
  104. ↑ "Anti-semitic graffiti on Auschwitz survivor Elie Wiesel's house". BBC News. August 4, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-45072951. 
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 105.3 105.4 105.5 Davis, Colin (1994). Elie Wiesel's Secretive Texts. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1303-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=qkv2bkuXX0YC&pg=PA2. 
  106. ↑ "Past Winners" (in en). https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national-jewish-book-awards/past-winners. 
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 107.4 107.5 107.6 107.7 "Elie Wiesel Timeline and World Events: From 1952". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007201. Retrieved February 4, 2012. 
  108. ↑ "Past Winners" (in en). https://www.jewishbookcouncil.org/awards/national-jewish-book-awards/past-winners?category=30766. 
  109. ↑ Congressional Gold Medal Recipients (1776 to Present)
  110. ↑ "Rooseveltinstitute.org". http://www.rooseveltinstitute.org/four-freedoms-awards. 
  111. ↑ Ferraro, Thomas (July 4, 1986), "12 Famous Immigrants Presented with Medal of Liberty", St. Petersburg Times: 18A, https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=p7gMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2936%2C2369392 
  112. ↑ "The Niebuhr Legacy: Elie Wiesel". Elmhurst College. http://public.elmhurst.edu/collections/niebuhrlegacy/2607586.html. 
  113. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". American Academy of Achievement. https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service/. 
  114. ↑ "Elie Wiesel Timeline and World Events: From 1952" (in en). https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/elie-wiesel-timeline-and-world-events-from-1952. 
  115. ↑ "Holocaust survivor honored". Christian Chronicle. http://www.christianchronicle.org/article2158505~Holocaust_survivor_honored. 
  116. ↑ "Winners of the National Humanities Medal and the Charles Frankel Prize". July 21, 2011. http://www.neh.gov/whoweare/nationalmedals.html. 
  117. ↑ "To Life: Celebrating 20 Years". Florida Holocaust Museum. https://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/events/to-life-annual-event.aspx. 
  118. ↑ "Kenyon Review for Literary Achievement". http://www.kenyonreview.org/programs/kenyon-review-award-for-literary-achievement/. 
  119. ↑ "Elie Wiesel receives 2012 Nadav Award. Ynetnews. November 11, 2012". Ynetnews. November 11, 2012. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4303500,00.html. 
  120. ↑ "National Winners – public service awards – Jefferson Awards.org". http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national. 
  121. ↑ "John Jay Justice Award 2014". cuny.edu. http://johnjay.jjay.cuny.edu/acalendar/EventList.aspx?view=EventDetails&eventidn=6912&information_id=18766&type=&syndicate=syndicate. 
  122. ↑ "Cathedral Adds Stone Carving of Elie Wiesel to Its Human Rights Porch" (in en-US). https://cathedral.org/press-room/cathedral-adds-stone-carving-of-elie-wiesel-to-its-human-rights-porch/. 
  123. ↑ "Elie Wiesel: Commencement Speaker" , Newswise, May 7, 1999
  124. ↑ "Honorary Degrees Going To 6 At Lehigh". The Morning Call. May 15, 1985. http://articles.mcall.com/1985-05-15/news/2471811_1_honorary-humane-letters-elie-wiesel. 
  125. ↑ "Presidents, premiers and peacemakers merit honorary degrees". DePaul University. http://distinctions.depaul.edu/Pages/honorarydegree.aspx. 
  126. ↑ "Honorary Degree Recipients". Seton Hall University. April 17, 2005. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2005-04-17/news/0504160074_1_carroll-county-elie-wiesel-public-school. 
  127. ↑ "Results - Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center". http://hgar-srv3.bu.edu/web/elie-wiesel/search/results?query=name:46369&size=10. 
  128. ↑ "Convocation set tomorrow to honor Elie Wiesel". The Baltimore Sun. http://www.shu.edu/events/commencement/honorary-degree-recipients.cfm. 
  129. ↑ Coker, Matt. "Elie Wiesel Joins Chapman University, to Guide Undergrads Spring Semesters Through 2015". OC Weekly. http://blogs.ocweekly.com/navelgazing/2010/08/elie_wiesel_joins_chapman_univ.php. 
  130. ↑ "Elie Wiesel to Speak at Commencement". Vox of Dartmouth (Dartmouth College). May 15, 2006. http://www.dartmouth.edu/~vox/0506/0515/commencement.html. Retrieved February 6, 2012. 
  131. ↑ "Message from the President". Cabrini Magazine (Pennsylvania: Cabrini College) 4 (2): 2. February 22, 2007. https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:g2jsRW9eWk8J:www.cabrini.edu/News-and-Events/~/media/Files/Magazine/07WinterMagazine.ashx+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESi5UHqlQEm0LChUbRQhgb1PRFhHjBlbU5uXRIanw-H_wlkPejvxBzgoiUhf8LzlQsVLRXb7XY55xLCTWR7yPKpchyd-9n-5DPneDQYWAIdb8bytyMfOHGdjqYtXG2DZebF2UGkS&sig=AHIEtbTeO1qSM1mxAIV9Aqc-Y8nEbKFpuQ&pli=1. 
  132. ↑ "Elie Wiesel to Speak At UVM April 25, Receive Honorary Degree". University of Vermont. April 24, 2007. http://www.uvm.edu/~uvmpr/?Page=News&storyID=10390. 
  133. ↑ "OU to award Elie Wiesel honorary degree during lecture". Oakland University. October 2, 2007. http://www.oakland.edu/news/?sid=34&nid=4191. 
  134. ↑ "ELIE WIESEL TO DELIVER INAUGURAL PRESIDENT'S LECTURE AT THE CITY COLLEGE OF NEW YORK". City College of New York. March 25, 2008. http://www1.ccny.cuny.edu/advancement/pr/ELIE-WIESEL-TO-DELIVER-INAUGURAL-PRESIDENTS-LECTURE-AT-THE-CITY-COLLEGE-OF-NEW-YORK.cfm. 
  135. ↑ "Elie Wiesel and Martin J. Whitman Among Notable American Recipients of TAU's Highest Honor". American Friends of Tel Aviv University. May 20, 2008. http://www.aftau.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=7031. 
  136. ↑ "Honorary Doctorates of the Weizmann Institute of Science". http://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/honorary-doctorates-of-the-weizmann-institute-of-science. 
  137. ↑ "Honorary Degrees". Bucknell University. http://www.bucknell.edu/Documents/Commencement/Honary%20Degrees_Wiesel.pdf. 
  138. ↑ "2010 honorary degree recipients announced". Lehigh University. March 26, 2010. http://www4.lehigh.edu/news/newsarticle.aspx?Channel=%2FChannels%2FNews%3A+2010&WorkflowItemID=a5a6a73d-c3e6-4380-ba67-402257a7fa9b. 
  139. ↑ "Holocaust survivor, human rights activist Wiesel to deliver Commencement address". Washington University in St. Louis. April 5, 2011. http://news.wustl.edu/news/Pages/22126.aspx. 
  140. ↑ "Nobel laureate Wiesel holds hope for future" , The Post and Courier, September 26, 2011
  141. ↑ "Professor Elie Wiesel awarded the University of Warsaw Honorary Doctorate". University of Warsaw. 2012. http://www.uw.edu.pl/en/page.php/news/wiesel.html. 
  142. ↑ "Nobel laureate Elie Wiesel receives UBC honorary degree". University of British Columbia. 2012. http://www.publicaffairs.ubc.ca/2012/09/10/nobel-laureate-elie-wiesel-receives-ubc-honorary-degree/. 
  143. ↑ "Other Important Events". Analecta Cracoviensia 47: 253–323. 2015. 
  144. ↑ "Polish school honors Elie Wiesel" (in en-US). http://www.timesofisrael.com/polish-school-honors-elie-wiesel/. 
  145. ↑ "Honorary Degrees" (in en). https://www.fairfield.edu/about/university-profile/honorary-degrees/index.html. 

Speeches and interviews

Further reading

External links



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