Biography:James Sawyer

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James Sawyer
James Sawyer.png
Born(1844-08-11)11 August 1844
Carlisle, England
Died19 January 1919(1919-01-19) (aged 74)
Hatton, England
EducationQueen's College, Birmingham
OccupationPhysician
Spouse(s)Adelaide Mary Hill

Sir James Sawyer FRSE FRCP FSA JP (11 August 1844 – 19 January 1919)[1] was a British physician and cancer researcher famous in his day as a public educator in health matters, an early proponent of "daily habits".

Childhood in Carlisle

James Sawyer was born in Carlisle on 11 August 1844, probably at 23 Fisher Street, above his father’s chemist shop.[1][2] His father (also called James) had bought the business two years earlier from a man about to go bankrupt.[3][4] Discovering it was for sale while working in a chemist’s shop at Ross-on-Wye, he promptly married Anne George, the daughter of a saddler, and returned to Carlisle.[5][6]

James and Anne’s chemist shop stood near the Old King’s Head, run by James’s father (another James).[7] Born in Martlesham, Suffolk, he had joined the Chestnut Troop of the Royal Artillery, which fought in many battles of the Peninsular War and at Waterloo.[8][9][10] After the war, his commanding officer, Sir Hew Dalrymple Ross, married a Cumberland heiress and moved to Stonehouse in the parish of Hayton, eight miles from Carlisle.[11][12] As he cared about Sawyer’s welfare and often visited him, he was probably instrumental in Sawyer's move to Carlisle in the 1820s.[8][13] In the town, Sawyer was celebrated as a Waterloo veteran and almost certainly shared stories of his wartime exploits with his young grandson, James.[14]

Fisher Street, Carlisle, in 1865. No. 23 was near the Friends Meeting House. (Reproduced with the permission of the National Library of Scotland).

Information about James’s early years is scarce. He was lucky to survive childhood, as child mortality in the city was high. Three of his six siblings died as children, and six of his father’s ten siblings also died young.[9][15] He may have attended Carlisle Grammar School, as his father donated one pound to its extension fund in 1851.[16] By age sixteen, he worked as an apprentice in his father’s shop.[17] Then, in October 1861, his life changed radically.

His father’s sister, Sarah, was probably responsible for this change. In November 1854, she married Walter John Breach Scott, a man of exceptional ability who advanced rapidly in business.[18][19] From being the manager of the refreshment room at Carlisle Station, he became the manager and then the business owner of the Queen’s Hotel, Birmingham.[20][19] He soon became wealthy and, at his death in 1869, he left an estate worth £30,000.[21]

Sarah used her newly acquired wealth and influence to help her family. In 1860, she arranged for her parents and her sisters, Maria and Caroline, to move to Birmingham to live in her country residence at Sparkhill.[8][22][23] Her mother died at Sparkhill in 1861, and her father in 1863.[24]

In 1861, she probably helped her nephew, James, move to Birmingham to train as a doctor. In addition to having the financial means, she had the right connections, as her husband was a generous supporter of the Queen’s Hospital and served on its board.[25][19][26][27]

Medical career in Birmingham

Student of Medicine at Queen's College

In October 1861, James began his studies in the medical department at Queen College, Birmingham.[28] Knowing no Latin or Greek, he worked hard to learn the languages, completing extra exercises during the Christmas and Easter holidays and sending them to his Classics Professor.[28]

His efforts paid off. In August 1862, he achieved five first prizes: mathematics, anatomy, botany, chemistry, and French.[28] In March 1863, he won a Warneford scholarship and, in making the award, the College Council praised him for his classical learning and gentlemanly conduct.[29] More medals and certificates followed, including practical chemistry in 1863,[30] midwifery in 1864,[31] and physiology in 1865.[32]

Queen’s College awarded degrees through the University of London. In January 1863, James passed, in the first division, the entrance examination for his medical degree.[33] In 1866, he passed the diploma to become a member of the Royal College of Surgeons.[34] In November 1867, he passed, in the first division, his Bachelor of Medicine examination, achieving first-class honours in medicine.[35] In 1873, he passed the M. D. examination.[36]

Physician at the Queen's Hospital

On 20 December 1867, he became the resident physician at Queen’s Hospital.[37] Also acting as a Medical Tutor, he remained in the post until October 1871, when he resigned to commence in private practice.[38][39]

However, his connections to the hospital continued. From 1871 to 1889, he was an Honorary Physician and, from 1889, a Consulting Physician.[39][40]

Private consultant, Professor at Queen's College and writer

From 1871 until 1913, he ran a large and lucrative private practice, eventually retiring on health grounds.[41][42]

He held three Professorships at Queen's College. Professor of Pathology from 1875 to 1878; Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics from 1878 to 1885; and Professor of Medicine from 1885 to 1891.[39][43]

While a resident physician at the Queen's Hospital, he wrote a book to help medical students diagnose diseases of the lungs and heart.[44]

In 1872, he and some friends established the Birmingham Medical Review, which he edited for six years. I[45] In 1886, he published a collection of essays that had previously appeared in medical journals as Contributions to Practical Medicine.[46] In 1889, he published Notes on Medical Education, a book based on his lectures.[47]

He was awarded a fellowship by the Royal College of Physicians in 1883 and the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1891.[48][49]

In 1885, he was elected president of the Birmingham and Midland Counties Branch of the British Medical Association.[50]

In 1894, Lady Sawyer presented her husband's portrait, painted by Vivian Crome, to the General Committee of the Queen's Hospital.[51]

In 1897, Sawyer shared the secret of longevity with a Birmingham audience. It rested, he maintained, on paying attention to nineteen small details. If people observed his rules, he could see no reason they should not live to be 100.[52]

In 1900, Sawyer argued that the increased cancer rate in England and Wales was due to the excessive consumption of red meat.[53][54] He suggested in his 1912 book Coprostasis that colorectal cancer was practically unknown amongst agricultural labourers because they worked in fields and had the opportunity to defecate in the natural squatting position.[55]

In 1908, Sawyer delivered the Lumleian Lecture at the Royal College of Physicians ("Points of Practice in Maladies of the Heart").[56]

Political activism

Political divisions of Birmingham in 1885

Sawyer and his wife were active in local politics, working strenuously for the Conservative Party.[57]

Their activism began in Ladywood in the Central Division, one of the seven new divisions set up by the Redistribution Act of 1885. Like many others, they had been attracted to work for the party by the "caucus" of clubs and committees operating at the grassroots level.[58]

Sawyer and his wife soon adopted leadership roles. In September 1885, Sawyer was elected president of the Ladywood Conservative Club.[59][60] By February 1886, he was president of the Ladywood Working Men's Conservative Club, a position he held for eight years.[61][62] Lady Sawyer founded the Ladywood Habitation of the Primrose League in 1886 and served as its ruling councillor until 1914.[63][64]

In November and December 1885, Sawyer played a prominent role in supporting Lord Randolph Churchill's bid to become M.P. for Central Birmingham.[65] On 18 November 1885, Churchill and his wife visited Sawyer's home at Edgbaston to meet female party workers.[66] Churchill lost to the sitting candidate, John Bright, but only by a narrow margin.[58]

In November 1885, Queen Victoria gave him a knighthood because of his distinguished position in the medical profession and his services to the Queen's Hospital.[39] His nomination for the honour came from Lord Randolph Churchill, who wished to reward him for his political campaigning and boost his future political appeal.[67][68]

In April 1886, Sawyer was elected president of the Birmingham Conservative Association.[69] In November 1886, he was elected chairman of the newly formed Midland Counties' Union of Conservative Associations.[70]

In 1889, Sawyer was at the centre of a storm when local politics clashed with Westminster politics.[71] The dispute was about which candidate the Conservatives should support in the by-election caused by the death of John Bright. The party leaders in Westminster supported Bright's son, while Sawyer and many others wished Churchill to stand again. After Balfour visited the city in April 1889, the local Conservative association chose Bright's son.[72]

Four weeks after the election, Sawyer resigned as president of the Birmingham Conservative Association. However, he remained a member of the B.C.A.[73]

Sawyer actively supported the Conservative Party until his health declined in 1913.[74]

Other interests

Charity work

In 1890, Sawyer was chairman of the Magdalen Home and Refuge, the General Institution for the Blind, and the Ladies' Association for the Care of Friendless Girls.[75][76][77] In 1899, he was appointed Vice-President of the Midland Counties' Home for Incurables.[78]

In 1910, he was on the committee elected to build a sanatorium to commemorate the late Edward VII and in 1911, he helped organise Birmingham's Coronation festivities.[79][80] He also supported the Birmingham Medical Benevolent Society.[81]

In 1910, Lady Sawyer became actively involved in the British Red Cross and hosted many meetings at Haseley Hall. Her husband shared her enthusiasm and said, in 1911, that if war broke out, he would allow the Red Cross to use his residence.[82]

He was also a Freemason. and a magistrate.[39]

Church activities

Sawyer served as Rector's warden at Haseley from 1892 to 1913, and Lady Sawyer and her daughters held rummage sales to support the village church.[83][84][85] Sawyer was also actively involved in creating the new Diocese of Birmingham from the scheme's inception.[86]

Historical interests

Sawyer's coat of arms

He was interested in heraldry and researched and made the arms of Sir William Harvey, which he presented to the Royal College of Physicians in 1910.[87] He also devised a coat of arms for his family.[88] In 1901, the Society of Antiquaries elected him as a fellow for his archaeological work and research into Haseley's history and Shakespeare's heraldry.[89]

He was an early member of the Birmingham and District Society of East Anglians, formed in 1906, and served as president.[90][91][9][92]

He liked to show visitors to Haseley Hall a silver-mounted hoof of Ronald, the charger that Lord Cardigan rode at the Battle of Balaclava.[93] His wife had inherited the horse's hoof from her father, a friend and chaplain of the Cardigan family.[94]

Agricultural and horticultural interests

After moving to Haseley Hall, Sawyer became interested in farming and gardening. In 1894, he was elected as a member of the Warwickshire Chamber of Agriculture and, in 1899, served as chairman.[95][96] He used his position to educate farmers about tuberculosis.[97]

In 1899, he was instrumental in setting up the Haseley and District Pig Assurance Society and acted as president until 1916.[98][99] In 1900, he was elected a member of the Sheepdown Sheep Society.[100] He and his wife often attended the Birmingham Cattle Show.[101]

In April 1893, he accepted the presidency of the Rowington, Hatton, and District Cottagers' Horticultural Society.[102] The society twice held its annual show on his estate.[103][104]

Business interests

In October 1885, Sawyer joined the board of the Birmingham Daily Times, a new Conservative newspaper for the Birmingham district.[105]

In 1889 and 1890, he was the medical officer of the English and Scottish Law Life Assurance Association.[106][107]

In 1902, Sawyer commissioned the construction of a house on Cornwall Street, Birmingham (now number 93, and Grade II* listed) to the design of the architects T W F Newton and Cheattle in the Arts and Crafts style.[108]

In 1912, Sawyer sat on the British Re-insurance Company Limited's board of reference.[109]

Sporting interests

While living at Edgbaston, he took riding lessons.[67] In addition to being good for his health, it was an activity associated with the landed gentry.[110]

He became adept at fencing and had a dial on his wall at Temple Row that he used for practice.[111]

In 1898, he accepted the presidency of the Midland Counties' Amateur Gymnastic Association and was still in office in 1908.[112][113]

Family life in Birmingham

Lady Sawyer

On 13 May 1873, he married Adelaide Mary Hill, the daughter of Rev John Harwood Hill and his wife, Ann Maria Jiggins.[114] Adelaide's father was the Rector of Cranoe in Leicestershire from 1837 to 1886, and her mother was the daughter of a Cambridge innkeeper.[115][116][117]

Sawyer and his wife lived in the centre of Birmingham for about ten years, firstly at 92 Newhall Street and then at 22 Temple Row.[118][119] By 1885, the family home was “Green Oaks,” Hagley Road, Edgbaston, where in July 1889, Lord and Lady Churchill stayed overnight and attended a garden party.[120][121]

James used 22 Temple Row as his consulting room until 1889 and then 31 Temple Row.[122][123]

The move to “Green Oaks” was prompted by the size of his household, which had increased to four children and four or five servants. Their children were James Edgar Hill, Maud, Amy, and Ralph Fitz James.[124][9]

Haseley Hall

In 1890, Sawyer bought the Haseley Hall Estate at Five Ways, Hatton, Warwickshire, and lived there for the rest of his life.[125][88][126] The estate comprised Haseley Hall, a farmhouse, 199 acres, workers’ cottages, and outbuildings.[127]

After waiting a year for the tenant to leave, Sawyer began altering and enlarging the house, engaging Messrs Wood and Kendrick of West Bromwich as architects and Thomas Rowbotham of Birmingham as builders.[88] The work transformed the structure of 1840 into a Tudor-style mansion with an entrance hall and picture gallery.[128] One of the internal features of the house was a magnificent oak staircase next to a stained glass window that bore Sawyer's coat of arms and the motto "Cherche et tu trouveras" ("Seek and thou shalt find").[88] The 1911 census records twenty-four rooms.[129]

Sawyer also landscaped the grounds and improved the drainage system. Intent on impressing visitors, he gave special attention to the approach to the house, adding a lodge, bridge, lawns, and a long driveway.[88]

By the summer of 1892, the work was complete. Sawyer and his family celebrated by holding a housewarming for more than a hundred villagers and friends.[88]

The following year, they entertained two hundred Ladywood Conservatives at a garden party, using wagonettes to convey their guests from Hatton Station, a distance of two miles.[130] They repeated the event every year up to 1907.[131]

Sawyer loved the house. Soon after moving in, he created a homemade book called Haseley: an Idyll, which combined verse and watercolours.[132][133] As well as being beautiful, he wanted the house to promote health and well-being.[134] As part of this scheme, Sawyer had a medicinal garden where he grew all the English plants used in medicines and drugs.[135]

While living at Haseley Hall, Sawyer and his family pursued an aristocratic lifestyle. They celebrated the coming of age of their eldest son with a ball and garden party, and they presented their two daughters at court.[136][137][138] They also hosted an annual summer party for villagers and an annual Christmas party for tenants and members of their household. ([139][140] A sketch writer of 1899 poked fun at Sawyer's noble pretensions, portraying him as an interloper who lived in "the home of someone else's ancestors and revived "quaint old customs of feudal days."[67]

The house required a large staff. In April 1911, six female servants lived in the house, a butler lived in the lodge, and a coachman occupied one of the cottages.[129][141] In 1918, the coachman's call up for military service precipitated a crisis for his employers. Lady Sawyer depended on him to get about, and male servants were in short supply.[142] Shortly afterward, Sawyer and his wife decided to sell the estate.[127]

Map of Haseley Hall and grounds in 1903 (reproduced with the permission of the National Library of Scotland).

On 19 July 1918, they offered it for sale by auction in six lots.[143] At the auction, they sold five lots (six cottages and some land), but lot 1 (Haseley Hall and the Hall Farm) failed to reach the reserve price.[132]

After Sawyer's death, his executors sold the house to a Birmingham company, W and T Avery, to use as a club for their employees.[144]

Haseley Hall
Sir James and Lady Sawyer's Christmas Postcard of 1909

Final years

Sawyer's ceaseless activity eventually took its toll when close to his seventieth birthday, he fell seriously ill and never fully recovered.[135]

His family kept the details of his illness out of the public domain. However, it was chronic and debilitating. His last public appearance was on 26 July 1913, and he then disappeared from the newspapers until March 1914, when some reported that he was recovering from a recent illness.[135] A few weeks later, his wife felt compelled to retire as ruling councillor of the Ladywood Habitation of the Primrose League, a position she had held for over a quarter of a century.[64] Sawyer died at Haseley Hall on 27 January 1919, aged 74.[145]

When his body was laid to rest at Haseley Church three days later, few people attended because of his long absence from public life and the icy conditions.[146]

He left an estate with a gross value of £41,310. He left his wife a legacy of £5,000 and put the residue in trust for his wife for life and then for his children.[147]

His widow moved to Newark-on-Trent to be close to her daughter Maud, later following her to Burwash, where she died in 1934, aged 84.[148][149] She lies in Haseley's churchyard with her husband.[148]

Publications

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Sir James Sawyer". history.rcplondon.ac.uk. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  2. ↑ "James Sawyer, Family-Dispensing Chemist and Druggist, 23, Fisher Street, begs most respectfully...". Carlisle Journal: pp. 2. 5 March 1842. 
  3. ↑ "Chemist and Druggist's Stock-in-Trade in Carlisle". Carlisle Journal: pp. 2. 15 January 1842. 
  4. ↑ "Insolvent Debtor". Carlisle Journal: pp. 2. 18 June 1842. 
  5. ↑ "Marriages". Carlisle Journal: pp. 3. 19 February 1842. 
  6. ↑ HO 107, piece 421, book 17, folio 17, page 13.
  7. ↑ HO 107, piece 176, book 3, folio 10, p.15; HO 107, piece 2430, folio 70, p.3.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "The late Mr. James Sawyer". Carlisle Journal: pp. 2. 13 November 1863. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Burke, Sir Bernard (1921) (in en). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain. Burke Publishing Company. pp. 1564. https://books.google.com/books?id=2v8-AQAAMAAJ&dq=chestnut+carlisle+%22James+Sawyer%22&pg=PA1564. 
  10. ↑ He was born at Martlesham, Suffolk, in about 1785 (HO 107, piece 2430, folio 70, p.3); he married Elizabeth Ealing at St Martin-in-the-Fields on 27 April 1816; and his son, James, was born in Sussex in about 1817 (HO 107, piece 2430, folio 70, p. 2).
  11. ↑ Ross, Sir Hew Dalrymple (1871) (in en). Memoir of Field-Marshal Sir Hew Dalrymple Ross, Etc. Printed at the Royal Artillery Institution. pp. 70. https://books.google.com/books?id=AC34Cr5A-nIC&dq=stonehouse+%22hew+dalrymple+Ross%22&pg=PA70. 
  12. ↑ Dod, Charles Roger (1856) (in en). The Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage of Great Britain and Ireland, for ...: Including All the Titled Classes. Whittaker and Company. pp. 470. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbBCAAAAYAAJ&dq=stonehouse+%22hew+dalrymple+Ross%22&pg=PA470. 
  13. ↑ "Old King's Head Inn, Carlisle, to let". Carlisle Journal: pp. 1. 16 June 1854. 
  14. ↑ "Anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo". Carlisle Journal: pp. 3. 22 June 1839. 
  15. ↑ The six children who died young were Martha (b. 1828), Dinah (b. 1831), Michael Thomas (b. 1834), Richard Thomas (b.1834), John (b.1835) and Elizabeth Ann (b. 1842). The five children who attained adulthood were James (1817-1875), Eliza Mary (c.1830-1883), Sarah (c 1831-1916), Maria (1838-1901) and Caroline (1839-1904).
  16. ↑ "Extension of the Grammar School of Carlisle". Carlisle Journal: pp. 2. 28 February 1851. 
  17. ↑ RG9, piece 3918, folio 60, p.11.
  18. ↑ "Marriages". Carlisle Journal: pp. 8. 1 December 1854. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "Death of Mr. W. J. B. Scott". Birmingham Daily Gazette: pp. 3. 20 April 1869. 
  20. ↑ "Testimonial of Esteem". Carlisle Patriot: pp. 5. 18 February 1854. 
  21. ↑ His estate at death was valued at £30,000 (England & Wales, National Probate Calendar, will proved at Worcester on 31 July 1869).
  22. ↑ James Sawyer retired from the Old King's Head in 1854 after 28 years (Carlisle Journal, 16 June 1854 p.1). He bought a house at 34 Cecil Street, Carlisle, where he lived until 1860 (his will dated 14 May 1859, proved at Birmingham 19 December 1863).
  23. ↑ RG9, piece 2215, folio 48, p.12.
  24. ↑ "Deaths". Carlisle Journal: pp. 8. 8 March 1861. 
  25. ↑ When James Sawyer was elected a Warneford Scholar in 1863, the local newspaper described him as the "nephew of Mr. Walter J. B. Scott, of this town." ("The Queen's College", Birmingham Journal, 7 March 1863, p.6)
  26. ↑ "The Queen's Hospital". Aris's Birmingham Gazette: pp. 3. 4 July 1859. 
  27. ↑ "Death of the Prince Consort". Aris's Birmingham Gazette: pp. 5. 21 December 1861. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 "Collegiate Honours". Carlisle Journal: pp. 4. 15 August 1862. 
  29. ↑ "The Queen's College". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 2. 4 March 1863. 
  30. ↑ "Queen's College-Winter Session". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 2. 
  31. ↑ "The Queen's College". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 5. 15 August 1864. 
  32. ↑ "The Queen's College". Aris's Birmingham Gazette: pp. 7. 26 August 1865. 
  33. ↑ "The University of London". Aris's Birmingham Gazette: pp. 5. 31 January 1863. 
  34. ↑ Group, British Medical Journal Publishing (1919-02-01). "SIR JAMES SAWYER, M.D., F.R.C.P.Lond" (in en). Br Med J 1 (3031): 144–145. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3031.144-c. ISSN 0007-1447. https://www.bmj.com/content/1/3031/144.4. 
  35. ↑ "Mr. James Sawyer, M. R. C. S.". Carlisle Journal: pp. 5. 15 November 1867. 
  36. ↑ "The Universities". Pall Mall Gazette: pp. 7. 5 December 1873. 
  37. ↑ "Election of House Physician to the Queen's Hospital". Birmingham Journal: pp. 6. 21 December 1867. 
  38. ↑ "Honour to a Carlisle Man". Carlisle Patriot: pp. 5. 13 October 1871. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 "Obituary-Sir James Sawyer". Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser: pp. 3. 1 February 1919. 
  40. ↑ "The Queen's Hospital-Resignation of Sir James Sawyer". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 4. 1 May 1889. 
  41. ↑ "Death of Sir James Sawyer". Birmingham Mail: pp. 4. 28 January 1919. 
  42. ↑ "Death of Sir James Sawyer". Staffordshire Sentinel: pp. 3. 28 January 1919. 
  43. ↑ "Queen's College". The Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 7. 18 March 1901. 
  44. ↑ Sawyer, Sir James (1870) (in en). A Guide to the Physical Diagnosis of the Diseases of the Lungs and Heart: Together with an Introduction to the Examination of the Urine. Hardwicke. https://books.google.com/books?id=UXYPAAAAYAAJ. 
  45. ↑ "Haseley". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 7. 14 June 1890. 
  46. ↑ (in en) The London Lancet: A Journal of British and Foreign Medical and Chemical Science, Criticism, Literature and News. Burgess, Stringer & Company. 1887. pp. 390–91. https://books.google.com/books?id=Yms3AQAAMAAJ&dq=sawyer+contributions+to+medical+knowledge&pg=PA390. 
  47. ↑ Sawyer, Sir James (1889) (in en). Notes on Medical Education. Cornish. https://books.google.com/books?id=eGsCAAAAYAAJ&q=sawyer+%22Notes+on+Medical+Education%22. 
  48. ↑ "Local and District News". Birmingham Mail: pp. 2. 30 April 1883. 
  49. ↑ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf. Retrieved 19 May 2018. 
  50. ↑ "A New Local Knight". Carlisle Journal: pp. 4. 24 November 1885. 
  51. ↑ "Personal Items". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 4. 3 November 1894. 
  52. ↑ (in en) The Spokesman-Review. The Spokesman-Review. pp. 15. https://books.google.com/books?id=b9QUAAAAIBAJ&dq=%22sir+james+sawyer%22&pg=PA8&article_id=5318,6154617. 
  53. ↑ "Increase of Cancerous Growths Attributable to an Increased Meat Diet". The American Practitioner 29: 349. 1900. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070262558&view=1up&seq=373. 
  54. ↑ Proctor, Robert. (1995). Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Don't Know About Cancer. Basic Books. p. 33. ISBN:0-465-02756-3
  55. ↑ Horton, James C. (2000). Inner Hygiene: Constipation and the Pursuit of Health in Modern Society. Oxford University Press. p. 204. ISBN:0-19-513581-4
  56. ↑ "Arrangements for this day". Morning Post: pp. 7. 31 March 1908. 
  57. ↑ Diana Elaine, Sheets, "British Conservatism and the Primrose League: the Changing Character of Popular Politics, 1883-1901", Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Columbia University, 1986, p.280.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Briggs, Asa (1952). History of Birmingham. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 178. 
  59. ↑ "The Representation of Birmingham". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 5. 21 November 1885. 
  60. ↑ "Conservative Meeting at Ladywood". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 5. 29 October 1885. 
  61. ↑ "Ladywood Working Men's Conservative Club". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 5. 2 February 1886. 
  62. ↑ "Presentation to Sir James Sawyer". North Cumberland Reformer: pp. 4. 8 June 1895. 
  63. ↑ "A Long Record". Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser: pp. 5. 13 July 1912. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "The Primrose League in Ladywood". Birmingham Mail: pp. 3. 18 April 1914. 
  65. ↑ "The Queen's College and Politics". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 4. 24 November 1885. 
  66. ↑ "Lord Randolph Churchill's Candidature". Sheffield Independent: pp. 2. 20 November 1885. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 "Birmingham's Prominent People (No.18), Sir James Sawyer, A Character Sketch". Birmingham Mail: pp. 2. 26 August 1899. 
  68. ↑ "A Medical Knighthood". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 4. 20 November 1885. 
  69. ↑ "Birmingham Conservative Association". Birmingham Mail: pp. 4. 15 April 1886. 
  70. ↑ "Union of Conservative Associations". Manchester Courier: pp. 8. 23 November 1886. 
  71. ↑ Briggs, Asa (1952). History of Birmingham. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 186–87. 
  72. ↑ "Meeting of Conservatives Last Night. Speech by Mr. Balfour". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 5. 6 April 1889. 
  73. ↑ "Birmingham Conservative Association, Resignation of Sir James Sawyer". Birmingham Daily Gazette: pp. 4. 14 May 1889. 
  74. ↑ "Midland Union of Conservative Associations". Kenilworth Advertiser: pp. 4. 22 March 1913. 
  75. ↑ "The Magdalen Home and Refuge". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 8. 29 March 1890. 
  76. ↑ "The General Institution for the Blind". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 6. 21 June 1890. 
  77. ↑ "Ladies' Association for the Care of Friendless Girls". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 9. 
  78. ↑ "Personal Items". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 4. 18 March 1899. 
  79. ↑ "King Edward Memorial". Kenilworth Advertiser: pp. 7. 13 August 1910. 
  80. ↑ "The Coronation Festivities". Birmingham Daily Gazette: pp. 6. 18 March 1911. 
  81. ↑ "Birmingham Medical Society". Birmingham Daily Gazette: pp. 6. 28 May 1892. 
  82. ↑ "Red Cross Display at Haseley Hall". Birmingham Mail: pp. 2. 30 October 1911. 
  83. ↑ "Haseley". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 9. 15 April 1893. 
  84. ↑ "Haseley". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 7. 28 March 1913. 
  85. ↑ "Haseley". Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser: pp. 2. 31 August 1901. 
  86. ↑ "The Proposed Birmingham Bishopric". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 7. 18 December 1889. 
  87. ↑ "Personal Items". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 4. 16 December 1910. 
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 88.5 "Sir James Sawyer at Home". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 6. 20 August 1892. 
  89. ↑ "Society of Antiquaries". Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser: pp. 5. 19 January 1901. 
  90. ↑ "Local News and Jottings". Birmingham Mail: pp. 2. 5 June 1906. 
  91. ↑ "Trafalgar Day in Birmingham". Birmingham Daily Gazette: pp. 6. 22 October 1908. 
  92. ↑ "Dickens and East Anglia". Norfolk News: pp. 14. 18 February 1911. 
  93. ↑ "Sir James Sawyer". Birmingham Mail: pp. 3. 24 August 1907. 
  94. ↑ "Death of Lady Sawyer". Evening Despatch: pp. 1. 14 August 1934. 
  95. ↑ "Personal Items". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 4. 17 February 1894. 
  96. ↑ "The Warwickshire Chamber of Agriculture, Annual Meeting". Coventry Evening Telegraph: pp. 3. 5 December 1898. 
  97. ↑ "Sir James Sawyer on Tuberculosis". Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser: pp. 6. 6 February 1897. 
  98. ↑ "Haseley". Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser: pp. 2. 29 July 1899. 
  99. ↑ "Pig Assurance Society". Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser: pp. 4. 22 January 1916. 
  100. ↑ "Sheepdown Sheep Society". Croydon Observer: pp. 6. 2 November 1900. 
  101. ↑ "Birmingham Cattle Show". Birmingham Mail: pp. 6. 28 November 1910. 
  102. ↑ "News of the Neighbourhood". Coventry Evening Telegraph: pp. 2. 13 April 1893. 
  103. ↑ "Flower Show at Haseley Hall". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 4. 12 August 1893. 
  104. ↑ "Rowington, Hatton, and District". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 5. 5 August 1899. 
  105. ↑ "The "Birmingham Daily Times" Company (Limited)". Birmingham Mail: pp. 1. 17 October 1885. 
  106. ↑ "English and Scottish Law Life Assurance Association". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 1. 26 December 1889. 
  107. ↑ "English and Scottish Law Life Assurance Association". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 1. 11 December 1890. 
  108. ↑ "93, Cornwall Street B3, Birmingham - 1075645 | Historic England". Historic England. https://www.historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1075645. 
  109. ↑ "Prospectus". Northern Whig: pp. 6. 5 February 1912. 
  110. ↑ "Value of Horse-Riding". Birmingham Daily Gazette: pp. 7. 5 March 1912. 
  111. ↑ "Sir James Sawyer's First Speech". Birmingham Mail: pp. 2. 1 February 1919. 
  112. ↑ "Personal Items". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 4. 3 December 1898. 
  113. ↑ "Amateur Gymnastic Championships". Birmingham Daily Gazette: pp. 4. 18 January 1908. 
  114. ↑ "Marriages". Leicester Journal: pp. 8. 16 May 1873. 
  115. ↑ Venn, John and J.A.. Alumni Cantabrigienses. 
  116. ↑ "Married". Cambridge Chronicle and Journal: pp. 2. 24 January 1834. 
  117. ↑ Ho 107, piece 1760, folio 117, p.16.
  118. ↑ "Births". Birmingham Mail: pp. 4. 9 September 1874. 
  119. ↑ "Our Female Shop Assistants". Weston Mercury: pp. 6. 1 January 1876. 
  120. ↑ "The"Birmingham Daily Times" Company (Limited)". Birmingham Mail: pp. 1. 17 October 1885. 
  121. ↑ "Lord Randolph Churchill in the Midlands". Birmingham Weekly Mercury: pp. 10. 3 August 1889. 
  122. ↑ "Birmingham Conservative Association". Birmingham Daily Gazette - Tuesday 14 May 1889 p.4-Birmingham Conservative Association: pp. 4. 14 May 1889. 
  123. ↑ "Local University Extension". Birmingham Daily Gazette: pp. 5. 19 October 1889. 
  124. ↑ RG 11, piece 2979, folio 19, p.31.
  125. ↑ "Notes and News". Birmingham Mail: pp. 2. 15 February 1890. 
  126. ↑ "Workers' Country Club. Haseley Hall Experiment". Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser: pp. 3. 27 September 1919. 
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 "The Highly Important Freehold Residential Estate known as "Haseley Hall"". Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser: pp. 2. 6 July 1918. 
  128. ↑ "Haseley Hall Estate". Coventry Standard: pp. 1. 16 July 1847. 
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 RG 14, piece 18723, schedule 77.
  130. ↑ "Conservative Picnic at Haseley Hall". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 8. 17 June 1893. 
  131. ↑ "Haseley". Stratford-upon-Avon Herald: pp. 3. 5 July 1907. 
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 "Haseley Hall". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 2. 17 August 1918. 
  133. ↑ "Haseley Hall". Westminster Gazette: pp. 3. 6 September 1918. 
  134. ↑ "Personal Items". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 4. 20 May 1899. 
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 135.2 "A Medical Garden". Birmingham Mail: pp. 2. 28 March 1914. 
  136. ↑ "Coming of age celebrations at Haseley Hall". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 5. 14 September 1895. 
  137. ↑ "Personal Items". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 4. 30 June 1894. 
  138. ↑ "The Countess of Warwick at Court". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 4. 9 May 1896. 
  139. ↑ "The Annual Villagers' Garden Party". Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser: pp. 5. 3 August 1912. 
  140. ↑ "Haseley, Concert at Haseley Hall". Warwick and Warwickshire Advertiser: pp. 8. 28 December 1912. 
  141. ↑ RG14, piece 18723, schedule 79.
  142. ↑ "Warwick Rural District". Leamington Spa Courier: pp. 3. 28 June 1918. 
  143. ↑ "The Highly Important Estate, Known as "Haseley Hall"". Birmingham Daily Post: pp. 1. 17 July 1918. 
  144. ↑ "W. and T. Avery". Smethwick Telephone: pp. 3. 26 July 1919. 
  145. ↑ "Munks Roll Details for James (Sir) Sawyer". http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/3943. 
  146. ↑ "Funeral of Sir James Sawyer". Birmingham Daily Post - Friday 31 January 1919: pp. 4. 31 January 1919. 
  147. ↑ The will of Sir James Sawyer, dated 14 December 1889, proved in Birmingham on 14 June 1919.
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 "Death of Lady Sawyer of Burwash". Kent & Sussex Courier: pp. 8. 17 August 1934. 
  149. ↑ Civil registration death index: death registered at Ticehurst, Sussex, Q3 1934, age recorded as 84.
  150. ↑ "Coprostasis: Its Causes, Prevention and Treatment". JAMA 61 (23): 2092. 1913. doi:10.1001/jama.1913.04350240066039. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/216804. 

External links

Obituary of Sir James Sawyer in the British Medical Journal pt 2



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