Biography:Jehangir Karamat

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Short description: Pakistan Army general


General

Jahangir Karamat
جہانگیر کرامت

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Jehangir Karamata.png
6th Chief of Army Staff
In office
12 January 1996 – 6 October 1998
President
  • Farooq Leghari
  • Wasim Sajjad (acting)
  • Rafiq Tarar
Prime Minister
  • Benazir Bhutto
  • Nawaz Sharif
Preceded byAbdul Waheed Kakar
Succeeded byPervez Musharraf
9th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
In office
9 November 1997 – 7 October 1998
Preceded byACM Farooq Feroze Khan
Succeeded byGen. Pervez Musharraf
Pakistani Ambassador to the United States
In office
17 November 2004 – 3 June 2006
PresidentPervez Musharraf
Prime MinisterShaukat Aziz
Preceded byAshraf Qazi
Succeeded byMahmud Ali Durrani
Personal details
Born (1941-02-20) 20 February 1941 (age 83)
Karachi, Sind, British India
NationalityPakistani
Alma mater
  • Pakistan Military Academy
  • Command and Staff College
  • Command and General Staff College
  • National Defence University
Institutions
  • National Defence University (NDU)
  • Armed Forces War College (afwc)
Field(s)Political science
Notable students
  • Pervez Musharraf
  • Ali Kuli Khan
  • Aziz Mirza
  • Fasih Bokhari
Notable work(s)Work in civil-military relations and Decentralization
Military service
Branch/service Pakistan Army
Years of service1958–1998
RankGeneral
Unit13th Lancers, Armoured Corps, PA-6399
Commands
  • Chief of General Staff, Army GHQ
  • II Strike Corps, Multan
  • Armoured Corps
  • DG Army Rangers
  • DG for Military Operations
  • Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command
Battles/wars
  • Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
  • Indo-Pakistani War of 1971
Awards
  • Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military)
  • Hilal-e-Imtiaz (Military)
  • Tamgha-e-Basalat
  • Order of King AbdulAziz
  • Order of Military Merit
  • Turkish Legion of Merit
  • The Legion of Merit
  • Sword of Honour

General Jehangir Karamat Lua error: expandTemplate: template "post-nominals/PAK" does not exist. (Urdu: جہانگیر کرامت‎ ; born 20 February 1941) is a retired four-star rank military officer, diplomat, public intellectual, and a former professor of political science at the National Defense University.[1] Prior to serving as a Chief of Army Staff, he also served as the 9th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee from 1997 to 1998.[2]

After joining the Pakistan Army in 1958, he entered in the Pakistan Military Academy at Kakul, and passed out in 1961 to later serve in the combat in conflicts with India in 1965 and in 1971. In 1995, he came into national prominence after he notably exposed the attempted coup d'état against Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, and eventually appointed as an army chief and later Chairman joint chiefs. His tenure is regarded as his pivotal role in enhancing the democracy and the civilian control when he staunchly backed Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's authorisation of atomic-testing programme in 1998.[3]

On 6 October 1998, Karamat was forcibly relieved from his four-star commands by Prime minister Nawaz Sharif over a disagreement on national security and reforms of the intelligence community.[4] He is also one of very few army generals in the military history of Pakistan to have resigned over a disagreement with the civilian authorities.[5]

After his resignation, he accepted the professorship at the Stanford University in California and appointed as to head Pakistan's diplomatic mission as an Ambassador but was later removed due to strong advocacy for democracy.

Karamat has been credited for foresight prediction of the dangers of unbalanced civil-military relations and the rise of foreign-supported homegrown terrorism in the country.[4] Many of his recommendations on national security eventually became part of counterterrorism policy by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif in 2013.[4]

Early life and education

Jehangir Karamat was born on 20 February 1941 in Karachi, Sindh in British Indian Empire, into a Kakazai[6] family who initially hailed from Montgomery in Punjab (now Sahiwal, Punjab).[7][8]:59[9]

His father, Karamat Ahmad, was an officer in the Indian Civil Service with the Indian government who would later embarked his career as a bureaucrat in the Government of Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947.[10][11][12]

After educating and graduating from the St. Patrick's High School in Karachi in 1958, Karamat joined the Pakistan Army when accepting at the Pakistan Military Academy (PMA) in Kakul in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[13] His mother moved with him in Kakul to overlook his education, and graduated with a class of 24th PMA Long Course, standing as a top-ranking cadet at Kakul when he conferred with the Sword of Honor in 1961.[7][14]

In 1961, Karamat gained commissioned as 2nd-Lt in the 13th Lancers of the Corps of Armoured.[15]

In 1969, Capt. Karamat was directed to attend the Command and Staff College in Quetta where he was noted for his intellect and competence at every level of courses he took as required in the curriculum.:533–534[16] In 1971, Capt. Karamat graduated and qualified as the psc.[1]

After the third war with India in 1971, Major Karamat was one of the last military officers who were sent to the United States to study at the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth in Kansas .:92–93[17]

Upon his graduation from the U.S. Army's Command and General Staff College, Major Karamat was then directed to attend the National Defence University where he graduated and gained the MSc in the International Relations in 1976–77.[18] In 1976, Karamat completed his MSc in International Relations from there; and following his return, Karamat completed his master's programme at the National Defence University.[19] In 1978–80, Major Karamat attained the MSc in War studies where his master's thesis argued and enlightened on the failure of performance of armed forces in third war with India 1971.[5][20][16]

Military career

During the Indo-Pakistani wars

In 1963, Lt. Karamat was posted in his Armoured Corps to initially commanding a formation of main battle tanks.[21] In 1965, Lt. Karamat commanded an infantry platoon during the second war with India in the Akhnur Sector in the Indian-administered Kashmir.:14–15[22][23] Lt. Karamat's platoon was the first unit that had penetrated 23 miles (37 km) into the enemy territory, which encouraged backup military companies to move forward into the enemy territory.[24] In this war performance, the 13th Lancers had suffered death of fourteen soldiers, including three officers, while twenty eight were wounded.[23] For this action, the 13th Lancers was awarded the battle honour, Dewa— Chumb and Jaurian of 1965, and was also awarded the title of The Spearhead Regiment.[24]

He progressed well in the army, eventually promoted to captain in 1966; and elevated as major in 1971.[25] In 1971, Major Karamat commanded the company of the Aromoured Corps on the Western Front of the third war with India, defending the territories of Punjab, Pakistan against the approaching Indian Army.[25]

During this time, Maj. Karamat was the commanding officer in the 15th Lancers attached to the Baloch Regiment, along with the 13th Lancers that was fighting in the Shakargarh area of Sialkot Sector, which is now known as Battle of Barapind.[26] The regiment was awarded battle honour of Bara Pind 1971.[27]:[28]

Staff and war appointments

Brig. Karamat served as an OC of the Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command in the 1980s near the Saudi–Jordanian border.

In 1979–80, Lt-Col. Karamat was posted as an instructor at the Armed Forces War College (afwc) of the National Defence University (NDU), instructing on courses War studies.:432[29][15] In 1981–83, Col. Karamat was moved at the Air War College, and did not take participation in the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan during his teaching assignments beforing promoting as one-star rank army general in the Pakistan Army.[30]

In 1983–88, Brig. Karamat was appointed officer commanding of the Pakistan Armed Forces–Middle East Command, consisting of the joint armed branches in the Saudi Arabia.[31] Initially stationed to cover the area of responsibility of Tabuk and Khamis Mushait in Saudi Arabia, Brig. Karamat Pakistan Armed Forces–Arab Contingent during the height of the Iran–Iraq War, protecting the territorial sovereignty of the Saudi Arabia.:xxiv[32] :356–357[33] In 1988, Brig. Karamat returned from his combat duty, promoting to the two-star rank assignment at the Army GHQ.:232[34] From 1988 to 1991, Major-General Karamat served as the DGl of the Directorate-General of the Military Operations (DGMO), where he was credited with playing a crucial role in advancing the fighting capabilities of the Pakistan Army while he planned numerous military exercises for Pakistan Army, and reviewed the contingency operations in Kargil sector.:77[35]

In 1991, Maj-Gen. Karamat was appointed as Director-General of the Pakistan Army Rangers in Sindh but this appointment was short-lived when he was promoted to the three-star rank in 1992.[26][36]

In 1992, Lieutenant-General Karamat was appointed as field command of the II Strike Corps, stationed in Multan, which he commanded until 1994.[37] In 1994, Lt-Gen. Karamat was eventually elevated as the Chief of General Staff (CGS) at the Army GHQ under then-chief of army staff General Abdul Waheed Kakar.[37] From 1993 to 1996, Karamat continued to serve as honorary Colonel Commandant, and then Colonel-in-Chief—both ceremonial posts—of the Armoured Corps from 1996 to 1998.[38][39]

In 1995, Lt-Gen. Karamat rose to public prominence when he had the Military Intelligence (MI) to infiltrate within the Pakistan Army to apprehend the rogue culprits for attempting a coup d'état.[37] Acting under orders from the General Karamat, DG MI Major-General Ali Kuli Khan monitored the activities of Major-General Zaheerul Islam Abbasi who himself was posted at the Army GHQ.[37] The MI tapped the conversations and tracked down the culprits behind the coup.[37] Upon revelation, Lieutenant-General Karamat forwarded the case and facilitated the high-ranking joint JAG court hearings at the specified military courts, and convened many proceedings while the hearings were heard by the military judges led by a Vice-Admiral.[40] His actions were widely perceived in the country, and for his efforts, General Karamat was conferred with national honours in public conventions and state gatherings.[40]

Chief of Army Staff

After approving the retirement papers of General Kakar, Lieutenant-General Karamat was appointed the Chief of Army Staff by Prime Minister Benazir who approved the paperwork for this appointment on 18 December 1995.[41] As per Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's approval, President Farooq Leghari confirmed the promotion of Lieutenant-General Karamat to the four-star rank and was appointed as the Chief of Army Staff when General Kakar was due to retire on 12 January 1996.[41]

At the time of his promotion, he was the senior most general at that time, and therefore at promotion to four-star general, he superseded no one.[42] At the time of his promotion, there were four senior generals in the race to replace Kakar as Chief of Army Staff: Lieutenant-General Jehangir Karamat, chief of general staff (CGS); Lieutenant-General Nasir Akhtar, quartermaster general (QMG); Lieutenant-General Muhammad Tariq, inspector-general training and evaluation (IGT&E) at the GHQ; and Lieutenant-General Javed Ashraf Qazi, commander XXX Corps stationed in Gujranwala.[43] As Chief of Army Staff, General Karamat tried to work with the Prime minister and President at once, but soon came to understand that the misconducts of politicians and bureaucrats would eventually lead to the dismissal of Benazir Bhutto's final government.[44]

General Karamat reached to then-Speaker of the National Assembly Yousaf Raza Gillani and "leaked" an intelligence information and tried convincing Benazir Bhutto and President Leghari to resolve their issues, and emphasised to focus on good governance. At one point, General Karamat wrote:

In my opinion, if we have to repeat past events then we must understand that Military leaders can pressurize only up to a certain point. Beyond that, their own position starts getting undermined because the military is after all a mirror image of the society from which it is drawn.
—General Jehangir Karamat commenting on Benazir's dismissal, [44]

Chairman of Joint Chiefs

As Chairman joint chiefs, Gen. Karamat oversaw the military aspects of nuclear testing after receiving authorization from Prime Minist Sharif in 1998.

In 1997, Chairman joint chiefs Air Chief Marshal Farooq Feroze Khan was due retirement. On immediate basis, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif appeared in news channels to confirmed General Karamat as the new Chairman joint chiefs.[45] The appointment was met no resistance in the military, and General Karamat appointed as Chairman joint chiefs; he supersedes no one.

General Karamat drove Pakistan Armed Forces to focus on more professional duties rather than playing politics.[45] Karamat worked on integrating Pakistan's military on a common platform, and had his staff worked on inter-services coordination in the battlefield.[46] Karamat strengthened the joint work coordination and joint logistics of the military at the war time situations, resolving many issues that would hamper the performances of the inter-services in the war or peacetime situations.[47][48]

As an aftermath of India's nuclear tests in 1998, General Karamat acted as principal military adviser to the government, aiding the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on military platform.[49] At the telephonic meeting with the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, President Bill Clinton offered lucrative aid to Pakistan for not testing its devices; Prime Minister Sharif's response was inconclusive. President Bill Clinton described the meeting with the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to Strobe Talbott: "You can almost hear the guy [Sharif] wringing his hands and sweating."[49]

With requests made by Strobe Talbott CENTCOM commander, General Anthony Zinni and US Chairman Joint chiefs General Henry Shelton, met with General Karamat to withdraw the decision to conduct nuclear test.[49] Zinni'e meeting with Karamat was described by Strobe Talbott as less contentious. General Karamat and General Zinni were able to draw "soldier–to–soldier" bond.[49] General Karamat made it clear that the final decision would be carried out by the civilian government.[49] At the NSC cabinet meeting, the Pakistani government, military, scientific, and civilian officials were participating in a debate, broadening, and complicating the decision-making process.[49] Although, General Karamat debated towards presenting the national security and military point of view, the final decision was left on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's say.[49]

After the decision was made, General Karamat was notified of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's decision and asked the military to be stand-by orders. After providing the joint military logistics, the nuclear tests were eventually carried out on 28 May 1998, as Chagai-I, and on 30 May 1998 as codename: Chagai-II.[50] As dawn broke over the Chagai mountains, Pakistan became the world's seventh nuclear power.[47]

Removal from Chairman joint chiefs

As the nuclear tests were conducted, there was a strong feelings in the military all together that any concession to India on Kashmir policy and other related issues would lead to a decline in the prestige and standing of the armed forces. After the failure to pass the fifteenth amendment to the Constitution, there were concerns raised by Benazir Bhutto and the Pakistan Peoples Party on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's absolute control over the politics, national security, and foreign policy.[51]

On 6 October 1998, General Karamat who lectured at the Naval War College in Karachi on the civic-military relations and presented the idea on reestablishing the official National Security Council (NSC) where military could have representation in the country's politics.[52] General Karamat openly spoke on the role of the internal intelligences, such as FIA and IB, carrying out vendettas-like operations against political opponents and insecurity-driven and expedient policies while Pakistan capsized, at the behest of the politicians.[52] Prime Minister Sharif and his cabinet members perceived this idea as Chairman joint chiefs's interference in national politics, therefore Sharif forced to resign Karamat when he criticised Pakistan's political leadership and advocated a National Security Council that would give the military a constitutional role in running the country, similar to Turkey's.[53] In 1998, Prime Minister Sharif decided to relieve General Karamat from the chairmanship of joint chiefs, eventually having him tender his resignation at the Prime Minister's Secretariat.

The relief of the famous and famed general by the popular politician led to a storm of public controversy.[53][54] Many influential ministers and advisers in Prime Minister Sharif's circle saw this decision as "ill-considered" and "blunder" made by the Prime Minister.[3] At the military, Admiral Fasih Bokhari (Chief of Naval Staff at that time) criticized General Karamat for resigning but Karamat defended his actions as "right thing" to do as he lost the confidence of a constitutionally and popularly elected Prime Minister.[55]

As General Karamat received a full guard of honour retirement in a colorful ceremony as Chairman joint chiefs and chief of army staff, Prime Minister Sharif's mandate plummeted and his popularity waned as the majority of the public disapproved of the decision to relieve Karamat.[55] Prime Minister Sharif's further suffered with wide public disapproval after appointing much-junior General Pervez Musharraf at the both capacity, overruling the Admiral Bokhari's turn as the Chairman joint chiefs.[55] In 1999, Musharraf's unilateral initiation of the Kargil war against India nearly pushed Pakistan and India to the brink of an all-out war between the two Nuclear states. Eventually, in the same year, Musharraf staged a successful coup d'état and overthrew Prime Minister Sharif.[56]

Upon winning the general elections in 2013, Prime Minister Sharif did exactly what General Karamat had called for; first reestablishing the NSC with military gaining representation in the country's politics; and further making more reforms in intelligence community.[4]

Academic career

Before elevating to four-star assignments, General Karamat was the full tenured professor of the Political science at the National Defense University and held the chair of military science at the Armed Forces War College.[19] Among his notable students included Pervez Musharraf, Ali Kuli Khan, Fasih Bokhari and Abdul Aziz Mirza who studied under his guidance. Karamat had significance influence on Bokhari and Musharraf's philosophy and critical thinking.[2]

In 2000, Karamat accepted the professorship of War studies at the CISAC Institute of the Stanford University in Stanford, California , United States .[36] In addition, he was selected as a scholar and awarded research associateship on civil military relations at the Brookings Institution based in Washington, D.C., United States .[36] In 2001, Karamat joined the United Nations (UN) and was a part of the area study on Afghanistan.[57] Thereafter, Karamat joined the influential Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) as the chairman of the board of governors.[36]

Later career

Ambassador to the United States

In 2004, Karamat was first mentioned and named for the appointment as the Pakistan Ambassador to the United States. His nomination came after the outgoing Pakistan Ambassador, Ashraf Jehangir Qazi, termed was due expired. On 23 September 2004, Pakistan Ambassador Qazi was appointed by then-Secretary General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan, as Special Representative of the Secretary-General for the United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq.[58] On 10 December 2004, Karamat presented his credentials to President George W. Bush.[59]

On 23 March 2006, Pakistani news media reported that Ambassador Karamat was to be replaced by retired Major General Mahmud Ali Durrani. The reports further stated Ambassador Karamat, who took his post on a two-year contract, would be returning home after only a year and a half.[60] These speculations were confirmed by the Foreign Office (FO) and noted that "Karamat will not be in the reception line at the Chaklala Airbase to welcome President George Bush.[61]

While his stint as Pakistan Ambassador, Karamat made the pro-democracy statements at the different Pakistani American gatherings, while passing critics to President Musharraf's style of running the civilian government.[62] In private, Karamat confided in Washington based U.S. journalist that "General Musharraf had made up this story to create wedge between Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and him to get him fired in 1998."[62]

Founding the Spearhead Research think tank

After his ambassadorship, General Karamat founded a socio-political policy and analysis institute, Spearhead Research, which focuses on social, economic, military and political issues concerning Pakistan and Afghanistan. General Karamat is the director and contributor to the Spearhead Research Institute.

Awards and decorations

Nishan-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

(Order of Excellence)

Hilal-e-Imtiaz

(Military)

(Crescent of Excellence)

Tamgha-e-Basalat

(Medal of Good Conduct)

Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War

(War Star 1965)

Sitara-e-Harb 1971 War

(War Star 1971)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War

(War Medal 1965)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1971 War

(War Medal 1971)

Tamgha-e-Baqa

(Nuclear Test Medal)

1998

10 Years Service Medal 20 Years Service Medal 30 Years Service Medal Tamgha-e-Sad Saala Jashan-e-

Wiladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam

(100th Birth Anniversary of

Muhammad Ali Jinnah)

1976

Hijri Tamgha

(Hijri Medal)

1979

Jamhuriat Tamgha

(Democracy Medal)

1988

Qarardad-e-Pakistan Tamgha

(Resolution Day

Golden Jubilee Medal)

1990

Tamgha-e-Salgirah Pakistan

(Independence Day

Golden Jubilee Medal)

1997

Order of King Abdul Aziz

(1st Class)

(Saudi Arabia)

The Order of Military Merit

(Grand Cordon)

(Jordan)

Turkish Legion of Merit

(Turkey)

The Legion of Merit

(Degree of Commander)

(United States )

Foreign decorations

Foreign Awards
 Saudi Arabia Order of King Abdul Aziz (1st Class)
 Jordan The Order of Military Merit (Grand Cordon)
 Turkey The Legion of Merit Turkey
 USA The Legion of Merit (Degree of Commander)

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "General Jehangir Karamat". ISPR (Army). https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=154. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Musharraf, Pervez (2006). In the line of fire : a memoir. New York [u.a.]: Free Press. ISBN 074-3283449. https://archive.org/details/inlineoffirememo00mush. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Khan, Feroze (2010). "CIvil-military relations and problems". Eating Grass: the making of Pakistan's atomic bomb. Stanford, Calif. [u.s.]: §Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804784801. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Shah, Aqil (2014). "Conclusion". The Armed Forces and Democracy. Harvard, U.S: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674419773. https://books.google.com/books?id=ShihAwAAQBAJ&q=Jehangir+Karamat+National+Security+Council&pg=PA285. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Rizvi, Hasan-Askari (2000). Military, state and society in Pakistan. Basingstoke [u.a.]: Macmillan [u.a.]. ISBN 0312231938. 
  6. ↑ "اسپیشل ایڈیشن – باجوہ ڈاکٹرائن : قومی چیلنجز کا حل کیسے؟ – Magazine | Daily Jang". https://jang.com.pk/news/465587. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Staff writer (1995). "General Karamat appointed new army chief". Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1996. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qa25AAAAIAAJ&q=jehangir+karamat++February+1941. 
  8. ↑ Beaumont, edited by Christophe Jaffrelot; translated by Gillian (2004). "§No National Integration Yet?". A history of Pakistan and its origins (New ed.). London: Anthem. ISBN 1843311496. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9sI_Y2CKAcC&q=jehangir+karamat++born+Karachi&pg=PA36. 
  9. ↑ (in en) Daily Report: Near East & South Asia. The Service. 1995. https://books.google.com/books?id=aiQNiAhipC4C&q=Jehangir+Karamat+born. Retrieved 27 November 2017. 
  10. ↑ Staff writers and editors (1995). "Pakistan & Gulf Economist: Jehangir Karamat COAS". Economist Publications, 1995 14 (40–52). 
  11. ↑ editorial (1996). "Jehangir Karamat, COAS". Biographical work published by the News International's editorial section in 1996. The News International, 1996 (The News International, 1996). http://thenews.com.pk/. 
  12. ↑ "Karamat Ahmed". https://www.geni.com/people/Karamat-Ahmed/6000000033821731653. 
  13. ↑ "Distinguished old Patricians". St Patrick's High School. http://theoldpatricians.org/illustrious.htm. 
  14. ↑ staff editor. "A profile of a General". Pakistan Herald. Pakistan Herald, 2015. http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/general-retd-jehangir-karamat-610. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Pakistan Army Museum. "General Jehangir Karamat". Pakistan Army Museum. http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/general-jehangir-karamat-2/. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Bhattacharya, Brigadier Samir (2014). Nothing But!. Partridge Pub. ISBN 978-1482817874. https://books.google.com/books?id=7GrAAgAAQBAJ&q=jehangir+karamat+lancer&pg=PA553. 
  17. ↑ Aslan, Ömer (2017). "External Support" (in en). The United States and Military Coups in Turkey and Pakistan: Between Conspiracy and Reality (1st ed.). New York, U.S.: Springer. pp. 270. ISBN 9783319660110. https://books.google.com/books?id=TK4-DwAAQBAJ&q=karamat++Command+and+General+Staff+College&pg=PA92. Retrieved 28 November 2017. 
  18. ↑ Constance Hale. "International Hallway Dedication Ceremony" U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 14 September 2000
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Spearhead. "Panel of Experts". Spearhead. http://spearheadresearch.org/SR_CMS/index.php/panel-of-experts. 
  20. ↑ staff writer (5 May 2000). "Former Chairman of the Pakistani Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Jehangir Karamat, arrives at Brookings". Brooklyn Institute. http://www.brookings.edu/about/media-relations/news-releases/2000/20000505karamat. 
  21. ↑ Husain, war despatches of Major General Abrar (2005). Men of steel : 6 Armoured Division in the 1965 war. Rawalpindi: Army Education Publishing House, Army Education Directorate GHQ. ISBN 9698125191. 
  22. ↑ (in en) Karamat named COAS. Economist Publications. 1995. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Ali, Sartaj Aziz; foreword by Syed Babar (2009). "Second War". Between dreams and realities : some milestones in Pakistan's history (1. publ. ed.). Karachi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195477184. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Amin, Agha H. (1999). "Battle of Barapind-Jarpal 16 Dec 1971". Defence Journal, 1999. http://www.defencejournal.com/oct99/barapind.htm. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Qureshi, Hakeem Arshad (2013). 1971 indo-pak war : a soldier's narrative.. [S.l.] Pakistan: Oup Pakistan. ISBN 978-0199067145. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Amin, Agha Humayun (2010). India Pakistan Wars-1947 to 1971-A Strategic and Operational Analysis. London: Strategicus and Tacticus. pp. 723. ISBN 9780557519842. 
  27. ↑ Karamat, J. (1984). "The Tank that Failed". Hilal Magazine (Work published by then-Brigadier J. Karamat at the Inspector General Training and Evaluation Branch, General Headquarters) 2 (8): 69. 
  28. ↑ ehgal, Ikram ul-Majeed (2003) (in en). Defence Journal: With Former COAS Watching Live-Fire Demonstration. Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal. 
  29. ↑ Pakistan (1980) (in en). The Gazette of Pakistan. https://books.google.com/books?id=98pPAQAAMAAJ&q=jehangir+karamat+lt+col. Retrieved 16 December 2017. 
  30. ↑ Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 1-59420-007-6. https://archive.org/details/ghostwarssecreth00coll. 
  31. ↑ Religion in the military worldwide. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2014. ISBN 978-1-107-03702-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=jtoaAgAAQBAJ&q=Karamat+saudi+troops&pg=PA98. 
  32. ↑ Sehgal, Ikram ul-Majeed (2006) (in en). Defence Journal. Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal. https://books.google.com/books?id=W67fAAAAMAAJ&q=jehangir+karamat. Retrieved 18 December 2017. 
  33. ↑ Cohen, Stephen P. (2004) (in en). The Idea of Pakistan. Brookings Institution Press. p. 357. ISBN 0-8157-9761-3. https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe. Retrieved 18 December 2017. 
  34. ↑ Bhattacharya, Brigadier Samir (2014) (in en). NOTHING BUT!. Partridge Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4828-1732-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=7GrAAgAAQBAJ&q=jehangir+karamat+DG+MO&pg=PA232. 
  35. ↑ Lavoy, Peter R. (2009). "Pakistan's motivations and calculations." (in en). Asymmetric warfare in South Asia : the causes and consequences of the Kargil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-76721-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=-vifpWqV2WYC&q=jehangir+karamat+DG+MO&pg=PA77. Retrieved 18 December 2017. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 "A Profile on Educated General". Emirates Centre for Strategic Studies. http://www.ecssr.ac.ae/ECSSR/print/prf.jsp?lang=en&prfId=/Profile/Profiles_0856.xml. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Mir, Amir (2010). The Bhutto Murder Trail: from Waziristan to GHQ. Chennai: Tranquebar Press. ISBN 978-9380658612. 
  38. ↑ Staff. "COLONEL IN CHIEF-ARMOURED CORPS-01". http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-in-chief-armoured-corps-01/. 
  39. ↑ "COLONEL COMMANDANTS- ARMOURED CORPS". http://www.pakarmymuseum.com/exhibits/colonel-commandants-armoured-corps/. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Aziz, Mazhar (2007). Military Control in Pakistan: The Parallel State. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-07410-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=FuPfooVvD48C&q=Karamat+military+control&pg=PA81. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Chengappa, Bidanda M. (2004). Pakistan, Islamisation, army and foreign policy. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publ.. ISBN 8176485489. 
  42. ↑ Ihtashamul Haque. "Karamat named COAS" Daily Dawn, 12 December 1995
  43. ↑ Shuja Nawaz. Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within (Oxford University Press, 2008)
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Mazhar Aziz (2008). Military control in Pakistan: the parallel state. Milton Park, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK: Taylor and Francis-e-Library. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-415-43743-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=tIwXnkZOyoMC&q=dismissal+of+general++karamat&pg=PA81. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Hasanie, Ali Abbas (2013). Democracy in pakistan : crises, conflicts and hope for a change.. [S.l.]: Authorhouse. ISBN 978-1481790680. 
  46. ↑ Mishra, Keshav (2004). Rapprochement across the Himalayas : emerging India-China relations in post Cold War period (1947–2003). New Delhi: Kalpaz Publ.. ISBN 817835294X. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Jones, Owen Bennett (2003). Pakistan eye of the storm (2nd ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300101473. https://books.google.com/books?id=ONZpltd6UZ8C&q=Karamat+Chagai&pg=PA193. 
  48. ↑ Talbott, Strobe (2004). Engaging India : diplomacy, democracy, and the bomb ([Advance uncorrected manuscript]. ed.). Washington, DC: Brookings Inst. Press. ISBN 0815783000. https://archive.org/details/engagingindiadip00talb. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 49.6 Schaffer, Howard B.; Schaffer, Teresita C. (2011). "§Pakistan's politicians". How Pakistan negotiates with the United States : riding the roller coaster. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace. ISBN 978-1601270757. https://books.google.com/books?id=axT9i-FhO0UC&q=Jehangir+Karamat&pg=PA103. 
  50. ↑ Azam, Rai Muhammad Saleh (2 June 2000). "When Mountains Move – The Story of Chagai". Article written by RMS Azam ives a detailed account of events and personalities leading to Pakistan first nuclear explosion. The Nation, 1998 (The Nation, 1998). http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chagai.htm. 
  51. ↑ Jaisingh, Hari (9 October 1998). "Beleaguered Sharif wins first round". The Tribune (Chandigarh). http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98oct09/head5.htm. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 McGrik, Tim (19 October 1998). "The General Speaks Out". Times Magazine. Times Magazine, 1998. http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2054276,00.html. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 .Bennett-Jones, Owen (8 October 1998). "Analysis:Resignation shifts balance of power". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/189233.stm. 
  54. ↑ Aziz, PhD (Economics), Sartaj (2009) [2009], Between dreams and realities: some milestones in Pakistan's history (Illustrated ed.), Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 408, ISBN:978-0-19-547718-4
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). The idea of Pakistan (1st pbk. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2004. p. 150. ISBN 0815797613. https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe. "Jehangir Karamat National Security Council." 
  56. ↑ Dutt, Sanjay (2000). Inside Pakistan : 52 years outlook. New Delhi: APH Pub. Corp.. ISBN 8176481572. 
  57. ↑ Staff reporter (22 August 2004). "Jehangir Karamat next ambassador to the US". Daily Times, 2004. Daily Times, 2004. http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/main/22-Aug-2004/jehangir-karamat-next-ambassador-to-the-us. 
  58. ↑ Reddy, B. Muralidhar (23 September 2004). "Jehangir Karamat is new Pakistan envoy to U.S.". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/24/stories/2004092404551100.htm. 
  59. ↑ APP (10 December 2004). "Gen Karamat meets Bush". Daily Times, Washington. Daily Times, Washington. http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/national/10-Dec-2004/gen-karamat-meets-bush. 
  60. ↑ Khalid Hasan. 'Durrani in, Karamat out' Daily Times, 23 March 2006
  61. ↑ QA (3 March 2006). "Jehangir-Karamat-to-miss-bush-visit". Dawn News, 2006. Dawn News. http://www.dawn.com/news/181324/jehangir-karamat-to-miss-bush-visit. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Editorial (24 October 2012). "Why General Jehangir Karamat Falls From Grace?". Pakistan Weekly. Pakistan Weekly, 2006. http://www.pakistanweekly.com/Archive1/Ashraf45.htm. 

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