Biography:Stuart Licht

From HandWiki
Stuart Licht
Born24 JULY 1954
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Other namesStuart Light
CitizenshipUSA
Alma mater
Known for
  • STEP process
  • CO2 conversion to nanocarbons
  • Molten-air batteries
  • Aluminium–sulfur battery
  • Super-iron batteries
AwardsBeckman Young Investigators Award (2005)
Fellow of the Electrochemical Society (2018)
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsGeorge Washington University
Clark University
Technion
Thesis (1985)

Stuart Lawrence Licht is an American chemist and academic. He is a Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at George Washington University (GWU). Licht's research focuses on carbon capture to mitigate climate change and the electrochemical conversion of carbon dioxide into nanocarbons and other useful society stables, as well as solar energy, battery chemistry, and physical analytical chemistry.

His earlier works primarily focused on fundamental physical and analytical chemistry, high efficiency solar cells, and photo-electrochemistry.[1][2][3] This included solar cells that could store energy for night time use.[1][2][3] His focus slowly expanded to include, electron transfer, batteries and fuel cells, including making the first practical aqueous sulfur batteries (overcoming sulfur inherited insulating properties),[4] super iron batteries (based on iron molecules in a plus six oxidative state, which previously was thought impossible to stabilize),[5] the assembling of micro-electrodes,[6] and vanadium diboride batteries and air batteries (redox of 11 or over 11 electrons per vanadium diboride molecule and has energy density over that of gasoline at times).[7]

After 2009, his work primarily shifted to focus on generating useful molecules, such as graphene nanocarbons (such as CNT, graphene, and CNOs),[8] ammonia,[9] iron, solar fuels such as sungas, and hydrogen using high temperature electrolysis where heat and electricity can come from either renewable or non-renewable energy.[10][11][12] High temperature electrolysis per equations outlined in his STEP solar energy conversion process reduces the energy needed for electrolysis with higher efficiencies than would be used in a heat engine, and using available heat, exogenic reactions, concentrated reactants, and high ionic activity electrolytes (molten salts) facilitates the predicted and observed highest levels of electrical to chemical energy and solar and climate mitigation decarbonization conversion efficiencies.[10][11][12]

Early life and education

Licht was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in 1976 and a Master of Science in 1980 from Wesleyan University, where he conducted research in molecular quantum mechanics. He completed his Ph.D. in 1985 at the Weizmann Institute of Science in materials chemistry, with a focus on photoelectrochemical solar cells.[13] From 1986 to 1988, he was a postdoctoral fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he studied developed theory and experiment of microelectrode and chemical diffusion under the direction of Mark S. Wrighton.[14][15]

Academic career

From 1988 to 1995, Licht held the Carlson Endowed Chair in Chemistry at Clark University. He subsequently served at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology from 1995 to 2003,[16] and then chaired the Department of Chemistry at the University of Massachusetts from 2003 to 2008.[17] He also worked as a Program Director at the National Science Foundation.[18] In 2008, he joined George Washington University, where he became Professor Emeritus of Chemistry in 2023.[19]

He has chaired the New England Section of the American Chemical Society and is a Fellow of the Electrochemical Society,[20] where he founded both the New England and Israel sections.

Research

Licht's research is centered on developing carbon-negative technologies. His work on liquid solar solar cells pursued (1) discovery of the role of solution chemistry in the mechanism and enhancement of photoelectrochemical (semiconductors immersed in electrolytes) solar energy conversion,[1] (2) development of a solar cell with built energy charge storage,[2] (3) multi-bandgap photoelectrochemistry,[21] (4) a light addressable sensor[22] and (5) highest solar conversion efficiencies for solar water splitting to produce hydrogen.[23]

CO2 emitted from the Shepard 860 MW NG Power plant in Calgary, CA, using Stuart Licht Technology at his company, is directly converted to carbon nanotubes or carbon nano-onions at high purity by tuning the electrochemical conditions of the C2CNT process using the Genesis Device Modules. Both pure lithium carbonate and strontium/lithium carbonate was used in this technology, with mixed electrolyte being much cheaper and developed later on.[24]
Stuart Licht ACS Conference on CO2 to CNM (2015).

He is the developer of the Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo (STEP) process, which combines solar energy and high-temperature electrolysis to remove or convert carbon dioxide into solid carbon nanomaterials.[25][26][27] Examples of STEP CO2 elimination processes are STEP iron and STEP cement.[8] STEP carbon capture converts CO2 directly into solid carbon, and in particular, a new chemistry, C2CNT (CO2 to carbon nanomaterial technology) decarbonization, which transforms carbon dioxide directly to various graphene nano-allotropes of carbon, such as carbon nanotubes and carbon nano-onions. In a 2015 "Diamonds from the Sky" American Chemical Society press conference, Prof. Licht described the discovery and the carbon dioxide removal process.[28][27] The decarbonization chemistry is driven by molten carbonate transition metal nucleation electrolysis.[12][29][30][31][32] The resulting nanocarbons such as a wide variety of advanced material CNTs, graphene, nano-onions and graphene nano-scaffold, all made from CO2,[33][34] have applications in composites, cement, EMF shielding, metal replacement, water purification, higher capacity and more rechargeable batteries, plasmas, medical delivery, and electronics.[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]The STEP Carbon Capture process is designed to both capture and utilize CO2, contributing to climate mitigation efforts.

In addition to carbon conversion, Licht has conducted research in solar water splitting,[23][45][46][46] and battery technologies, including iron(VI) redox systems (nicknamed "super iron battery")[5],  aluminum–sulfur batteries[4][47], polysulfide batteries[4][42][47][48], highest power domain aluminum/permanganate, ferricyanide or peroxide batteries,[49] non-aqueous aluminum and lithium batteries,[50][43][51][52] and molten-air batteries.[44][45][53][54][55][56]

File:Super Iron Battery In ACS Chemical and Engineering News.png
Super Iron battery as shown in ACS Chemical and Engineering News.
File:Newsweek Article On Super Iron.png
Newsweek article (September 6, 1999) on super iron and super iron battery.

Licht introduced theoretical and experimental tools for the measurement of aqueous pH beyond14 pH[41], and other novel analytical methodologies to probe analytes in concentrated medium, including spectroscopy in the domain in which the path of the incident length is shorter than the wavelength of the incident light in the spectroscopy to determine speciation and activity in concentrated media without perturbing the equilibria by dilution.[46] He has also delineated extensive revisions of the fundamental physical chemical constants of high purity water, selenides, sulfides, and carbonates.[12][57][47][58][59]

Measurement at extreme basic pH from extremely alkaline solution made by Stuart Licht in 1985.[60]
File:Nocturnal Solar Cell Popular Science.jpg
Solar Cells that store electricity and work at night in popular science magazine (published in April, 1989) designed by Stuart Licht and uses a electrolytic layers between active solar cell layers to store energy.

He has authored numerous scientific publications and holds patents related to physical chemistry, carbon removal, solar energy and energy storage,[31] and books including those on photoelectrochemistry,[32] and solar hydrogen generation.[34][46]

Diagram of Genesis Plant to make CNTs. (Top) Commercially operable aluminum smelting facility. (Bottom left) Design of the current 100t/y (tonne/y) CO2 Genesis Device® for decarbonization and production of GNCs such as CNTs. (Bottom right) Planned design of the Genesis Device to deliver 1Mt/yr CO2 decarbonization (and produce 0.25Mt GNCs) based on the analogous Mt Al facility, using a ten-fold increase (kt/y) from the current module Genesis Device used in series. Copied under Creative Commons License 3.0.[61]

By 2024, Licht's STEP-based carbon conversion technology (Carbon Dioxide to Carbon Nanotubes (C2CNT) had progressed to industrial demonstration through Carbon Corp in Calgary, Canada.[62][63][64][65][66] The technology received recognition from the Xprize Foundation for its potential to create valuable products from captured CO2 and to reduce the carbon footprint of materials such as cement and polymers.[40] File:Extraction of carbon at C2CNT plant in Calgary, Canada.webm Scale-up during this time included developing novel pressing based extraction method to extract carbon nanomaterials from electrolyte at high pressures.[67]

Later on, he investigated C2CNT's CNT to create a unique, cold dusty plasma through microwave radiation efficiently shown below as an image and video.[68]

File:Microwave induced dusty plasma generated by C2CNT CNTs.jpg
Microwave induced plasma created by C2CNT's CNTs hot enough to melt a flask.[69]
File:Microwave generating plasma catalyzed by C2CNT CNTs.webm
Microwave generating plasma catalyzed by C2CNT CNTs. Hot enough to melt glass beakers.[70]

Licht is the grandson of industrial chemist Joseph Licht, published with his father analytical chemist Truman Licht, and published and patent extensively with his son Gad Licht. His over 900 patents and publications, have often focused on removal of the greenhouse gases.[53][51] He also has an extensive presence in the journals Nature and Science.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]

Selected honors

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Licht, Stuart (November 1987). "A description of energy conversion in photoelectrochemical solar cells" (in en). Nature 330 (6144): 148–151. doi:10.1038/330148a0. ISSN 1476-4687. Bibcode: 1987Natur.330..148L. https://www.nature.com/articles/330148a0. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Licht, Stuart; Hodes, Gary; Tenne, Reshef; Manassen, Joost (1987-04-30). "A light-variation insensitive high efficiency solar cell" (in en). Nature 326 (6116): 863–864. doi:10.1038/326863a0. ISSN 0028-0836. Bibcode: 1987Natur.326..863L. https://www.nature.com/articles/326863a0. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Licht, Stuart; Peramunage, Dharmasena (May 1990). "Efficient photoelectrochemical solar cells from electrolyte modification" (in en). Nature 345 (6273): 330–333. doi:10.1038/345330a0. ISSN 1476-4687. Bibcode: 1990Natur.345..330L. https://www.nature.com/articles/345330a0. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Peramunage, Dharmasena; Licht, Stuart (1993-08-20). "A Solid Sulfur Cathode for Aqueous Batteries" (in en). Science 261 (5124): 1029–1032. doi:10.1126/science.261.5124.1029. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17739624. Bibcode: 1993Sci...261.1029P. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.261.5124.1029. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Licht, Stuart; Wang, Baohui; Ghosh, Susanta (1999-08-13). "Energetic Iron(VI) Chemistry: The Super-Iron Battery" (in en). Science 285 (5430): 1039–1042. doi:10.1126/science.285.5430.1039. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10446044. Bibcode: 1999Sci...285.1039L. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.285.5430.1039. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Licht, Stuart; Cammarata, Vince; Wrighton, Mark S. (1989-03-03). "Time and Spatial Dependence of the Concentration of Less Than 10 5 Microelectrode-Generated Molecules" (in en). Science 243 (4895): 1176–1178. doi:10.1126/science.243.4895.1176. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17799898. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.243.4895.1176. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Licht, Stuart; Wu, Huiming; Yu, Xingwen; Wang, Yufei (2008). "Renewable highest capacity VB2/air energy storage" (in en). Chemical Communications (28): 3257–3259. doi:10.1039/b807929c. ISSN 1359-7345. PMID 18622436. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=b807929c. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ren, Jiawen; Yu, Ao; Peng, Ping; Lefler, Matthew; Li, Fang-Fang; Licht, Stuart (2019-11-19). "Recent Advances in Solar Thermal Electrochemical Process (STEP) for Carbon Neutral Products and High Value Nanocarbons" (in en). Accounts of Chemical Research 52 (11): 3177–3187. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00405. ISSN 0001-4842. PMID 31697061. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00405. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chen, Yifu; Liu, Hengzhou; Ha, Nguon; Licht, Stuart; Gu, Shuang; Li, Wenzhen (2020-10-26). "Revealing nitrogen-containing species in commercial catalysts used for ammonia electrosynthesis" (in en). Nature Catalysis 3 (12): 1055–1061. doi:10.1038/s41929-020-00527-4. ISSN 2520-1158. Bibcode: 2020NatCa...3.1055C. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41929-020-00527-4. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Licht, Stuart (2009-09-10). "STEP (Solar Thermal Electrochemical Photo) Generation of Energetic Molecules: A Solar Chemical Process to End Anthropogenic Global Warming". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113 (36): 16283–16292. doi:10.1021/jp9044644. ISSN 1932-7447. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Li, Fang-Fang; Lau, Jason; Licht, Stuart (November 2015). "Sungas Instead of Syngas: Efficient Coproduction of CO and H 2 with a Single Beam of Sunlight" (in en). Advanced Science 2 (11). doi:10.1002/advs.201500260. ISSN 2198-3844. PMID 27774376. Bibcode: 2015AdvSc...200260L. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Licht, Gad; Hofstetter, Kyle; Wang, Xirui; Licht, Stuart (2024-09-18). "A new electrolyte for molten carbonate decarbonization" (in en). Communications Chemistry 7 (1): 211. doi:10.1038/s42004-024-01306-z. ISSN 2399-3669. PMID 39289484. Bibcode: 2024CmChe...7..211L. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Stuart Licht". 7 August 2014. https://theconversation.com/profiles/stuart-licht-134155. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Wrighton, Mark S.; Licht, Stuart (1988). "Microelectrodes and Their Use in Photochemistry and Electrochemistry". Journal of the American Chemical Society 112 (12): 4677–4682. doi:10.1021/ja00167a010. 
  15. ↑ Licht, Stuart; Cammarata, Vince; Wrighton, Mark S. (1989-03-03). "Time and Spatial Dependence of the Concentration of Less Than 10 5 Microelectrode-Generated Molecules" (in en). Science 243 (4895): 1176–1178. doi:10.1126/science.243.4895.1176. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17799898. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.243.4895.1176. 
  16. ↑ Radin, Rick (28 October 2002). "Technion team helping to make hydrogen fuel cells work in cars". https://www.israel21c.org/technion-team-helping-to-make-hydrogen-fuel-cells-work-in-cars/. 
  17. ↑ "Stuart Licht: "Powering Tomorrow Towards a Sustainable Energy Future"". https://energy.umd.edu/news/story/stuart-licht-powering-tomorrow-towards-a-sustainable-energy-future. 
  18. ↑ "Researcher Nabs $1.7 Million to Study 'Solar Cement' | GW Today | The George Washington University". https://gwtoday.gwu.edu/researcher-nabs-17-million-study-solar-cement. 
  19. ↑ "Licht, Stuart | Department of Chemistry | Columbian College of Arts & Sciences" (in en). https://chemistry.columbian.gwu.edu/stuart-licht. 
  20. ↑ "Fellow of The Electrochemical Society". https://www.electrochem.org/fellow. 
  21. ↑ Bard, Allen J., ed (2002). Encyclopedia of electrochemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-30250-5. 
  22. ↑ Licht, Stuart; Myung, Noseung; Sun, Yue (1996-01-01). "A Light Addressable Photoelectrochemical Cyanide Sensor". Analytical Chemistry 68 (6): 954–959. doi:10.1021/ac9507449. ISSN 0003-2700. Bibcode: 1996AnaCh..68..954L. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Licht, Stuart; Wang, Bahoui; Mukerji, Sudeshna; Soga, Tetsuo; Umeno, Masayoshi; Tributsh, Helmuth (July 2001). "Over 18% solar energy conversion to generation of hydrogen fuel; theory and experiment for efficient solar water splitting". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 26 (7): 653–659. doi:10.1016/S0360-3199(00)00133-6. Bibcode: 2001IJHE...26..653L. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319900001336. 
  24. ↑ Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Gad; Licht, Stuart (2025-09-01). "Comparative Analysis of Amine, Lime, and Molten Carbonate Electrolytic CO 2 Carbon Capture". ECS Advances 4 (3): 031002. doi:10.1149/2754-2734/adf56a. ISSN 2754-2734. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2754-2734/adf56a. 
  25. ↑ "Researchers make concrete production carbon neutral". 20 March 2017. https://www.engadget.com/2017-03-20-researchers-make-concrete-production-carbon-neutral.html. 
  26. ↑ "How to Make Electric Vehicles That Actually Reduce Carbon". https://www.labmanager.com/how-to-make-electric-vehicles-that-actually-reduce-carbon-10295. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "A carbon capture strategy that pays". https://www.science.org/content/article/carbon-capture-strategy-pays. 
  28. ↑ American Chemical Society (2015-08-19). Diamonds from the sky' approach turns CO2 into valuable products. Retrieved 2026-01-18 – via YouTube.
  29. ↑ Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Gad; Licht, Stuart (2025-07-25). "New Scalable Electrosynthesis of Distinct High Purity Graphene Nanoallotropes from CO2 Enabled by Transition Metal Nucleation" (in en). Crystals 15 (8): 680. doi:10.3390/cryst15080680. ISSN 2073-4352. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "2018 Class of Fellows". https://www.electrochem.org/234/fellows. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Device ups hydrogen energy from sunlight". Science News. 5 August 2003. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/device-ups-hydrogen-energy-sunlight. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Licht, Stuart; Bard, A. J.; M, Stratmann (2002). Licht, Stuart. ed. Semiconductor Electrodes and Photoelectrochemistry (Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry, Vol. 6 ed.). Wiley-VCH. pp. 317–391. ISBN 978-3-527-30398-4. 
  33. ↑ Licht, Stuart; Licht, Gad (2025-10-06), Ameen, Sadia; Shaheer Akhtar, M.; Kong, Ing, eds., "Perspective Chapter: Molten Electrosynthesis of 2D/3D Graphene Carbon Nano-Allotropes from Carbon Dioxide" (in en), Materials Science (IntechOpen) 17, doi:10.5772/intechopen.1010846, ISBN 978-1-83634-167-3, https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1225897, retrieved 2026-01-18 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Rajeshwar, Krishnan; McConnell, Robert; Licht, Stuart, eds (2008). Solar Hydrogen Generation: Towards a Renewable Energy Future. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-387-72809-4. 
  35. ↑ Licht, Gad; Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Stuart (2024). "Buckypaper made with carbon nanotubes derived from CO 2" (in en). RSC Advances 14 (37): 27187–27195. doi:10.1039/D4RA04358H. ISSN 2046-2069. PMID 39193298. 
  36. ↑ Licht, Gad; Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Stuart (2025). "Intense, self-induced sustainable microwave plasma using carbon nanotubes made from CO 2" (in en). Nanoscale 17 (15): 9279–9296. doi:10.1039/D4NR04097J. ISSN 2040-3364. PMID 39883035. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D4NR04097J. 
  37. ↑ Licht, Gad; Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Stuart (2024). "Polymer composites with carbon nanotubes made from CO 2" (in en). RSC Sustainability 2 (9): 2496–2504. doi:10.1039/D4SU00234B. ISSN 2753-8125. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D4SU00234B. 
  38. ↑ Licht, S.; Liu, X.; Licht, G.; Wang, X.; Swesi, A.; Chan, Y. (December 2019). "Amplified CO2 reduction of greenhouse gas emissions with C2CNT carbon nanotube composites" (in en). Materials Today Sustainability 6. doi:10.1016/j.mtsust.2019.100023. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S258923471930051X. 
  39. ↑ Mack, Eric. "How Science Turns Carbon Dioxide Into Planes, Better Batteries, Much More" (in en). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2015/08/19/science-turns-climate-change-gases-into-planes-better-batteries-much-more/. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Ten Teams From Five Countries Advance To Finals Of $20M NRG". 9 April 2018. https://www.xprize.org/articles/ten-teams-from-five-countries-advance-to-finals-of. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Licht, Stuart. (1985-02-01). "pH Measurement in Concentrated Alkaline Solutions". Analytical Chemistry 57 (2): 514–519. doi:10.1021/ac50001a045. ISSN 0003-2700. Bibcode: 1985AnaCh..57..514L. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Licht, Stuart; Myung, Noseung; Peramupage, Dharmasena (1998-08-01). "Ultrahigh Specific Power Electrochemistry, Exemplified by Al/MnO4- and Cd/AgO Redox Chemistry". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102 (35): 6780–6786. doi:10.1021/jp981048q. ISSN 1520-6106. Bibcode: 1998JPCB..102.6780L. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Licht, S; Levitin, G; Tel-Vered, R; Yarnitzky, C (2000-05-01). "The effect of water on the anodic dissolution of aluminum in non-aqueous electrolytes". Electrochemistry Communications 2 (5): 329–333. doi:10.1016/S1388-2481(00)00034-5. ISSN 1388-2481. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1388248100000345. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Licht, Stuart; Cui, Baochen; Stuart, Jessica; Wang, Baohui; Lau, Jason (2013-11-14). "Molten air – a new, highest energy class of rechargeable batteries" (in en). Energy & Environmental Science 6 (12): 3646–3657. doi:10.1039/C3EE42654H. ISSN 1754-5706. Bibcode: 2013EnEnS...6.3646L. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/ee/c3ee42654h. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Licht, Stuart; Cui, Baochen; Stuart, Jessica; Wang, Baohui; Lau, Jason (2013). "Molten air – a new, highest energy class of rechargeable batteries" (in en). Energy & Environmental Science 6 (12): 3646. doi:10.1039/c3ee42654h. ISSN 1754-5692. Bibcode: 2013EnEnS...6.3646L. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c3ee42654h. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Peramunage, Dharmasena.; Forouzan, Fardad.; Licht, Stuart. (1994-02-01). "Activity and spectroscopic analysis of concentrated solutions of potassium sulfide". Analytical Chemistry 66 (3): 378–383. doi:10.1021/ac00075a011. ISSN 0003-2700. Bibcode: 1994AnaCh..66..378P. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Licht, Stuart (1988-12-01). "Aqueous Solubilities, Solubility Products and Standard Oxidation-Reduction Potentials of the Metal Sulfides". Journal of the Electrochemical Society 135 (12): 2971–2975. doi:10.1149/1.2095471. ISSN 0013-4651. Bibcode: 1988JElS..135.2971L. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2095471. 
  48. ↑ Licht, Stuart (1987-09-01). "An Energetic Medium for Electrochemical Storage Utilizing the High Aqueous Solubility of Potassium Polysulfide". Journal of the Electrochemical Society 134 (9): 2137–2141. doi:10.1149/1.2100838. ISSN 0013-4651. Bibcode: 1987JElS..134.2137L. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2100838. 
  49. ↑ Licht, Stuart; Myung, Noseung; Peramupage, Dharmasena (1998-08-01). "Ultrahigh Specific Power Electrochemistry, Exemplified by Al/MnO4- and Cd/AgO Redox Chemistry". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 102 (35): 6780–6786. doi:10.1021/jp981048q. ISSN 1520-6106. Bibcode: 1998JPCB..102.6780L. 
  50. ↑ Licht, Stuart; De Alwis, Chanaka (2006-06-01). "Conductive-Matrix-Mediated Alkaline Fe(III/VI) Charge Transfer: Three-Electron Storage, Reversible Super-Iron Thin Film Cathodes" (in en). The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110 (25): 12394–12403. doi:10.1021/jp0566055. ISSN 1520-6106. PMID 16800565. Bibcode: 2006JPCB..11012394L. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp0566055. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Stuart Licht". https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=ZgIjxo0AAAAJ&hl=en. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Awarded Scientists". https://www.beckman-foundation.org/awarded-scientists/?page=10&current_inst=&discipline=&award_inst=&award_year=&award_program=Beckman+Young+Investigator. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Stuart LICHT | George Washington University, D.C. | GW | Department of Chemistry | Research profile" (in en). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stuart-Licht. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards Program. EPA.gov
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "BASF announces winners of the open innovation contest on energy storage". https://www.greencarcongress.com/2015/11/20151124-basf.html. 
  56. ↑ Frame, Rowan. "Molten air – a new class of battery" (in en). https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/molten-air-a-new-class-of-battery/6669.article. 
  57. ↑ Forouzan, Fardad; Licht, Stuart (1995-05-01). "Solution-Modified n - GaAs / Aqueous Polyselenide Photoelectrochemistry". Journal of the Electrochemical Society 142 (5): 1539–1545. doi:10.1149/1.2048609. ISSN 0013-4651. Bibcode: 1995JElS..142.1539F. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2048609. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 "Energy Technology Division Research Award". https://www.electrochem.org/etd-research-award. 
  59. ↑ Light, Truman S.; Licht, Stuart L. (1987-10-01). "Conductivity and resistivity of water from the melting to critical point". Analytical Chemistry 59 (19): 2327–2330. doi:10.1021/ac00146a003. ISSN 0003-2700. Bibcode: 1987AnaCh..59.2327L. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00146a003. 
  60. ↑ Licht, Stuart (1985). "pH Measurement in Concentrated Alkaline Solutions". Analytical Chemistry (57): 514-519. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stuart-Licht/publication/231188258_pH_Measurement_in_Concentrated_Alkaline_Solutions/links/65bd1ce234bbff5ba7e9ab15/pH-Measurement-in-Concentrated-Alkaline-Solutions.pdf. 
  61. ↑ Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Gad; Licht, Stuart (2025-09-01). "Comparative Analysis of Amine, Lime, and Molten Carbonate Electrolytic CO 2 Carbon Capture". ECS Advances 4 (3): 031002. doi:10.1149/2754-2734/adf56a. ISSN 2754-2734. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2754-2734/adf56a. 
  62. ↑ Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Gad; Licht, Stuart (2025-09-01). "Large-Scale Electrosynthesis of Carbon Nano-Onions from CO 2 as a Potential Replacement for Carbon Black". ECS Advances 4 (3): 031001. doi:10.1149/2754-2734/adeda4. ISSN 2754-2734. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2754-2734/adeda4. 
  63. ↑ Licht, Gad; Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Stuart (January 2025). "Large-scale electrolytic molten carbonate carbon capture and transformation to carbon nanotubes and other graphene nanocarbons" (in en). Cambridge Prisms: Carbon Technologies 1. doi:10.1017/cat.2025.10007. ISSN 2977-0505. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/cambridge-prisms-carbon-technologies/article/largescale-electrolytic-molten-carbonate-carbon-capture-and-transformation-to-carbon-nanotubes-and-other-graphene-nanocarbons/92DD71F509100225631E8A1E65631CA5. 
  64. ↑ Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Gad; Licht, Stuart (2025-09-01). "Comparative Analysis of Amine, Lime, and Molten Carbonate Electrolytic CO 2 Carbon Capture". ECS Advances 4 (3): 031002. doi:10.1149/2754-2734/adf56a. ISSN 2754-2734. https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2754-2734/adf56a. 
  65. ↑ Licht, Gad; Licht, Stuart (2025-10-14). "Carbon Nanotube Production Pathways: A Review of Chemical Vapor Deposition and Electrochemical CO2 Conversion, Such as C2CNT" (in en). Crystals 15 (10): 887. doi:10.3390/cryst15100887. ISSN 2073-4352. 
  66. ↑ Licht, Gad; Peltier, Ethan; Gee, Simon; Licht, Stuart (2025). "Direct air capture (DAC): molten carbonate direct transformation of airborne CO 2 to durable, useful carbon nanotubes and nano-onions" (in en). RSC Sustainability 3 (3): 1339–1345. doi:10.1039/D4SU00679H. ISSN 2753-8125. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D4SU00679H. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Gad; Licht, Stuart (2025-09-01). "Industrial scaling of molten carbonate electrolytic carbon capture and production of graphene allotropes". DeCarbon 9. doi:10.1016/j.decarb.2025.100122. ISSN 2949-8813. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949881325000253. 
  68. ↑ Licht, Gad; Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Stuart (2025-04-10). "Intense, self-induced sustainable microwave plasma using carbon nanotubes made from CO2" (in en). Nanoscale 17 (15): 9279–9296. doi:10.1039/D4NR04097J. ISSN 2040-3372. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/nr/d4nr04097j. 
  69. ↑ Licht, Gad; Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Stuart (2025-04-10). "Intense, self-induced sustainable microwave plasma using carbon nanotubes made from CO2" (in en). Nanoscale 17 (15): 9279–9296. doi:10.1039/D4NR04097J. ISSN 2040-3372. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2025/nr/d4nr04097j. 
  70. ↑ Licht, Gad; Hofstetter, Kyle; Licht, Stuart (2025). "Intense, self-induced sustainable microwave plasma using carbon nanotubes made from CO 2" (in en). Nanoscale 17 (15): 9279–9296. doi:10.1039/D4NR04097J. ISSN 2040-3364. PMID 39883035. https://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D4NR04097J. 
  71. ↑ "BASF announces winners of the open innovation contest on energy storage". https://www.basf.com/global/en/media/news-releases/2015/11/p-15-410. 
  72. ↑ "2016 Hillebrand Prize Awarded to Dr. Stuart Licht, GWU – Chemical Society of Washington". Chemical Society of Washington. 16 March 2017. https://capitalchemist.org/2017/03/2016-hillebrand-prize-awarded-to-dr-stuart-licht-gwu/. 
  73. ↑ "2019 GW OVPR Faculty Award Recipients". https://research.gwu.edu/2019-gw-ovpr-faculty-award-recipients. 
  74. ↑ "Xprize Announces the Two Winners of $20M NRG Cosia Carbon Xprize, WIth Each Team Creating Valuable Products Out of CO2 Emissions". 19 April 2021. https://www.xprize.org/prizes/carbon/articles/xprize-announces-the-two-winners-of-20m-nrg-cosia-carbon-xprize-with-each-team-creating-valuable-products-out-of-co2-emissions. 

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  1. ↑ Licht, Stuart (2002). "Optimizing Photoelectrochemical Solar Energy Conversion: Multiple Bandgap and Solution Phase Phenomena". in Licht, Stuart (in English). Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry. 6. Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH. pp. 358–393. ISBN 978-3-527-30250-6. 
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