Biography:Timeline of Mary Wollstonecraft

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Half-length portrait of a woman leaning on a desk with a book and an inkstand. She is wearing a blue-striped dress and a gray, curly wig crossed by a white band of cloth.
Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (c. 1791)

The lifetime of British writer, philosopher, and feminist Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) encompassed most of the second half of the eighteenth century, a time of great political and social upheaval throughout Europe and America: political reform movements in Britain gained strength, the American colonists successfully rebelled, and the French revolution erupted. Wollstonecraft experienced only the headiest of these days, not living to see the end of the democratic revolution when Napoleon crowned himself emperor. Although Britain was still revelling in its mid-century imperial conquests and its triumph in the Seven Years' War, it was the French revolution that defined Wollstonecraft's generation. As poet Robert Southey later wrote: "few persons but those who have lived in it can conceive or comprehend what the memory of the French Revolution was, nor what a visionary world seemed to open upon those who were just entering it. Old things seemed passing away, and nothing was dreamt of but the regeneration of the human race."[1]

Part of what made reform possible in Britain in the second half of the eighteenth century was the dramatic increase in publishing; books, periodicals, and pamphlets became much more widely available than they had been just a few decades earlier.[2] This increase in available printed material helped facilitate the rise of the British middle class. Reacting against what they viewed as aristocratic decadence, the new professional middle classes (made prosperous through British manufacturing and trade), offered their own ethical code: reason, meritocracy, self-reliance, religious toleration, free inquiry, free enterprise, and hard work.[3] They set these values against what they perceived as the superstition and unreason of the poor and the prejudices, censorship, and self-indulgence of the rich. They also helped establish what has come to be called the "cult of domesticity", which solidified gender roles for men and women.[4] This new vision of society rested on the writings of Scottish Enlightenment philosophers such as Adam Smith, who had developed a theory of social progress founded on sympathy and sensibility. A partial critique of the rationalist Enlightenment, these theories promoted a combination of reason and feeling that enabled women to enter the public sphere because of their keen moral sense.[5] Wollstonecraft's writings stand at the nexus of all of these changes. Her educational works, such as her children's book Original Stories from Real Life (1788), helped inculcate middle-class values, and her two Vindications, A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790) and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), argue for the value of an educated, rational populace, specifically one that includes women. In her two novels, Mary: A Fiction and Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman, she explores the ramifications of sensibility for women.

The end of the eighteenth century was a time of great hope for progressive reformers such as Wollstonecraft. Like the revolutionary pamphleteer Thomas Paine and others, Wollstonecraft was not content to remain on the sidelines. She sought out intellectual debate at the home of her publisher Joseph Johnson, who gathered leading thinkers and artists for weekly dinners,[6] and she traveled extensively, first to be a part of the French revolution and later to seek a lost treasure ship for her lover in what was then exotic Scandinavia, turning her journey into a travel book, Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark. After two complicated and heart-rending affairs with the artist Henry Fuseli and the American adventurer Gilbert Imlay (with whom she had an illegitimate daughter, Fanny Imlay), Wollstonecraft married the philosopher William Godwin, one of the forefathers of the anarchist movement.[7] Together, they had one daughter: Mary Shelley, the author of Frankenstein. Wollstonecraft died at the age of 38 due to complications from this birth, leaving behind several unfinished manuscripts.[8] Today, she is most often remembered for her political treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Woman and is considered a foundational feminist philosopher.[9]

Timeline

1750s

Year Wollstonecraft Literature History
1756
  • Marriage of Edward John Wollstonecraft (born 1736) and Elizabeth Dickson (born c. 1740) (Wollstonecraft's parents)[10]
  • 3 March – Birth of William Godwin, philosopher and future husband of Mary Wollstonecraft, in Wisbech, Cambridgeshire[11][12]
  • May – Beginning of Seven Years' War[13][14]
1757
  • Birth of Edward (Ned) Wollstonecraft (brother to Mary)[10]
A painting of a man standing with his back to the viewer. He is atop a mountain and surrounded by clouds and fog. He is dressed in black and contrasts sharply with the whites, pinks, and blues of the atmosphere. In the distance outcroppings of rocks can be seen.
  • Publication of Edmund Burke's treatise A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful[11]
  • 23 June – Indian province of Bengal passes into British control after the Battle of Plassey[14]
1759
  • Publication of Samuel Johnson's novel Rasselas[13]
  • Publication of Voltaire's novel Candide[13]
  • Publication of Adam Smith's treatise The Theory of Moral Sentiments[11]

1760s

Year Wollstonecraft Literature History
1760
  • June – James Macpherson allegedly translates, but himself actually writes, poems by Ossian; published as Fragments of Ancient Poetry collected in the Highlands of Scotland[16]
  • Publication of the first volume of Laurence Sterne's novel Tristram Shandy (1760–1767)[13]
Man dressed in elaborate gold, white, and black coronation robes made of satin and fur.
  • April – Tacky's Slave Revolt in Jamaica[14]
  • 25 October – George III (pictured) ascends to the throne of Britain[13][14]
1761
  • Birth of Henry Woodstock Wollstonecraft (brother to Mary)[10]
1762
Title page reads "Émile, ou de L'Education. Par J. J. Rousseau, Citoyen de Genève....Tome Premier. A La Haye, Chez jean Neaulme, Libraire. M.DCC.LXII...."
  • Publication of Rousseau's treatise Emile[11]
  • Publication of Rousseau's treatise The Social Contract[11]
  • Publication of Lord Kames's treatise Elements of Criticism[16]
1763
  • Birth of Elizabeth (Eliza) Wollstonecraft (sister to Mary)[10]
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Epping Forest[17]
  • February – Seven Years' War ends with the Treaty of Paris[11][14]
  • April – Radical journalist John Wilkes is arrested for criticizing George III[14]
1765
  • Birth of Everina (Averina) Wollstonecraft (sister to Mary)[10]
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Barking[17]
  • Publication of Johnson's collected works of Shakespeare[13]
  • Publication of Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto, widely considered the first Gothic novel[11]
  • Publication of William Blackstone's treatise Commentaries on the Laws of England[16]
  • March – Riots erupt in American colonies after the British parliament levies the stamp tax[14]
1766
  • Publication of Rousseau's autobiography, Confessions[11]
  • Publication of Oliver Goldsmith's novel The Vicar of Wakefield[16]
1768
  • Birth of James Wollstonecraft (brother to Mary)[10]
  • October – The Wollstonecraft family moves to Beverley, Yorkshire[17][18]
  • Wollstonecraft meets Jane Arden, her first intimate friend[17]
A charitable couple giving money to a poor monk.
  • Publication of Laurence Sterne's novel A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy[11]
1769
  • David Garrick's Shakespeare Jubilee celebration at Stratford-on-Avon[11]

1770s

Year Wollstonecraft Literature History
1770
  • Birth of Charles Wollstonecraft (brother to Mary)[10]
  • Publication of Goldsmith's poem The Deserted Village[13]
  • Publication of Part I of Goethe's play Faust[11]
  • January – Frederick, Lord North becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain (1770–1782)[14]
1771
1772
  • December – Publication of Anna Laetitia Barbauld's Poems[16]
  • December – Publication of Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose by Barbauld and her brother, John Aikin[16]
  • 22 June – Slavery is effectively outlawed in England[14]
1773
  • 16 December – American colonists protest British policies by dumping tea into Boston Harbor[14]
1774
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Hoxton[15]
  • Wollstonecraft meets Mr. and Mrs. Clare, who provide a second home for her and educate her[15]
  • Through the Clares, Wollstonecraft first meets Fanny Blood, for whom she will develop deep feelings[15]
  • Publication of Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther[11]
Half-length portrait of a man with a short gray wig and curls over both ears. His cream-colored jacket is decorated with medals and a light blue sash.
  • May – Louis XVI (pictured) ascends to the throne of France[11]
  • Warren Hastings becomes the first Governor-General of India[16]
1775
1776
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Laugharne, Wales[15]
  • Publication of Adam Smith's treatise Wealth of Nations[13]
  • Publication of the first volume of Edward Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1776–1788)[11]
1777
  • The Wollstonecraft family moves to Walworth, London[15]
  • Richard Brinsley Sheridan's play The School for Scandal opens at Drury Lane Theatre[11]
1778
  • Wollstonecraft's first job – paid companion to Mrs. Sarah Dawson in Windsor and Bath[10]
Half-length profile portrait of a woman wearing a bonnet
  • Publication of Frances Burney's novel Evelina[13]
  • Publication of Barbauld's (pictured) reading primer Lessons for Children[11]
1779
  • Publication of Johnson's Lives of the Poets (1779–1781)[13]

1780s

Year Wollstonecraft Literature History
1780
  • Wollstonecraft's parents and younger siblings move to Enfield[17]
  • 2–11 June – Gordon Riots in London, protesting the Catholic Relief Act[13][14]
  • Major John Cartwright founds the radical Society for Constitutional Information[11]
1781
  • Autumn – Wollstonecraft returns home to nurse her ill mother[15][19]
  • Publication of Barbauld's Hymns in Prose for Children[11]
  • 19 October – French and American forces defeat the British at the Battle of Yorktown, effectively ending the American War of Independence[14]
1782
  • 19 April – Wollstonecraft's mother dies[10]
  • Wollstonecraft's father remarries and moves to Wales[15]
  • Wollstonecraft moves to Walham Green to live with Fanny Blood and her family[15]
  • 20 October – Eliza, Wollstonecraft's sister, marries Meredith Bishop[15][20]
Half-length portrait of a woman looking left and away from the viewer. The painting is done in a palette of browns. Her hat, with its elaborate bow, dominates the top third of the painting. She is wearing a cream-colored dress with a rose-colored bow on the front of the bosom.
  • Publication of Burney's (pictured) novel Cecilia[11]
1783
Picture of a model of a hot air balloon, which has a blue background and is decorated with gold.
  • 3 September – Treaty of Versailles signed, formally ending the American Revolution[11]
  • 21 November – The Montgolfier brothers of France launch the first manned hot-air balloon[11][21]
  • December – William Pitt becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain[13][14]
1784
Quarter-length portrait of a man wearing minister's clothes and a wig.
  • At the instigation of Wollstonecraft, Eliza leaves her husband and child (who dies later in the year)[15]
  • Wollstonecraft's school moves from Islington to Newington Green; Eliza, Everina, and Fanny help teach[15]
  • Wollstonecraft becomes friends with the minister Richard Price (pictured)[15]
  • Wollstonecraft meets author Samuel Johnson[15]
  • Pitt's India Act gives the British Crown the power to guide Indian politics (as opposed to officers of the East India Company)[16]
1785
  • February – Fanny Blood marries Hugh Skeys in Lisbon[10]
  • Wollstonecraft travels to Lisbon[10]
  • November – Fanny gives birth to a child and dies shortly thereafter[10]
  • December – Wollstonecraft returns to London[10]
  • Publication of William Cowper's poem The Task[13]
1786
  • Wollstonecraft's school in Newington Green fails due to financial difficulties[15]
  • August – Wollstonecraft's third job – governess to the Anglo-Irish Kingsborough family[10][22]
  • Wollstonecraft begins work on her conduct book, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters[15]
  • December – Shays' Rebellion (December 1786 – January 1787)[11]
  • Beginning of impeachment proceedings against Warren Hastings, Governor-General of India[16]
1787
Page reads "THOUGHTS ON THE EDUCATION OF DAUGHTERS. THE NURSERY. As I conceive it to be the duty of every rational creature to attend to its offspring, I am sorry to observe, that reason and duty together have not so powerful an influence over human"
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's first book, Thoughts on the Education of Daughters (pictured) by Joseph Johnson[10]
  • Wollstonecraft travels with the Kingsboroughs to Bristol where she writes her first novel, Mary: A Fiction, and the fragment "Cave of Fancy"[15]
  • August – Wollstonecraft is dismissed from her governess position by Lady Kingsborough[10]
  • Wollstonecraft returns to London[10]
  • Wollstonecraft's fourth job – translator, reader, reviewer, and editorial assistant for Joseph Johnson and Thomas Christie's Analytical Review[15]
  • Through Johnson, Wollstonecraft meets political reformer Thomas Holcroft, artist and writer Henry Fuseli, radical Joel Barlow, linguist and reformer John Horne Tooke, and writer Anna Laetitia Barbauld[15]
  • 13 May – First fleet of convicts sails to penal colony in Australia from Britain[14]
  • 22 May – Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade is formed in Britain[14]
1788
  • May – Analytical Review begins publication[16]
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's first novel, Mary: A Fiction, by Johnson[10]
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's children's book, Original Stories from Real Life, by Johnson[10]
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's translation of Jacques Necker's Of the Importance of Religious Opinions by Johnson[10]
  • 1 January – First edition of The Times of London is published[14]
  • Publication of Charlotte Smith's novel Emmeline[16]
  • November – Beginning of the Regency Crisis, caused by George III's madness[14]
1789
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's anthology, The Female Reader, by Johnson (published under the pseudonym of Mr. Cresswick)[15]
  • Wollstonecraft becomes romantically involved with the artist and writer Henry Fuseli[17]
  • 29 April – Publication of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, an autobiography by a former slave
  • Publication of William Blake's poems Songs of Innocence[23]
On the left-hand side of the painting, a building with towers is being attacked and is bathed in flames. On the right-hand side, black smoke billows around. At the base of the piece, small people are fighting and destroying the building brick by brick.
  • 20 June – Tennis Court Oath taken by the French National Assembly[16]
  • 14 July – Storming of the Bastille in Paris (pictured)[14][15]
  • 26 August – The French Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen[11][24]
  • 5–6 October – "October days"; Parisian women, unable to buy bread, march to Versailles and bring the royal family back to Paris[11]
  • 4 November – Richard Price gives his sermon "A Discourse on the Love of Our Country" at a meeting of the London Revolution Society, to which Burke would respond a year later, igniting the Revolution Controversy in Britain[11]
  • December – End of the Regency Crisis (George III recovers)[14][23]

1790s

Year Wollstonecraft Literature History
1790
Title page reads "A Vindication of the Rights of Men, in a Letter to the Right Honourable Edmund Burke; Occasioned by His Reflections on the Revolution in France. By Mary Wollstonecraft. The Second Edition. London: Printed for J. Johnson, No. 72, St. Paul's Church-Yard. M.DCC.XC."
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's translation of Maria Geertruida van de Werken de Cambon's Young Grandison by Johnson[10]
  • Publication of Wollstonecraft's translation of Christian Gotthilf Salzmann's Elements of Morality, for the Use of Children, illustrated by William Blake, by Johnson[10]
  • 29 November – Publication of the first edition Wollstonecraft's treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Men by Johnson (anonymous)[15]
  • 18 December – Publication of the second edition of A Vindication of the Rights of Men, with Wollstonecraft's name on the title page, by Johnson (pictured)[15]
  • Wollstonecraft temporarily adopts Ann, a seven-year-old relative of Hugh Skeys (Fanny Blood's husband)[10]
1791
  • 1 September – Publication of the second edition of Wollstonecraft's Original Stories from Real Life, with illustrations by William Blake, by Johnson[15]
    [11]
  • September – Wollstonecraft begins writing A Vindication of the Rights of Woman[10]
  • November – Wollstonecraft first meets William Godwin at one of Johnson's famous dinners; they dislike each other[15]
  • Wollstonecraft has her portrait painted by John Opie (see top of page)[25]
Half=length portrait of a man turned towards the left and looking inquiringly out towards the viewer. He is wearing a dark red velvet jacket and a white shirt and there are papers next to him.
  • February–March – Publication of Part I of Thomas Paine's (pictured) pamphlet Rights of Man[11][23]
  • Publication of Elizabeth Inchbald's novel A Simple Story[23]
  • Publication of James Boswell's Life of Johnson[23]
  • Publication of Ann Radcliffe's novel The Romance of the Forest[11]
  • Publication of Erasmus Darwin's poems The Botanic Garden[16]
  • Publication of Smith's novel Celestina[16]
  • 19 April – The British parliament rejects William Wilberforce's bill to abolish the slave trade[14]
  • 14–17 July – Priestley Riots; rioting aimed at religious Dissenters in Birmingham[23]
  • August – 100,000 slaves and ex-slaves revolt against planters and the local government in French-controlled San Domingo, the wealthiest colony of the West Indies and main source of sugar and coffee in Europe[16]
1792
Title page reads "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: with Strictures on Political and Moral Subjects. By Mary Wollstonecraft. London: Printed for J. Johnson, No. 72, St. Paul's church-Yard. 1792."
  • January – Publication of Wollstonecraft's treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Woman by Johnson[10]
  • February – Wollstonecraft meets Talleyrand, to whom she dedicated the Rights of Woman[10]
  • Wollstonecraft falls in love with Henry Fuseli[15]
  • Wollstonecraft, Fuseli, and his wife come to an emotional crisis[10]
  • December – Wollstonecraft leaves for Paris[10]
  • Wollstonecraft meets revolutionary Thomas Paine and writer Helen Maria Williams in Paris[15]
  • Commissioned by friend and artist William Roscoe, Wollstonecraft's portrait is painted by an unknown artist[15][26]
  • Publication of Robert Bage's novel Man As He Is[23]
  • Publication of Hannah More's pamphlet Village Politics[23]
  • Publication of Smith's novel Desmond[16]
  • 25 January – The London Corresponding Society (1792 – 1794) formed under the leadership of Thomas Hardy[11][14][23]
  • 7 March – Sierra Leone is established under British rule as a home for former slaves[14]
  • 10 August – Attack on the Tuileries Palace leads to the deposition of Louis XVI and the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly[11]
  • 2–6 September – "September Massacres"; 12,000 political prisoners murdered in France[16]
  • 21 September – Newly elected National Convention abolishes the monarchy and officially declares France a Republic[11]
  • 20 November – John Reeves founds the Association for Preserving Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers in Britain in response to the French Revolution and the London Corresponding Society[16]
  • 18 December – Paine is found guilty of seditious libel for the Rights of Man and sentenced to death in Britain[11]
1793
  • Wollstonecraft meets and falls in love with American adventurer Gilbert Imlay in France[10]
  • Wollstonecraft registers as Imlay's wife at the United States embassy in France for protection during the Reign of Terror[10]
  • June – Wollstonecraft moves from Paris to Neuilly to escape the revolutionary violence[15]
  • September – Wollstonecraft, now pregnant, returns to Paris[15]
  • 14 February – Publication of Godwin's treatise Political Justice[11][23]
  • Publication of Smith's novel The Old Manor House[16]
Three-quarter length portrait of a woman holding a book on a green velvet pillow. She is wearing a red and gold velvet dress adorned with a thin, white organza around the bosom and a gray wig, also adorned by thin, white material.
  • 21 January – Execution of Louis XVI[15]
  • 1 February – France declares war on England[15]
  • 11 March – Civil war erupts in France with the revolt in the Vendée[16]
  • July – Beginning of the Reign of Terror in France[11]
  • 16 October – Execution of Marie Antoinette (pictured)[15]
1794
  • January – Wollstonecraft moves to Le Havre, France[15]
  • 14 May – Birth of Wollstonecraft and Imlay's daughter, Fanny Imlay, in Le Havre[10]
  • Imlay returns to England, leaving Wollstonecraft and their daughter alone[15]
  • December – Publication of Wollstonecraft's An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution in London[15]
1795
  • April – Wollstonecraft returns to London to join Imlay and learns of his infidelity[15]
  • May – Wollstonecraft's first suicide attempt; she is saved by Imlay[15]
  • June–September – Wollstonecraft journeys to Scandinavia on business for Imlay[10]
  • October – Wollstonecraft's second suicide attempt; she jumps off Putney Bridge into the River Thames and is saved by strangers[15]
Oil painting of a woman sitting in a striped chair. She is wearing a dark-colored dress, with a shawl, contrasted with her tight, white cap and collar. Next to her is a table with writing instruments.
  • Hannah More begins publishing the Cheap Repository Tracts to counteract radical publications[16]
  • 29 October – On the way to parliament, George III is attacked by a hungry mob[11]
  • 18 December – Seditious Meetings Act and Treasonable Practices Act passed (also known as the "Two Acts" or the "Gagging Acts")[11][23]
  • Methodists secede from the Church of England[23]
  • The Famine Year[11][16]
1796
  • January – Publication of Wollstonecraft's Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark by Johnson[10]
  • 21 August – Wollstonecraft begins affair with William Godwin[10][11]
  • Wollstonecraft starts to write Maria: or, The Wrongs of Woman[15]
  • Publication of Bage's novel Hermsprong[23]
  • Publication of Mary Hays's novel Memoirs of Emma Courtney[23]
  • Publication of Barbauld and Aikin's children's series Evenings at Home[11]
  • Publication of Burney's novel Camilla[11]
  • Publication of Matthew Lewis's novel The Monk[16]
  • December – Failed French landing at Bantry Bay, West Cork, Ireland[23]
  • Failure of peace negotiations between Britain and France[23]
1797
Left-looking portrait of a slightly pregnant woman in a white dress
  • John Opie paints Wollstonecraft's portrait (at right)[15]
  • 29 March – Wollstonecraft and Godwin marry; they lose friends because it is revealed that Wollstonecraft was never married to Imlay[15]
  • 30 August – Birth of Wollstonecraft and Godwin's daughter, Mary Shelley, future author of Frankenstein[10]
  • 10 September – Death of Mary Wollstonecraft from complications in childbirth[10]
  • 20 November – Publication of the first issue of the ministerial journal, the Anti-Jacobin Review[11]
  • Publication of Godwin's The Enquirer[23]
  • Publication of Radcliffe's novel The Italian[11]
  • February – Bank of England suspends cash payments[16]
  • April–June – Naval mutinies occur at Spithead and the Nore[14]
  • Failure of French landing in Wales[23]
1798
Half-length profile portrait of a man. His dark clothing blends into the background and his white face is in stark contrast.
  • Publication of Posthumous Works of the Author of a Vindication of the Rights of Woman, edited by Godwin (pictured)[10]
  • Publication of Godwin's Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, the first biography of Wollstonecraft; Godwin's openness regarding her love affairs destroyed her reputation for a century[15]
  • 26 May – Society of United Irishmen rebel against British rule in Ireland[14]
  • August–September – French landing in Ireland[23]
  • 1 August – Horatio Nelson's victory at the Battle of the Nile[23][27]
  • Joseph Johnson and Gilbert Wakefield are imprisoned for seditious libel[11]

See also

  • Timeline of the French Revolution

References

  1. ↑ Southey, Robert. The Correspondence of Robert Southey with Caroline Bowles, ed. Edward Dowden. Norton Anthology of English Literature: Norton Topics Online. Retrieved 27 August 2007.
  2. ↑ Kelly, Gary. English Fiction of the Romantic Period, 1789–1830. London: Longman (1989), 2.
  3. ↑ Kelly, 10.
  4. ↑ Kelly, 10-11.
  5. ↑ Kelly, 13.
  6. ↑ Todd, Janet. Mary Wollstonecraft: A Revolutionary Life. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2000), 152-53
  7. ↑ Todd, 417ff.
  8. ↑ Todd, 452ff.
  9. ↑ Kaplan, Cora. "Mary Wollstonecraft's reception and legacies". The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft. Ed. Claudia L. Johnson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2002).
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 10.20 10.21 10.22 10.23 10.24 10.25 10.26 10.27 10.28 10.29 10.30 10.31 10.32 10.33 10.34 10.35 10.36 10.37 10.38 "Mary Wollstonecraft: A Brief Chronology". The Vindications: The Rights of Men and The Rights of Woman. Eds. D. L. Macdonald and Kathleen Sherf. Peterborough: Broadview Press (1997).
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27 11.28 11.29 11.30 11.31 11.32 11.33 11.34 11.35 11.36 11.37 11.38 11.39 11.40 11.41 11.42 11.43 11.44 11.45 11.46 11.47 11.48 11.49 11.50 11.51 11.52 11.53 Lynch, Jack. Eighteenth–century Chronology. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
  12. ↑ "William Godwin: A Brief Chronology". Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Eds. Pamela Clemit and Gina Luria Walker. Peterborough: Broadview Press (2001).
  13. ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 "Timeline". The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century. 7th ed. New York: W. W. Norton and Co. (2000).
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.25 14.26 BBC British History Timeline. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 15.23 15.24 15.25 15.26 15.27 15.28 15.29 15.30 15.31 15.32 15.33 15.34 15.35 15.36 15.37 15.38 15.39 15.40 15.41 15.42 15.43 15.44 15.45 "Mary Wollstonecraft: A Brief Chronology". The Cambridge Companion to Mary Wollstonecraft. Ed. Claudia L. Johnson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2002).
  16. ↑ 16.00 16.01 16.02 16.03 16.04 16.05 16.06 16.07 16.08 16.09 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 16.17 16.18 16.19 16.20 16.21 16.22 16.23 16.24 16.25 Mandell, Laura; Alan Liu (5 August 2007). "Romantic Chronology". Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110720073931/http://english.ucsb.edu:591/rchrono/default.htm. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 Taylor, Barbara. "Chronology". Mary Wollstonecraft and the Feminist Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (2003).
  18. ↑ Todd, 8.
  19. ↑ Todd, 39.
  20. ↑ Todd, 43.
  21. ↑ Balloons (1700–1900). ALLSTAR. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
  22. ↑ Todd, 79.
  23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 23.14 23.15 23.16 23.17 23.18 23.19 23.20 23.21 23.22 23.23 23.24 23.25 23.26 Kelly, Gary. "Chronology". English Fiction of the Romantic Period, 1789–1830. London: Longman (1989).
  24. ↑ Declaration of the Rights of Man. Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
  25. ↑ Todd, 155.
  26. ↑ Todd, 266a.
  27. ↑ "French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 6 August 2007.

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