Biology:Agonimia

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Agonimia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Verrucariaceae. These lichens typically form crusts made of tiny grain-like clumps or small scale-like fragments on tree bark and rocks, with some species developing delicate leaf-like structures up to 5 mm across. The genus includes about 22 species found worldwide, characterized by their black flask-shaped reproductive structures and distinctive brick-patterned ascospores.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the lichenologist Alexander Zahlbruckner in 1909, with Agonimia tristicula assigned as the type species. Zahlbruckner characterized the genus by its squamulose thallus lacking rhizines, pyrenocarpic apothecia with a terminal pore, and large muriform spores that are brownish to dark brown. He noted the genus was closely related to Endocarpon but distinguished it primarily by the absence of hymenial algae and differences in the thallus structure.[1]

Description

Species of Agonimia grow as a crust that clings tightly to bark or rock. In most taxa this crust is built from tiny, grain-like clumps of algae and fungus ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]), but some develop minute scale-like lobes ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) or even coral-like branches; one outlier forms delicate, leaf-like [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] up to 5 mm across. Where squamules are present their outer cells unite into a thin, skin-like layer (a [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) that may be tinged brown and often bears one or more small warts ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]). In an extraordinary species these papillae stretch and fuse into stiff bristles. The thallus lacks the dead, protective [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] film common in many lichens, except for a single species in which the outer cells collapse to leave a refractive crust. Squamules are usually fragile and crumble into powdery [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] or irregular fragments that serve as asexual propagules; some species also shed [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]—minute buds that break away—or produce structures resembling isidia or soredia. A distinct [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (a hyphal fringe at the margin) is absent or inconspicuous. The photosynthetic partner is a green algal cell of the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] type, measuring roughly 4–13 × 3.5–7.5 μm.[2]

Fruiting bodies are flask-shaped perithecia that appear black, or grey-brown if overlain by a thin unpigmented film, and sit between the squamules or grains. Each perithecium is nearly spherical to barrel-shaped; the usual dark cap ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) is missing, so its wall ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) grades seamlessly outward. That wall is thick and stratified: a pigmented outer zone of rounded cells, a middle layer of similar but colourless tissue, and an inner layer of compressed, clear cells. The brown pigments turn grey-brown, reddish-brown, or greenish in potassium hydroxide solution. Within, the hymenial gel stains weakly with iodine—red in strong solution, blue in dilute—a property termed hemiamyloid. Only short ostiolar threads ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] and [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) line the neck; the longer interascal filaments found in many lichens are absent. The asci open by splitting their walls ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]), contain either two or eight spores, and show no iodine reaction. The ascospores are colourless, divided by multiple cross-walls (septa) into a brickwork pattern ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]), and may brown slightly when over-mature. Asexual reproductive bodies (pycnidial conidiomata) are rare; when present they release rod-shaped, colourless conidia. Thin-layer chromatography has so far failed to detect any secondary metabolites.[2]

Species

As of June 2025, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 22 species of Agonimia:[3]

  • Agonimia abscondita P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2018)[4] – Australia
  • Agonimia allobata (Stizenb.) P.James (1992)
  • Agonimia ascendens S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2018)[5]
  • Agonimia blumii S.Y.Kondr. (2015)[6]
  • Agonimia borysthenica Dymytrova, Breuss & S.Y.Kondr. (2011)[7] – Ukraine
  • Agonimia bryophilopsis (Vain.) Hafellner (2018)
  • Agonimia cavernicola S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2015)[8]
  • Agonimia deguchii H.Harada (2013)[9] – Japan
  • Agonimia flabelliformis J.P.Halda, Czarnota & Guzow-Krzem. (2011)[10] – Europe
  • Agonimia foliacea (P.M.Jørg.) Lücking & B.Moncada (2017)
  • Agonimia gelatinosa (Ach.) M.Brand & Diederich (1999)
  • Agonimia globulifera M.Brand & Diederich (1999)[11] – Europe
  • Agonimia koreana Kashiw. & K.H.Moon (2008)[12]
  • Agonimia loekoesii S.Y.Kondr., J.P.Halda & Hur (2016)[13]
  • Agonimia octospora Coppins & P.James (1978)[14]
  • Agonimia opuntiella (Buschardt & Poelt) Vězda (1997)
  • Agonimia repleta Czarnota & Coppins (2000)[15] – Europe
  • Agonimia sunchonensis S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2018)[5] – South Korea
  • Agonimia tenuiloba Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2013)[16] – Brazil
  • Agonimia tristicula (Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1909)
  • Agonimia vouauxii (B.de Lesd.) M.Brand & Diederich (1999)
  • Agonimia yongsangensis S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2018)[5] – South Korea

References

  1. ↑ Zahlbruckner, A. (1909). "Vorarbeiten zu einer Flechtenflora Dalmatiens" (in de). Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift 59 (9): 349–354. doi:10.1007/BF01663391. Bibcode: 1909PSyEv..59..349Z. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28675833. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Orange, A.; Cannon, P.; Prieto, M.; Coppins, B.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2023). Verrucariales: Verrucariaceae, including the genera Agonimia, Atla, Bagliettoa, Catapyrenium, Dermatocarpon, Endocarpon, Henrica, Heteroplacidium, Hydropunctaria, Involucropyrenium, Merismatium, Nesothele, Normandina, Parabagliettoa, Placidopsis, Placidium, Placopyrenium, Polyblastia, Psoroglaena, Sporodictyon, Staurothele, Thelidium, Trimmatothele, Verrucaria, Verrucula, Verruculopsis and Wahlenbergiella. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 31. British Lichen Society. p. 17. https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Verrucariaceae_1.pdf. open access
  3. ↑ "Agonimia". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/QV3. 
  4. ↑ McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2018). "Agonimia abscondita sp. nov. (lichenized Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae) from New South Wales, Australia". Australasian Lichenology 83: 18–21. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Farkas, E.; Upreti, D.K.; Thell, A.; Woo, J.-J.; Oh, S.-O. et al. (2018). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 7". Acta Botanica Hungarica 60 (1–2): 115–184. doi:10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.8. http://real.mtak.hu/79025/1/034.60.2018.1-2.8.pdf. 
  6. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y. (2015). "Agonimia blumii sp. nov. (Verrucariales, Lichen-Forming Ascomycota), a new taxon from Eastern Asia". Ukrainian Botanical Journal 72 (3): 246–251. doi:10.15407/ukrbotj72.03.246. 
  7. ↑ Dymytrova, L.V.; Breuss, O.; Kondratyuk, S.Y. (2011). "Agonimia borysthenica, a new lichen species (Verrucariales) from Ukraine". Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde 20: 25–28. 
  8. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Farkas, E.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2015). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 2". Acta Botanica Hungarica 57 (1–2): 77–141. doi:10.1556/abot.57.2015.1-2.10. 
  9. ↑ Harada, H. (2013). "Agonimia deguchii (lichenized Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae), a new saxicolous species from central Japan". Hikobia 16: 307–310. 
  10. ↑ Guzow-Krzeminska, B.; Halda, J.P.; Czarnota, P. (2012). "A new Agonimia with flabelliform thallus from Europe". The Lichenologist 44 (1): 55–66. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000600. 
  11. ↑ Sérusiaux, E.; Diederich, P.; Brand, A.M.; Boom, P. (1999). "New or interesting lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Belgium and Luxembourg. VIII". Lejeunia 162: 8. 
  12. ↑ Kashiwadani. 2008. Lichenes Minus Cogniti Exsiccati, Fasc. 15. :no. 351-no. 375
  13. ↑ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Haji Moniri, M.; Farkas, E.; Park, J. S.; Lee, B.G.; Oh, S.-O. et al. (2016). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 4". Acta Botanica Hungarica 58 (1–2): 75–136. doi:10.1556/034.58.2016.1-2.4. http://real.mtak.hu/35666/1/034.58.2016.1-2.4.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Coppins, B.J.; James, P. W. (1978). "New or Interesting British Lichens II". The Lichenologist 10 (2): 179–207. doi:10.1017/s0024282978000298. Bibcode: 1978ThLic..10..179C. 
  15. ↑ Czarnota, P.; Coppins, B.J. (2000). "A new species of Agonimia and some interesting lichens from Gorce Mts (Western Beskidy Mts) new to Poland". Graphis Scripta 11: 56–60. 
  16. ↑ Aptroot, A.; Cáceres, M.E.S.C. (2013). "Pyrenocarpous lichens (except Trypetheliaceae) in Rondônia". The Lichenologist 45 (6): 763–785. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000534. Bibcode: 2013ThLic..45..763A. 
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Wikidata ☰ Q4693405 entry



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