Biology:Archiacanthocephala

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Archiacanthocephala is a class within the phylum of Acanthocephala.[1] They are parasitic worms that attach themselves to the intestinal wall of terrestrial vertebrates, including humans. They are characterised by the body wall and the lemnisci (which are a bundle of sensory nerve fibers), which have nuclei that divide without spindle formation, or the appearance of chromosomes, or it has a few amoebae-like giant nuclei.[clarification needed] Typically, there are eight separate cement glands in the male, which is one of the few ways to distinguish the dorsal and ventral sides of these organisms.

Taxonomy

Genetic data are not available for the genus Apororhynchus in public databases, and Apororhynchus has not been included in phylogenetic analyses thus far due to insufficiency of morphological data. However, the lack of features such as an absence of a muscle plate, a midventral longitudinal muscle, lateral receptacle flexors, and an apical sensory organ when compared to the other three orders of class Archiacanthocephala indicate it is an early offshoot (basal).[2]

Archiacanthocephala
Archiacanthocephala
Oligacanthorhynchidae
 

Macracanthorhynchus ingens

 
 

Oncicola venezuelensis

 
 
 
Moniliformidae

Moniliformis moniliformis

 
Gigantorhynchida
 

Mediorhynchus sp.

 
 

Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus

 
 
 
 
Phylogenetic reconstruction for select species in the class Archiacanthocephala[3]

Description

All species in the class Archiacanthocephala are terrestrial and use terrestrial insects and myriapods as intermediate hosts and predatory birds and mammals as a primary host.[4] They attach themselves to the intestinal wall using a hook covered proboscis. The worms are also characterised by the body wall and the lemnisci (which are a bundle of sensory nerve fibers),[5] which have nuclei that divide without spindle formation or the appearance of chromosomes or it has a few amoebae-like giant nuclei.[3]

Orders

There are four orders in the class Archiacanthocephala:

The order Apororhynchida contains only one family, Apororhynchidae, and one genus Apororhynchus which contains six species.[6] The type species is A. hemignathi (Shipley, 1896).[7] A lack of features commonly found in the phylum Acanthocephala (primarily musculature) suggests an evolutionary branching from the other three orders of class Archiacanthocephala;[2] however no genetic analysis has been completed to determine the evolutionary relationship between species.[8] The distinguishing features of this order among archiacanthocephalans is a highly enlarged proboscis which contain small hooks. The musculature around the proboscis (the proboscis receptacle and receptacle protrusor) is also structured differently in this order.[2] The six species are distributed globally, being collected sporadically in Hawaii, Europe, North America, South America, and Asia.[7] These worms exclusively parasitize birds by attaching themselves around the cloaca using their hook-covered proboscis.[9] The bird hosts are of different orders, including owls,[10] waders,[9] and passerines.[11] Infestation by an Apororhynchus species may cause enteritis and anemia.[12]

See also

  • List of parasites (human)

References

  1. ↑ Crompton, David William Thomasson; Nickol, Brent B. (1985). Biology of the Acanthocephala. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-521-24674-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=GPY8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA31. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Herlyn, H. (2017). "Organization and evolution of the proboscis musculature in avian parasites of the genus Apororhynchus (Acanthocephala: Apororhynchida)". Parasitology Research 116 (7): 1801–1810. doi:10.1007/s00436-017-5440-z. PMID 28488043. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nascimento Gomes, Ana Paula; Cesário, Clarice Silva; Olifiers, Natalie; de Cassia Bianchi, Rita; Maldonado, Arnaldo; Vilela, Roberto do Val (December 2019). "New morphological and genetic data of Gigantorhynchus echinodiscus (Diesing, 1851) (Acanthocephala: Archiacanthocephala) in the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 (Pilosa: Myrmecophagidae)". International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 10: 281–288. doi:10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.09.008. PMID 31867208. Bibcode: 2019IJPPW..10..281N. 
  4. ↑ Ribas A; Casanova JC; Poulin R (2006). "Acanthocephalans". in Morand S. Micromammals and macroparasites. From Evolutionary Ecology to Management. Tokyo: Springer–Verlag. pp. 81–90. 
  5. ↑ Herlyn, Holger; Taraschewski, Horst (2017-04-01). "Evolutionary anatomy of the muscular apparatus involved in the anchoring of Acanthocephala to the intestinal wall of their vertebrate hosts" (in en). Parasitology Research 116 (4): 1207–1225. doi:10.1007/s00436-017-5398-x. ISSN 1432-1955. PMID 28233104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-017-5398-x. 
  6. ↑ Omar M. Amin. "Acanthocephala". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268209094. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Amin, O. M. (2013). "Classification of the Acanthocephala". Folia Parasitologica 60 (4): 275. doi:10.14411/fp.2013.031. PMID 24261131. https://folia.paru.cas.cz/pdfs/fol/2013/04/01.pdf. Retrieved 27 September 2019. 
  8. ↑ Schoch, Conrad L; Ciufo, Stacy; Domrachev, Mikhail; Hotton, Carol L; Kannan, Sivakumar; Khovanskaya, Rogneda; Leipe, Detlef; Mcveigh, Richard et al. (2020). "NCBI Taxonomy: a comprehensive update on curation, resources and tools.". Database: The Journal of Biological Databases and Curation. doi:10.1093/database/baaa062. PMID 32761142. PMC 7408187. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=60528. Retrieved April 1, 2024. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Khokhlova, I. G.; Cimbaluk, A. K. (1971). "Acanthocephala of the genus Apororhynchus Shipley, 1899 and a description of A. paulonucleatus n.sp.". KOLOS: 426–431. 
  10. ↑ Sen, J. K. (1975). "On a new species of Apororhynchus Shipley, 1899 (Apororhynchoidea: Apororhynchidae) from India". in Tiwara, K. K.; Srivastava, C. B.. Dr. B. S. Chauhan Commemorative Volume. Orissa, India: Zoological Society of India. pp. 211–213. https://books.google.com/books?id=XVI_AAAAYAAJ. 
  11. ↑ Byrd, Elon E.; Denton, J. Fred (1949). "The Helminth Parasites of Birds. II. A New Species of Acanthocephala from North American Birds". The Journal of Parasitology 35 (4): 391–410. doi:10.2307/3273430. PMID 18133320. 
  12. ↑ "Summary of parasites and diseases known from Hawaiian honeycreepers (subfamily Drepanidinae). Adapted from van Riper and van Riper 1985.". The Cornell Lab of Ornithology. https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/appendix/lanhoo/APP1001764. 

Wikidata ☰ Q138312 entry




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