Biology:Archipolypoda
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Short description: Extinct group of millipedes
| Archipolypoda | |
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| Reconstruction of Acantherpestes major | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Myriapoda |
| Class: | Diplopoda |
| Subclass: | Chilognatha |
| Superorder: | †Archipolypoda Scudder, 1882 |
| Orders | |
| Synonyms | |
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Macrosterni Fritsch, 1899 | |
Cross-section (left) and side view (right) of a Euphoberiid archipolypodan body segment showing prominent tergal spines and two pair of legs.
Archipolypoda is an extinct group of millipedes known from fossils in Europe and North America and containing the earliest known land animals.[1] The Archipolypoda was erected by Scudder (1882)[2] but redefined in 2005 with the description of several new species from Scotland.[3] Distinguishing characteristics include relatively large eyes with densely packed ocelli (sometimes interpreted as compound eyes), and modified leg pairs on the 8th body ring.[3][4] Some species had prominent spines while others had a flattened appearance.[3][5]
Classification
The Archipolypoda as currently recognized consists of four orders,[6] many with monotypic families and genera, as well as five species of uncertain placement (incertae sedis).[3][7]
Archidesmida Wilson & Anderson, 2004
- Archidesmidae Scudder, 1885
- Archidesmus macnicoli Peach, 1882. Lower Devonian, Scotland
- Zanclodesmidae Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005
- Zanclodesmus willetti Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005. Upper Devonian, Quebec, Canada
- Orsadesmus rubecollus Wilson, Daeschler & Desbiens, 2005. Upper Devonian, Pennsylvania, USA
Cowiedesmida Wilson & Anderson, 2004
- Cowiedesmidae Wilson & Anderson, 2004
- Cowiedesmus eroticopodus Wilson & Anderson, 2004. Mid Silurian or Lower Devonian,[8] Scotland.
Euphoberiida Hoffman, 1969
- Euphoberiidae Scudder, 1882. Upper Carboniferous of Europe and North America.
- Acantherpestes Meek & Worthen, 1868
- Euphoberia Meek & Worthen, 1868
- Myriacantherpestes Burke, 1979
Palaeosomatida Hannibal & Krzeminski, 2005. Carboniferous, United Kingdom and Poland [9]
- Palaeosomatidae Hannibal & Krzeminski, 2005
Order incertae sedis
- Albadesmus almondi Wilson & Anderson, 2004 Mid Silurian or Lower Devonian,[8] Scotland
- Anaxeodesmus diambonotus Wilson, 2005 Upper Carboniferous, UK.
- Anthracodesmus macconochiei, Peach, 1899
- Palaeodesmus tuberculata (Brade-Birks, 1923) (=Kampecaris tuberculata) Lower Devonian, Scotland.
- Pneumodesmus newmani Wilson & Anderson, 2004 Mid Silurian or Lower Devonian,[8] Scotland
See also
- Arthropleuridea- Another group of extinct millipedes
- Euthycarcinoidea, a group of enigmatic arthropods that may be ancestral to myriapods
- Colonization of land, major evolutionary stages leading to terrestrial organisms
References
- ↑ Selden, Paul; Helen Read (2008). "The Oldest Land Animals: Silurian Millipedes from Scotland". Bulletin of the British Myriapod & Isopod Group 23: 36–37. http://www.paulselden.net/uploads/7/5/3/2/7532217/seldenread2008.pdf.
- ↑ Scudder, Samuel H. (1882). "Archipolypoda, a Subordinal Type of Spined Myriapods from the Carboniferous Formation". Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History 3 (5): 143. https://books.google.com/books?id=kOUpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Wilson, Heather M.; Anderson, Lyall I. (2004). "Morphology and taxonomy of Paleozoic millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland". Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 169–184. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0169:MATOPM>2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ Sierwald, Petra; Bond, Jason E. (2007). "Current Status of the Myriapod Class Diplopoda (Millipedes): Taxonomic Diversity and Phylogeny". Annual Review of Entomology 52 (1): 401–420. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.111805.090210. PMID 17163800.
- ↑ Wilson, Heather M.; Daeschler, Edward B.; Desbiens, Sylvain (2005). "New Flat-Backed Archipolypodan Millipedes from the Upper Devonian of North America". Journal of Paleontology 79 (4): 738–744. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0738:NFAMFT2.0.CO;2].
- ↑ Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2010). "The geological record and phylogeny of the Myriapoda". Arthropod Structure & Development 39 (2–3): 174–190. doi:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002. PMID 19944188.
- ↑ Wilson, Heather M. (2005). "A new genus of Archipolypodan millipede from the Coseley Lagerstatte, Upper Carboniferous, UK". Palaeontology 48 (5): 1097–1100. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2005.00496.x. Bibcode: 2005Palgy..48.1097W.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Suarez, Stephanie E.; Brookfield, Michael E.; Catlos, Elizabeth J.; Stöckli, Daniel F. (2017-06-28). "A U-Pb zircon age constraint on the oldest-recorded air-breathing land animal" (in en). PLOS ONE 12 (6): e0179262. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179262. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 28658320. Bibcode: 2017PLoSO..1279262S.
- ↑ Hannibal, Joseph T.; Krzeminski, Wieslaw (2005). "A palaeosomatid millipede (Archipolypoda: palaeosomatida) from the Carboniferous (Namurian A) of Silesia, Poland". Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 74 (3): 205–217.
External links
- Archipolypoda- The Virtual Fossil Museum
- Orsadesmus rubecollus, Devonian Times
- Fossil find 'oldest land animal'- BBC News
Wikidata ☰ Q16243060 entry
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