Biology:Benthodytes
Benthodytes is a genus of sea cucumbers in the family Psychropotidae.[1]
Discovery
This group of sea cucumbers was first described by scientists aboard the H.M.S. Challenger during its 1873-1876 voyage.[2] Théel described the genus: "Body more or less depressed, with the anterior part of its brim rather large. Mouth ventral, at a greater distance from the foremost extremity of the body. Anus posterior, dorsal, usually almost terminal. Tentacles (?) twelve to twenty. Pedicels arranged in a single row round the brim of the body and in a double one along the odd ambulacrum. The dorsal surface seldom naked, commonly with a greater or smaller number of retractile or non-retractile, more or less inconsiderable processes, arranged in a single row all along each ambulacrum or in an irregular double row, or scattered over the lateral interambulacrae."[2] Théel also documented the details of species B. typica, B. sanguinolenta, and B. abyssicola.[2]
Anatomy
Among Psychropotidae, Benthodytes (synonym Benthodites) are characterized by "soft retractile tentacles, circum-oral or post-oral papillae and the absence of an unpaired dorsal appendage."[3]
Significance
Several species of Benthodytes are good indicators of the potential impacts of deep-sea mining and have been the subject of multiple studies.[4][5] Identification of distinct species is most often based on photography, since the delicate anatomy of the sea cucumbers is often damaged in the process of sampling.[4] Genome sequencing technology is paving the way for more accurate accounts of the evolution and taxonomy of Benthodytes species, starting with B. rosea and B. typica.[6] Additionally, the mitochondrial genome of B. marianensis has been sequenced and was found to contain a novel gene arrangement among holothurians that could be an adaptation allowing for survival at great depths.[7]
Species
Several species included in the genus Benthodytes have been reclassified using different nomenclature.[8] This list is subject to change as phylogenetic data clarifies the relationships among difficult-to-identify creatures whose soft appendages are often lost in the process of sample collection.[9]
- Benthodytes abyssicola
- Benthodytes gosarsi
- Benthodytes incerta
- Benthodytes lingua
- Benthodytes manuensis
- Benthodytes marianensis
- Benthodytes plana
- Benthodytes sanguinolenta
- Benthodytes sibogae
- Benthodytes superba
- Benthodytes typica
- Benthodytes valdiviae
- Benthodytes violeta
- Benthodytes wolffi
References
- ↑ "Benthodytes". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=123529.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Théel, H. (1882). Report on the Holothuroidea dredged by H.M.S. 'Challenger' during the years 1873-76. Part i. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876. Zoology. 4 (part 13): i-ix, 1-176, pl. 1-46., available online at http://19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Zool-13/htm/doc.htm
- ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Benthodytes Théel, 1882". https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=123529#links.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rodrigues, Nimi; Sharma, Rahul; Nagender Nath, B (2001-01-01). "Impact of benthic disturbance on megafauna in Central Indian Basin" (in en). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. Indian Deep-sea Environment Experiment (INDEX) 48 (16): 3411–3426. doi:10.1016/S0967-0645(01)00049-2. ISSN 0967-0645. Bibcode: 2001DSRII..48.3411R. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967064501000492.
- ↑ Amon, Diva; Ziegler, Amanda; Kremenetskaia, Antonina; Mah, Christopher; Mooi, Rich; O'Hara, Tim; Pawson, David; Roux, Michel et al. (2017). "Megafauna of the UKSRL exploration contract area and eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone in the Pacific Ocean: Echinodermata". Biodiversity Data Journal 5. doi:10.3897/BDJ.5.e11794.
- ↑ Bisol, PM; Costa, R.; Sibuet, M. (1984). "Ecological and genetical survey on two deep-sea holothurians: Benthogone rosea and Benthodytes typical". Marine Ecology Progress Series 15: 275–281. doi:10.3354/meps015275. Bibcode: 1984MEPS...15..275B.
- ↑ Mu, Wendan; Liu, Jun; Zhang, Haibin (2018-11-30). Ruggeri, Paolo. ed. "Complete mitochondrial genome of Benthodytes marianensis (Holothuroidea: Elasipodida: Psychropotidae): Insight into deep sea adaptation in the sea cucumber" (in en). PLOS ONE 13 (11). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208051. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 30500836. Bibcode: 2018PLoSO..1308051M.
- ↑ "WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Benthodytes Théel, 1882". https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=123529#links.
- ↑ Bluhm, Hartmut; Gebruk, Andrej (1999). "Holothuroidea (Echinodermata) of the Peru Basin - Ecological and Taxonomic Remarks Based on Underwater Images" (in en). Marine Ecology 20 (2): 167–195. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0485.1999.00072.x. ISSN 1439-0485. Bibcode: 1999MarEc..20..167B. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1439-0485.1999.00072.x.
Further reading
- Felley, J.D.; Vecchione, M.; Wilson, R.R. (2008). "Small-scale distribution of deep-sea demersal nekton and other megafauna in the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 55 (1–2): 153–160. doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.09.021. Bibcode: 2008DSRII..55..153F.
- Brown, Alastair; Hauton, Chris; Stratmann, Tanja; Sweetman, Andrew; Van Oevelen, Dick; Jones, Daniel O. B. (2018). "Metabolic rates are significantly lower in abyssal Holothuroidea than in shallow-water Holothuroidea". Royal Society Open Science 5 (5). doi:10.1098/rsos.172162. Bibcode: 2018RSOS....572162B.
- Hughes, Sarah Jane Murty; Ruhl, Henry A.; Hawkins, Lawrence E.; Hauton, Chris; Boorman, Ben; Billett, David S. M. (2011). "Deep-sea echinoderm oxygen consumption rates and an interclass comparison of metabolic rates in Asteroidea, Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea and Ophiuroidea". Journal of Experimental Biology 214 (15): 2512–2521. doi:10.1242/jeb.055954. PMID 21753044. Bibcode: 2011JExpB.214.2512H.
Wikidata ☰ Q18384888 entry
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