Biology:Broussaisia
Broussaisia arguta, the kanawao, is a species of perennial flowering plant in the Hydrangea family, Hydrangeaceae, that is endemic to Hawaiʻi. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Broussaisia.[1]
Etymology, Taxonomy and Classification
Brussaisia derives its name from Francois Joseph Victor Broussais, a physiologist from France.[2] Arguta, is a latin epitaph, which in biology, means “sharply toothed”, referring to the serrated margins of the leaf.[3] Another commonly used scientific name is Hydrangea Arguta.[4]
The common Hawaiian name is Kanawao, but it is also referred to as: Pu’aha’nui,[5] Akiahala, Kupuwao, and Pi’ohi’a.[3]
Morphology
It is a dioecious, evergreen plant that either grows as a 1.5–3 meter (4.9–9.8 ft) shrub or a 6 meter (20 ft) tree. The obovate leaves are 10–25 centimeters (3.9–9.8 in) long and 4–9 centimeters (1.6–3.5 in) wide with finely serrated margins[6].
The flowers are arranged in a corymb, with male flowers being slightly longer than female flowers. Fertilized female flowers develop reddish blue berries about 10mm in diameter.[6]
Ecology and Range
Kanawao is a widespread species occurring in mesic and wet forests on all of the main Hawaiian Islands, typically between 305–1829 meters (1000–6000ft.) elevation.[7]
The Orthotylus broussaisia (O. broussaisiae) from Kaua'i feeds on Broussaisia arguta. Although there has been extensive research on Broussaisia arguta, only the Orthotylus broussaisiae species has been found feeding on it.[4]
The leaves of B. arguta provides an advantageous habitat for the Hawaiian Happyface Spider[8] as well as several species of native Hawaiian leafhoppers[9] and several threatened species of endemic land snails.[10] The Po’ouli, declared extinct in 2019 and whose diet consisted of primarily insects and land snails, could be found foraging on B. arguta.[11]
Traditional Uses
The flowers and fruit can be eaten. Medicinally, the fruit was traditionally used to aid in conception and in the treatment of thrush and latent childhood disease. Certain varieties could only be consumed by men, while others could only be consumed by women and children[12].
References
- ↑ Little Jr., Elbert L.; Roger G. Skolmen (1989). "Kanawao". Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (United States Forest Service). https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/gsp/doc/Forestry/Little_Skolmen_CFT/CFT_Broussaisia_arguta.pdf.
- ↑ "Little & Skolmen: Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (1989)". https://cms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Forestry-Publications/Common-Forest-Trees-of-Hawaii.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Native Plants Hawaii - Viewing Plant : Broussaisia arguta". http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Broussaisia_arguta/.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Plants of Hawai'i | Bishop Museum". https://www.plantsofhawaii.org/detail/%7BC0ABE4B0-DDDA-4E90-9E15-C84237375494%7D#.
- ↑ Fosberg, F.R. (1939). Taxonomy of the Hawaiian Genus Broussaisia (Saxifraggaceae). Occasional Papers of Bishop Museum. Vol. XV No. 4. https://hbs.bpbmwebdata.org/pubs-online/pdf/op15-4.pdf
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Little & Skolmen: Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (1989)". https://cms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Forestry-Publications/Common-Forest-Trees-of-Hawaii.
- ↑ "Little & Skolmen: Common Forest Trees of Hawaii (1989)". https://cms.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/Forestry-Publications/Common-Forest-Trees-of-Hawaii.
- ↑ Gillespie, Rosemary G. (1990). "Costs and Benefits of Brood Care in the Hawaiian Happy Face Spider Theridion grallator (Araneae, Theridiidae)". The American Midland Naturalist 123 (2): 236–243. doi:10.2307/2426552. ISSN 0003-0031. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2426552.
- ↑ Bennett, Gordon M.; O’grady, Patrick M. (2011-03-30). "Review of the native Hawaiian leafhopper genus Nesophrosyne (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with description of eight new species associated with Broussaisia arguta (Hydrangeaceae)" (in en). Zootaxa 2805 (1): 1–25. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2805.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334. https://mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.2805.1.1.
- ↑ Iii, Wallace M. Meyer; Evans, Lily M.; Kalahiki, Connor J. K.; Slapcinsky, John; Goulding, Tricia C.; Robinson, David G.; Kaniaupo-Crozier, D. Pomaikaʻi; Kim, Jaynee R. et al. (January 2022). "Plants critical for Hawaiian land snail conservation: arboreal snail plant preferences in Puʻu Kukui Watershed, Maui" (in en). Oryx 56 (1): 38–43. doi:10.1017/S0030605320000873. ISSN 0030-6053. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/plants-critical-for-hawaiian-land-snail-conservation-arboreal-snail-plant-preferences-in-puu-kukui-watershed-maui/02F020F885018C281D4A2CF0880F0B6C.
- ↑ Mountainspring, Stephen; Casey, Tonnie L. C.; Kepler, Cameron B.; Scott, J. Michael (1990). "Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation of the Poo-Uli (Melamprosops phaeosoma)". The Wilson Bulletin 102 (1): 109–122. ISSN 0043-5643. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4162828.
- ↑ "Native Plants Hawaii - Viewing Plant : Broussaisia arguta". http://nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Broussaisia_arguta/.
Wikidata ☰ Q4975870 entry
 |  |
