Biology:Calycanthus floridus
| Calycanthus floridus | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Laurales |
| Family: | Calycanthaceae |
| Genus: | Calycanthus |
| Species: | C. floridus
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| Binomial name | |
| Calycanthus floridus L.[1]
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Calycanthus floridus, or commonly known as the eastern sweetshrub, Carolina all spice, or spice bush,[2] is a species of flowering shrub in the family Calycanthaceae.[3] It is identifiable by its dark red flowers and fragrant scent. It is non-invasive and is found in the Southeastern United States region. The Nature Conservancy considers its conservation status to be G5, indicating it is at low risk of extinction.[4]
Description
Calycanthus floridus is a shrub that grows to be around 6 to 9 ft (2 to 3 m) tall.[5] Its leaves are a dark green with a pale underside. They are ovate or elliptical in shape and grow to be about 6 inches in length.[5] The leaves are simple, entire, and arranged oppositely along the stem.[6]
The flowers are solitary, featuring a reddish brown to reddish purple color when they bloom in spring. They are aromatic and so are the leaves when bruised.[5] The flowers have a hypanthium that is more than 2 cm (0.8 in) long.[7] The shape of the flowers can be cylindrical, ellipsoid, pyriform, or globose.[8] The flowers have numerous tepals that can either be oblong-elliptic or obovate-lanceolate at maturity.[8] The flowers are perfect, having both stamens and carpels on the flowers. The stamens are numerous, connective beyond the anthers.[7] The carpels are numerous. They are free, with a single ovary in a locule.[7]
The fruits are indehiscent pseudocarps that are about 8 cm (3 in) in length and 5 cm (2 in) in diameter at maturity.[7] They are formed within the receptacle and contain numerous achenes that are roughly 10 mm (0.4 in) long with a 5 mm (0.2 in) diameter.
Leaves
Flower
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Taxonomy
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Calycanthus floridus was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1759.[1] It was the only species in his new genus Calycanthus. Linnaeus referred to an earlier illustration by Mark Catesby,[9] contained in a work published from 1731 onwards.
Distribution and habitat
Calycanthus floridus is native to the eastern United States.[10] It prefers sunny habitats but can tolerate moderate amounts of shade. It grows well in environments that feature moist substrate.[11]
Uses
It is used in horticulture as the flowers are showy and fragrant.[11] The bark of the plant is edible and is reportedly used as a substitute for cinnamon.[12] The petals of the flower are also reportedly used in tea-making.[12] Strong caution is advised however, as an alkaloid in the plant may lead to heart convulsions.[12] The viscous substance within the plant is reportedly used as a disinfectant.[12]
It is highly resistant to diseases and insects, although it is prone to infection by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which leads to the formation of crown galls on the stems.[10][13]
This plant has been marked as a pollinator plant, supporting and attracting beetles.[14]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Calycanthus floridus L.". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://www.ipni.org/n/139221-1.
- ↑ "Calycanthus floridus (Bubby Bush, Carolina Allspice, Common Sweetshrub, Spicebush, Sweet Betsy, Sweet Bubby Bush, Sweetshrub, Sweet Shrub) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox". https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/calycanthus-floridus/.
- ↑ "Plants Profile for Calycanthus floridus (eastern sweetshrub)". https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CAFL22.
- ↑ "Calycanthus floridus". https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.134420/Calycanthus_floridus.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Calycanthus floridus - Plant Finder". http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b820.
- ↑ "Carolina allspice". https://www.mortonarb.org/trees-plants/tree-plant-descriptions/carolina-allspice.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Radford, Albert E. (1968). Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Ahles, Harry E.,, Bell, C. Ritchie. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-1087-8. OCLC 355003.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Calycanthus floridus". http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008493.
- ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1759), "Calycanthus", Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, II (10th ed.), Stockholm (Holmia): Salvius, p. 1066, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/586985
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=cafl22.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Calycanthus floridus | Landscape Plants | Oregon State University". https://landscapeplants.oregonstate.edu/plants/calycanthus-floridus.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "Calycanthus floridus, Carolina Allspice, Eastern sweetshrub, Strawberry Bush, Sweetshrub, Carolina Allspice PFAF Plant Database". https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Calycanthus+floridus.
- ↑ Gilman, Edward (27 May 2015). "Calycanthus floridus, Carolina Allspice, Sweetshrub". https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fp095.
- ↑ "Planting Guides" (in en-US). https://www.pollinator.org/pollinator.org/assets/generalFiles/OzarkBroadleafrx1FINAL_171017_085901.pdf.
Wikidata ☰ Q165416 entry
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