Biology:Carnarvoncochlea exigua

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Short description: Species of gastropod

Jardinella exigua
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Littorinimorpha
Family: Tateidae
Genus: Carnarvoncochlea
Species:
C. exigua
Binomial name
Carnarvoncochlea exigua
Ponder & Clark, 1990
Synonyms

Jardinella exigua Ponder & G. A. Clark, 1990 (basionym)

Carnarvonchochlea exigua, more commonly known as Jardinella exigua is a small freshwater snail residing in North East Queensland, near Carnarvon Gorge.[1] Carnarvoncochlea refers to the location of origin, whilst exigua derives from the latin word "exigus" meaning "small".[2]

Description

C. exigua is a relatively small snail, with their shells only ranging between 1.2-1.7mm. The shell itself is translucent and thin, with its colour ranging from a pale orange-brown colour, to being completely colourless. It is quite smooth and less textured than most other snails in its genus. It has a trochiform shell, with a flattened base and an evenly conical spiral shape.[3] The foot of the snail appears triangular in size and is generally not pigmented, with the exception of one patch of black behind the eye, and a few smaller patches around the snout. The sides of the foot are grey in colour. The radula of the snail consists of simple, concave teeth covering a tongue-like structure.[4] One of C. exigua's more defining characteristics would be its operculum. It is quite thin and pale yellow in colour. It is also uniquely narrow in comparison to other gastropods, with it only ranging within 0.7-0.92mm in length.[5] Both males and females are not sexually dimorphic, with both genders having the same shell structure, colouring and proportions. The only point of differentiation between them is the presence of reproductive organs.[6] Uniquely, most females of this species contain a rudimentary penis, a trait only shared with Carnovonochlea Carnobonensis, and occasionally Judinella jesswiseae.[7]

Habitat and distribution

This species of snail is endemic to North Eastern Queensland, particularly in regions close to, or in, the Carnarvon Gorge National Park and Carnarvon Station Reserve. This region also resides in the Brigalow Belt bioregion. In 1984, C. exigua samples were found in three small springs between Dooloogarah, Carnarvon Gorge National Park and Carnarvon Station Reserve.[8] After revisiting the region in 2007, more samples were collected in Fig Tree Spring, Orange tree spring, Long Gully spring and Ti Tree spring.[9] Despite being in close proximity, all the springs mentioned are not a part of the Great Artesian Basin, unlike most other estuaries in the area. Instead, the springs flow from tertiary basalts.[10] The waterways are mainly found in isolated, densely forested regions. Its habitat is also well known for having high levels of biodiversity, with many endemic insect and plant species being present.[11]

Specifically, specimens of C. exigua reside in short, shallow streams consisting of silty sediments with a light current. Due to the streams originating from underground, the water quality is high, and as such is mostly unpolluted.[12]

Reproduction and adaptations

Reproduction

In comparison to other similar gastropod species, the C. exigua has uniquely simplistic organs for the act of reproduction. The males of the species lack a bursa copulatrix, a type of sac that stores and deposits sperm.[13] In both genders, the reproductive organs lack complexity, with the genitalia lacking specific organs that are typically found in other similar species.[14]

Adaptations

The presence of rudimentary male reproductive organs within the females of this species is unique, and is generally only found in snail species that live in estuaries that are not a part of the Great Artesian Basin. It is currently unknown why this occurs.[15]

Conservation status

According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), C. exigua is considered endangered.[16] This can be attributed to the snail's very niche distribution, and the variety of threats that it is subjected to. One of the major threats listed is the impact of livestock. Due to C. exigua being located near Carnarvon station, a region that was used as a cattle station for over 140 years,[17] faecal matter and waste products from cattle can make their way into waterways, leading to algal blooms and water pollution.[18] Livestock is also known to trample native grasses and degrade the banks of small springs, like the ones C. exigua resides in. Creating bores, or digging holes near nearby estuaries, is another threat to C. exigua's habitat. This has led to multiple springs becoming inactive, due to them altering the flow of water.[19] Similarly, the excavation of local springs will also cause issues, as it erodes the banks of the estuaries, degrading the habitat of many freshwater snail species.[20] Introduced species, including plants such as Urochloa Mutica, marine invertebrates such as Mosquito Fish and feral animals like pigs, have all been shown to disrupt ecosystems dependent on small streams and springs.[21] The region is also prone to bushfires.[22]

However, there are efforts being made to improve the quality and longevity of waterways in the region. This involves active efforts to talk to local stakeholders such as farmers, on ways they can preserve springs on their property. There are also efforts to increase the health of waterways, such as restricting livestock access to springs, and continuous monitoring from researchers, and implementing policies that will control the movements of introduced species.[23]

Similar species

There are many other species that are quite similar to C. exigua. C.carnovornensis shares many of the same physical characteristics, only differentiating in differences with certain reproductive organs, operculum thickness and overall size.[24] Since C. exigua used to be classified within the Jardinella Genus. As such, it has a lot of similarities to most other species in said genus, including, habitat, distribution, shell size and colouring and other general traits.[25] However, it is still somewhat distinct from Jardinella, as indicated by the change in classification. The change in classification was due to the snail species having its rectum being arc-like in shape, a trait not shared by species in the Jardinella genus.[26] All snail species in the general region near Carnarvon National Park and Dooloogarah are considered C. exigua by default.[27] There is potential for variation of species within this classification, but this requires more future research into the gastropod.[28]

This species is endemic to Australia .

See also

  • List of non-marine molluscs of Australia

References

  1. ↑ Communications, c=AU; o=The S. of Q. ou=Department of E. and S. ou=Corporate. (2014, October 20). Species profile | Environment, land and water. Apps.des.qld.gov.au; Queensland Government. https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=32703
  2. ↑ Ponder, W. F., & Clark, G. A. (1990). A radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western Queensland. Records of the Australian Museum, 42(3), 301–363. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.42.1990.119
  3. ↑ ‌Ponder, W. (2022). Carnarvoncochlea carnarvonensis. Keys.lucidcentral.org; The Australian Museum. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/freshwater_molluscs/key/australian_freshwater_molluscs/Media/Html/entities/carnarvoncochlea_carnarvonensis.htm
  4. ↑ Ponder, W. F., & Clark, G. A. (1990). A radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western Queensland. Records of the Australian Museum, 42(3), 301–363. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.42.1990.119
  5. ↑ Ponder, W. F., & Clark, G. A. (1990). A radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western Queensland. Records of the Australian Museum, 42(3), 301–363. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.42.1990.119
  6. ↑ Ponder, W. F., & Clark, G. A. (1990). A radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western Queensland. Records of the Australian Museum, 42(3), 301–363. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.42.1990.119
  7. ↑ Ponder, W. F., & Clark, G. A. (1990). A radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western Queensland. Records of the Australian Museum, 42(3), 301–363. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.42.1990.119
  8. ↑ Ponder, W. F., & Clark, G. A. (1990). A radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western Queensland. Records of the Australian Museum, 42(3), 301–363. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.42.1990.119
  9. ↑ ‌PONDER, W. F., ZHANG, W.-H. ., HALLAN, A., & SHEA, M. E. (2019). New taxa of Tateidae (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea) from springs associated with the Great Artesian Basin and Einasleigh Uplands, Queensland, with the description of two related taxa from eastern coastal drainages. Zootaxa, 4583(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4583.1.1
  10. ↑ Ponder, W. F., & Clark, G. A. (1990). A radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western Queensland. Records of the Australian Museum, 42(3), 301–363. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.42.1990.119
  11. ↑ Lambkin, C., Wright, S., & Starick, N. (2015). Bush Blitz of Mammals, Reptiles, Amphibians, Diptera, Odonata, Lepidoptera and general invertebrates within Carnarvon Station Reserve. Queensland Museum Entomology Report. Queensland Museum.
  12. ↑ Fensham, R. J., & Price, R. J. (2004). Ranking spring wetlands in the Great Artesian Basin of Australia using endemicity and isolation of plant species. Biological Conservation, 119(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.019
  13. ↑ Ponder, W. F., & Clark, G. A. (1990). A radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western Queensland. Records of the Australian Museum, 42(3), 301–363. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.42.1990.119
  14. ↑ ‌Ponder, W. (2022). Carnarvoncochlea carnarvonensis. Keys.lucidcentral.org; The Australian Museum. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/freshwater_molluscs/key/australian_freshwater_molluscs/Media/Html/entities/carnarvoncochlea_carnarvonensis.htm
  15. ↑ Ponder, W. F., & Clark, G. A. (1990). A radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western Queensland. Records of the Australian Museum, 42(3), 301–363. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.42.1990.119
  16. ↑ ‌Stephanie Clark (Australia. (2011, July 22). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Carnarvoncochlea exigua. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species; Name. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10925/3227758#assessment-information
  17. ↑ Smith, L. (2003). Carnarvon Station: A history of European settlement since 1863. Bush Heritage Australia.
  18. ↑ ‌Gilbertson, C. B., Clark, R. N., Nye, J. C., & Swanson, N. P. (1980). Runoff control for livestock feedlots--state of the art. In Transactions of the ASAE (Vol. 23, Issue 5, pp. 1207–1212). https://pubag.nal.usda.gov/catalog/495
  19. ↑ Foster, S., Loucks, D., Stephan, R., Aureli, A., & Kemper, K. (2006). Non-Renewable Groundwater Resources. https://www.un-igrac.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/GWMATE%20Books%20-%20Non-renewable%20grounwater%20resources.pdf#page=76
  20. ↑ Chua, E.M., Wilson, S.P., Vink, S. and Flint, N. (2019). The influence of riparian vegetation on water quality in a mixed land use river basin. River Research and Applications, 35(3), pp.259–267. doi:10.1002/rra.3410. ‌
  21. ↑ Fensham, R., Ponder, W., & Fairfax, R. (2010). Recovery plan for the community of native species dependent on natural discharge of groundwater from the Great Artesian Basin. The State of Queensland, Department of Environment and Resource Management
  22. ↑ Latty, T. (2002). BRIGALOW BELT SOUTH BIOREGION SCOPING REPORT. Western Regional Assessments Unit, NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. ‌
  23. ↑ Fensham, R., Ponder, W., & Fairfax, R. (2010). Recovery plan for the community of native species dependent on natural discharge of groundwater from the Great Artesian Basin. The State of Queensland, Department of Environment and Resource Management.
  24. ↑ Perez, K. E., Ponder, W. F., Colgan, D. J., Clark, S. A., & Lydeard, C. (2005). Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of spring-associated hydrobiid snails of the Great Artesian Basin, Australia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34(3), 545–556.
  25. ↑ Ponder, W. F., & Clark, G. A. (1990). A radiation of hydrobiid snails in threatened artesian springs in western Queensland. Records of the Australian Museum, 42(3), 301–363. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.42.1990.119
  26. ↑ ‌PONDER, W. F., ZHANG, W.-H. ., HALLAN, A., & SHEA, M. E. (2019). New taxa of Tateidae (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea) from springs associated with the Great Artesian Basin and Einasleigh Uplands, Queensland, with the description of two related taxa from eastern coastal drainages. Zootaxa, 4583(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4583.1.1
  27. ↑ ‌Ponder, W. (2022). Carnarvoncochlea carnarvonensis. Keys.lucidcentral.org; The Australian Museum. https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/freshwater_molluscs/key/australian_freshwater_molluscs/Media/Html/entities/carnarvoncochlea_carnarvonensis.htm
  28. ↑ ‌PONDER, W. F., ZHANG, W.-H. ., HALLAN, A., & SHEA, M. E. (2019). New taxa of Tateidae (Caenogastropoda, Truncatelloidea) from springs associated with the Great Artesian Basin and Einasleigh Uplands, Queensland, with the description of two related taxa from eastern coastal drainages. Zootaxa, 4583(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4583.1.1

Further reading

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q308553 entry




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