Biology:Ceratina

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The cosmopolitan bee genus Ceratina, often referred to as small carpenter bees,[1] is the sole lineage of the tribe Ceratinini, and is not closely related to the more familiar carpenter bees. The genus presently contains over 300 species in 23 subgenera.[2] They make nests in dead wood, stems, or pith. Although they were considered as mostly solitary in the past, there is growing evidence that many species are facultatively eusocial.[3]

Ceratina are commonly dark, shining, even metallic bees, with fairly sparse body hairs and a weak scopa on the hind tibia. Most species have some yellow markings, most often restricted to the face, but often elsewhere on the body. They are very commonly mistaken for "sweat bees" (family Halictidae), due to their small size, metallic coloration, and some similarity in wing venation; they can be easily separated from halictids by the mouthparts (with a long glossa) and the hindwings (with a tiny jugal lobe).[4]

Distribution

Ceratina have a global distribution and are found on every continent except Antarctica.[5] The genus originated from the Afrotropics before spreading to Europe, Asia, Oceania, and the Americas.[5][6] New World Ceratina form a single monophyletic clade, suggesting a single colonization event for the Americas.[5] Today, much of the species diversity remains in the Old World tropics, though Australasia contains noticeably few species.[5]

Behaviour

Ceratina bees form nests inside dead plant stems with exposed ends, creating sequential chambers containing pollen balls upon which offspring feed.[7] Chambers are divided using particles of the stem pith.[8]

There can be multiple females in a single nest, where daughters or sisters may form very small, weakly eusocial colonies (where one bee forages and the other remains in the nest and lays eggs). In Ceratina calcarata, division of labour can be seen between the mother and a "dwarf eldest daughter" who stays at the maternal nest to feed her siblings.[9] This "dwarf eldest daughter" is allocated a smaller pollen ball during development, contributing to her smaller size.[9] This behaviour has prompted the study of C. calcarata in order to better understand the origins of social behaviour in social insects.[10][11]

In Ceratina nigrolabiata, a Mediterranean species, males may guard the opening to the nest of a female they hope to mate with, and are often not the father of the brood within the nest; this is the first bee species in which male nest-guarding has been classified as a form of biparental care,[12] but males guarding nests and mating with females has been documented in other species (e.g., Macrotera portalis[13]).

A few species of Ceratina are exceptional among bees in that they are parthenogenetic, reproducing without males.[14] Parthenogenetic reproduction was genetically confirmed in Ceratina dallatorreana and it is presumed also in Ceratina parvula and Ceratina dentipes.[15]

Typical interior structure of a small carpenter bee's nest, here built into a dry stem of thumb|right

Ceratina chalcites
Ceratina smaragdula

File:Male Ceratina bee.webm

Species and diversity

See: List of Ceratina species

The species in the genus Ceratina are spread across around 20+ subgenera:[16][8][17]

  • Ceratina (Calloceratina) Cockerell, 1924
  • Ceratina (Catoceratina) Vecht, 1952
  • Ceratina (Ceratina) Latreille, 1802
  • Ceratina (Ceratinidia) Cockerell & Porter, 1899
  • Ceratina (Ceratinula) Moure, 1941
  • Ceratina (Chloroceratina) Cockerell, 1918
  • Ceratina (Copoceratina) Terzo & Pauly, 2001
  • Ceratina (Crewella) Cockerell, 1903
  • Ceratina (Ctenoceratina) Daly & Moure, 1988
  • Ceratina (Dalyatina) Terzo, 2007
  • Ceratina (Euceratina) Hirashima, Moure & Daly, 1971
  • Ceratina (Hirashima) Terzo & Pauly, 2001
  • Ceratina (Lioceratina) Vecht, 1952
  • Ceratina (Malgatina) Terzo & Pauly, 2001
  • Ceratina (Megaceratina) Hirashima, 1971
  • Ceratina (Neoceratina) Perkins, 1912
  • Ceratina (Neoclavicera) Roig Alsina, 2013
  • Ceratina (Pithitis) Klug, 1807
  • Ceratina (Protopithitis) Hirashima, 1969
  • Ceratina (Rhysoceratina) Michener, 2000
  • Ceratina (Scuticeratina) Sless, Tucker & Rehan, 2026
  • Ceratina (Simioceratina) Daly & Moure, 1988
  • Ceratina (Xanthoceratina) Vecht, 1952
  • Ceratina (Zadontomerus) Ashmead, 1899

References

  1. ↑ Small Carpenter Bee – Ceratina sp. Red Planet Inc.
  2. ↑ DiscoverLife Ceratina
  3. ↑ Mikát, Michael; Fraňková, Tereza; Benda, Daniel; Straka, Jakub (2022). "Evidence of sociality in European small Carpenter bees (Ceratina)". Apidologie 53 (2). doi:10.1007/s13592-022-00931-8. 
  4. ↑ Small carpenter bees, Ceratina spp. Featured Creatures. University of Florida IFAS. Publication EENY-101, Revised June, 2014.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Sless, Trevor J.L.; Branstetter, Michael G.; Mikát, Michael; Odanaka, Katherine A.; Tobin, Kerrigan B.; Rehan, Sandra M. (2024). "Phylogenomics and biogeography of the small carpenter bees (Apidae: Xylocopinae: Ceratina)" (in en). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 198. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108133. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790324001258. 
  6. ↑ Rehan, Sandra M.; Chapman, Tom W.; Craigie, Andrew I.; Richards, Miriam H.; Cooper, Steven J.B.; Schwarz, Michael P. (2010). "Molecular phylogeny of the small carpenter bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Ceratinini) indicates early and rapid global dispersal" (in en). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 55 (3): 1042–1054. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.011. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790310000138. 
  7. ↑ Vanitha, K (2023-05-01). "Nesting Behaviour of Three Species of Ceratina Pollinating Cashew". Indian Journal of Entomology: 88–91. doi:10.55446/IJE.2023.1167. ISSN 0974-8172. https://indianentomology.org/index.php/ije/article/view/1167. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Buchmann, Stephen L (2007). "The Bees of the World. By Charles D Michener. Baltimore (Maryland): Johns Hopkins University Press . $135.00. xv + 913 p + 16 pl; ill.; indexes of terms and taxa. ISBN: 0– 8018–6133–0. 2000." (in en). The Quarterly Review of Biology 77 (3): 334–335. doi:10.1086/345210. ISSN 0033-5770. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/345210. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lawson, Sarah P.; Ciaccio, Krista N.; Rehan, Sandra M. (2016). "Maternal manipulation of pollen provisions affects worker production in a small carpenter bee" (in en). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 70 (11): 1891–1900. doi:10.1007/s00265-016-2194-z. ISSN 0340-5443. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00265-016-2194-z. 
  10. ↑ Huisken, Jesse L; Rehan, Sandra M (2023-07-03). "Brain Gene Expression of Foraging Behavior and Social Environment in Ceratina calcarata" (in en). Genome Biology and Evolution 15 (7). doi:10.1093/gbe/evad117. ISSN 1759-6653. PMID 37364293. PMC 10337991. https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/doi/10.1093/gbe/evad117/7207966. 
  11. ↑ Brenman-Suttner, Dova B.; Rehan, Sandra M.; Zayed, Amro (2025-02-15). "Exploring the genetics of social behaviour in C. calcarata" (in en). Scientific Reports 15 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-025-89870-9. PMC 11830030. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-89870-9. 
  12. ↑ Mikát, Michael; Janošík, Lukáš; Černá, Kateřina; Matoušková, Eva; Hadrava, Jiří; Bureš, Vít; Straka, Jakub (2019). "Polyandrous bee provides extended offspring care biparentally as an alternative to monandry based eusociality". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (13): 6238–6243. doi:10.1073/pnas.1810092116. PMID 30858313. Bibcode: 2019PNAS..116.6238M. 
  13. ↑ Danforth, Bryan (1991). "The morphology and behavior of dimorphic males in Macrotera portalis (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 29 (4): 235–247. doi:10.1007/bf00163980. 
  14. ↑ Daly, Howell V. (1966-11-01). "Biological Studies on Ceratina dallatorreana, an Alien Bee in California Which Reproduces by Parthenogenesis (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)" (in en). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 59 (6): 1138–1154. doi:10.1093/aesa/59.6.1138. ISSN 0013-8746. https://academic.oup.com/aesa/article/59/6/1138/98238. 
  15. ↑ Mikát, Michael; Straka, Jakub (2023). "Genetic evidence for parthenogenesis in the small carpenter bee Ceratina dallatoreana (Apidae, Ceratinini) in its native distribution range". Journal of Hymenoptera Research 95: 199–213. doi:10.3897/jhr.95.87165. 
  16. ↑ Sless, Trevor J. L.; Tucker, Erika M.; Rehan, Sandra M. (2026-02-13). "Scuticeratina: A new subgenus of small carpenter bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Xylocopinae) from Indomalaya". ZooKeys 1269: 151–180. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1269.148092. PMID 41725731. PMC 12924047. https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/148092/. 
  17. ↑ Roig Alsina, Arturo (2013). "The genus Ceratina in Argentina: revision of the subgenus Neoclavicera subg. n. (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Xylocopinae)". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales 15: 121–143. doi:10.22179/REVMACN.15.174. http://revista.macn.gob.ar/ojs/index.php/RevMus/article/view/174. 

Wikidata ☰ Q1938968 entry



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