Biology:Comfrey
Comfrey (also comphrey; pronounced /ˈkʌmfri/) is a common name for plants in the genus Symphytum. Comfrey species are important herbs in organic gardening. It is used as a fertilizer and in herbalism, although ingesting it may cause liver damage. The most commonly used species is Russian comfrey Symphytum × uplandicum,[1] which is a cross or hybrid of Symphytum officinale (common comfrey) and Symphytum asperum (rough comfrey).
Description
Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) is a perennial herb of the family Boraginaceae with a black, turnip-like root and large, hairy broad leaves that bears small bell-shaped flowers of various colours, typically cream or purplish, which may be striped. It is native to Europe, growing in damp, grassy places, and is locally frequent throughout Ireland and Britain on river banks and ditches. More common is the hybrid between S. officinale and S. asperum, Symphytum × uplandicum, known as Russian Comfrey, which is widespread in the British Isles, and which interbreeds with S. officinale. Compared to S. officinale, S. × uplandicum is generally more bristly and has flowers which tend to be more blue or violet.[2]
Cultivation
The Russian comfrey "Bocking 14" cultivar was developed during the 1950s by Lawrence D Hills, the founder of the Henry Doubleday Research Association (the organic gardening organisation itself named after the Quaker pioneer who first introduced Russian comfrey into Britain in the nineteenth century) following trials at Bocking, near Braintree.
Fertilizer uses
Comfrey is a source of fertilizer to the organic gardener. It is claimed[who?] that since it is very deep rooted it acts as a dynamic accumulator, mining a host of nutrients from the soil. In fact there is little scientific evidence[citation needed] that the nutrients in comfrey are more concentrated than in other plants, nor that the nutrients it has come from its deep roots rather than, as is the case in most plants, from its near-surface roots. The nutrients that are available in comfrey are made available through its fast-growing leaves (up to 1.8–2.3 kilograms (4.0–5.1 lb) per plant per cut) which, lacking fibres, quickly break down to a thick black liquid. There is also no risk of nitrogen loss when comfrey is dug into the soil as the C:N ratio of the leaves is lower than that of well-rotted compost. Comfrey is an excellent source of potassium, an essential plant nutrient needed for flower, seed and fruit production. Its leaves contain 2–3 times more potassium than farmyard manure, mined from deep in the subsoil, tapping into reserves that would not normally be available to plants.
There are various ways in which comfrey can be used as a fertilizer. These include:
- Comfrey as a compost activator – include comfrey in the compost heap to add nitrogen and help to heat the heap. Comfrey should not be added in quantity as it will quickly break down into a dark sludgy liquid that needs to be balanced with more fibrous, carbon-rich material.
- Comfrey as a mulch or side dressing – a two-inch layer of comfrey leaves placed around a crop will slowly break down and release plant nutrients; it is especially useful for crops that need extra potassium, such as fruit bearers but also reported to do well for potatoes. Comfrey can be slightly wilted before application optionally but either way, avoid using flowering stems as these can root.
- Comfrey as a companion plant for trees and other perennials – soil tests confirm that soil nutrients increase in the presence of comfrey even when it is not used as mulch, side dressing, or liquid fertilizer, but just allowed to grow.
- Comfrey potting mixture – originally devised to utilize peat, now environmental awareness has led to a leaf mold-based alternative being adopted instead; two-year-old, well decayed leaf mold should be used, this will absorb the nutrient-rich liquid released by the decaying comfrey. In a black plastic sack alternate 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in) layers of leaf mold and chopped comfrey leaves. Add a little dolomitic limestone to slightly raise pH. Leave for between 2–5 months depending on the season, checking that it does not dry out or become too wet. The mixture is ready when the comfrey leaves have rotted and are no longer visible. Use as a general potting compost, although it is too strong for seedlings.
Propagation
Bocking 14 is sterile, and therefore will not set seed (one of its advantages over other cultivars as it will not spread out of control), thus is propagated from root cuttings. The gardener can produce his or her own "offsets" from mature, strongly growing plants by driving a spade horizontally through the leaf clumps about 7 cm (2.8 in) below the soil surface. This removes the crown, which can then be split into pieces. The original plant will quickly recover, and each piece can be replanted with the growing points just below the soil surface, and will quickly grow into new plants. When choosing plants to divide, ensure that they are strong healthy specimens with no signs of rust or mildew. When dividing comfrey plants, take care not to spread root fragments around, or dispose of on the compost heap, as each can re-root, and comfrey can be stubborn. Offsets can also be purchased by mail order from specialist nurseries in order to initially build up a stock of plants.[3]
Phytochemistry, folk medicine, and toxicity
Folk medicine names for comfrey include knitbone, boneset and the derivation of its Latin name Symphytum (from the Greek symphis, meaning growing together of bones, and phyton, a plant), referring to its ancient uses. Similarly the common French name is consoude, meaning to weld together. The tradition in different cultures and languages suggest a common belief in its usefulness for mending bones.
Comfrey contains mixed phytochemicals in varying amounts, including allantoin, mucilage, saponins, tannins, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, inulin, and proteins, among others.[4] Liver toxicity is associated with consuming this plant or its extracts.[4] In modern herbalism, comfrey is most commonly used topically.[4][5][6]
In 2001, the United States Food and Drug Administration issued a ban of comfrey products marketed for internal use, and a warning label for those intended for external use.[7][8] Comfrey should not be used during pregnancy and lactation, in infants, and in people with liver, kidney, or vascular diseases.[4][9]
See also
References
- ↑ Jacke, Dave & Toensmeier, Eric. Edible Forest Gardens. Chelsea Green, 2005, p. 490.
- ↑ Stace, Clive (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (3rd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-70772-5{{inconsistent citations}}, p. 557
- ↑ Teynor, Putnam, Doll, Kelling, Oelke, Undersander, and Oplinger. "Comfrey". Alternative Field Crops Manual. University of Wisconsin, Extension, Cooperative-Extension. https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/comfrey.html. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 "Comfrey". Drugs.com. 17 July 2017. https://www.drugs.com/npp/comfrey.html. Retrieved 22 May 2018.
- ↑ Miskelly, FG; Goodyer, LI (1992). "Hepatic and pulmonary complications of herbal medicines". Postgrad Med J 68 (805): 935–936. doi:10.1136/pgmj.68.805.935. PMID 1494521.
- ↑ Miller, LG (1998). "Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions". Arch Intern Med 158 (20): 2200–2211. doi:10.1001/archinte.158.20.2200. PMID 9818800. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/data/journals/intemed/5274/ira80267.pdf.
- ↑ "FDA/CFSAN - FDA Advises Dietary Supplement Manufacturers to Remove Comfrey Products From the Market". http://www.fda.gov/Food/RecallsOutbreaksEmergencies/SafetyAlertsAdvisories/ucm111219.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-01.
- ↑ Koll, R; Klingenburg, S (2002). "herapeutic characteristance and tolerance of topical comfrey preparations. Results of an observational study of patients". Fortschr Med Orig 120 (1): 1–9. PMID 14518351.
- ↑ Yeong M.L. et al. (1990). "Hepatic veno-occlusive disease associated with comfrey ingestion". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 5 (2): 211–214. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.1990.tb01827.x. PMID 2103401.
Wikidata ☰ Q162412 entry
ca:Consolda de:Beinwell fr:Consoude
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