Biology:Cynareae
| Cynareae | |
|---|---|
| |
| Artichoke flower head | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Subfamily: | Carduoideae |
| Tribe: | Cardueae Lam. & DC. |
| Subtribes | |
|
Cardopatiinae[1] | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Cardueae Cass., 1819 | |
The Cynareae are a tribe of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) and the subfamily Carduoideae.[2] Most of them are commonly known as thistles;[3] four of the best known genera are Carduus,[4] Cynara (containing the widely eaten artichoke), Cirsium,[4] and Onopordum.[4]
They are annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Many species are thorny on leaves, stems, or involucre, and some have laticifers or resin conduits. Almost 80 genera comprising 2500 species are assigned to this tribe,[5] native of temperate regions of Europe and Asia (especially the Mediterranean region and Minor Asia), Australia and tropical Africa; only three[6] genera contain species native to the Americas.[7]
Taxonomy
Cardueae is a synonym for Cynareae,[8] but the name Cynareae was published almost a decade earlier, so has precedence.
Some authors have divided the plants traditionally held to be in this tribe into three tribes: Cynareae in the narrow sense, Carlineae, and Echinopeae. However, other authors have retained the traditional broader classification.[8]
References
- ↑ Susanna, Alfonso.; Garcia-Jacas, Núria; Hidalgo, Oriane; Vilatersana, Roser; Garnatje, Teresa (2006). "THE CARDUEAE (COMPOSITAE) REVISITED: INSIGHTS FROM ITS, trnL-trnF, AND matK NUCLEAR AND CHLOROPLAST DNA ANALYSIS1, 2". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 93: 150–171. doi:10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[150:TCCRIF2.0.CO;2]. https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/29764/1/Cardueae%20revisited-Miss.Bot.pdf.
- ↑ Panero, JL; VA Funk (2002-12-30). "Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae (Asteraceae)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (Biological Society of Washington) 115 (4): 909–922. http://www.mnh.si.edu/biodiversity/bdg/Panero&Funk2002.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-12.
- ↑ "Cardueae". Tree of Life webproject. http://tolweb.org/Cardueae/104543.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "thistle". Merriam-Webster's online dictionary. http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=thistle.
- ↑ Dittrich, 1977, The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae 2:1017-1038
- ↑ "Cirsium". Flora of North America. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=107139.
- ↑ Bremer 1994 Asteraceae: Cladistic and Classification [Tribe Carduae: 112-156]
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "tribe Cynareae". Flora of North America. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=20706.
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