Biology:Effects of legalized cannabis

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Short description: Economic and societal effects of legalized cannabis
A sign supporting marijuana legalization at the Wayne Morse Free Speech Plaza in Eugene, Oregon

The use of cannabis as a recreational drug has been outlawed in many countries for several decades. As a result of long-fought legalization efforts, several countries such as Uruguay and Canada, as well as several states in the US, have legalized the production, sale, possession, and recreational and/or medical usage of cannabis. The broad legalization of cannabis in this fashion can have numerous effects on the economy and society in which it is legalized.[citation needed]

Region

Canada

See Cannabis in Canada.

United States

File:LA Convention Draws Businesses Cashing in Cannabis Industry.webm

A 2015 study found that medical marijuana legalization increased use and abuse by those under and over the age of 21.[1] A 2017 study found that frequency of marijuana use by students increased significantly after recreational legalization and that increase was especially large for females and for Black and Hispanic students.[2]

A 2017 study found that the introduction of medical marijuana laws caused a reduction in violent crime in Americans states that border Mexico: "The reduction in crime is strongest for counties close to the border (less than 350 km), and for crimes that relate to drug trafficking. In addition, we find that [medical marijuana laws] in inland states lead to a reduction in crime in the nearest border state. Our results are consistent with the theory that decriminalization of the production and distribution of marijuana leads to a reduction in violent crime in markets that are traditionally controlled by Mexican drug trafficking organisations."[3]

A 2020 study found that junk food sales increased between 3.2 and 4.5 percent in states that had legalized cannabis.[4]

A 2022 study found that legalization had led to a 20% increase in use of cannabis in the US.[5] Pharmaceutical companies had lower returns.[6]

In 2019, the US gained a total of 1.7 billion dollars in tax revenue due to the legalization of marijuana. In 2021, that number more than doubled to 3.7 billion dollars.[7] The increase in tax revenue being a driving factor in the legalization of marijuana is similar to the effects of the repeal of prohibition. After prohibition was abolished, the percentage of federal government revenue coming from alcohol increased about 7% in the US.[8]

Legalization is anticipated to reduce the resources expended on arrests and prosecution for marijuana-related crimes. A 2007 analysis found that legalization could result in a potential savings of $10.7 billion per year.[9] A 2010 report predicted that full marijuana legalization could save the United States more than $13 billion a year, with $8 billion of that amount resulting from no longer having to enforce prohibition.[10]

The legalization of marijuana may create new job opportunities. The current industry supports nearly 430,000 full-time jobs, however it is projected that that number could rise to over 1.75 million jobs in the near future.[11] With over 100,000 jobs created in 2021, there is about a 33% increase from the previous year. To put that into perspective, there is only a projected 8% increase in jobs in the business and financial sector.[12]

Colorado

File:Entrepreneurs Cash In on Colorado's Legal Pot Crop.webm In Colorado, effects since 2014 include increased state revenues,[13] violent crime decreased,[14][15] and an increase in homeless population.[16] One Colorado hospital has received a 15% increase in babies born with THC in their blood.[17]

Since legalization, public health and law enforcement officials in Colorado have grappled with a number of issues, serving as a model for policy problems that come with legalization. Marijuana-related hospital visits have nearly doubled between 2011, prior to legalization, and 2014.[18] Top public health administrators in Colorado have cited the increased potency of today's infused products, often referred to as "edibles", as a cause for concern. They have also highlighted the risk that edibles pose to children, as they are often undistinguishable from ordinary foods once they are removed from their packaging.[19] Youth usage has also been a major aspect of the debate surrounding marijuana legalization and a concern for state officials. Overall youth usage rates have increased, although not enough to be deemed statistically significant.[20] Looking at students in the eighth, tenth, and twelfth grades, a survey study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that usage rates had not increased among any of the different age groups in Colorado, although statistically significant increases in usage rates amongst eighth and tenth graders were reported in Washington.[21]

Oregon

Oregon legalized cannabis in November 2014. Effects have included an increase in cannabis-related calls to the Oregon state poison center,[22] an increase in perception among youth that marijuana use is harmful,[22] a decrease in arrest rates for cannabis related offenses,[22] stores sold $250 million in cannabis products which resulted in $70 million in state tax revenue (higher than a predicted $36 million in revenue),[23] 10% decrease in violent crime, and 13% drop in murder rate.[23]

Washington D.C.

Washington D.C. legalized cannabis in 2015. Cannabis possession arrests decreased 98% from 2014 to 2015 and all cannabis offenses dropped by 85%.[24]

Uruguay

Effects of cannabis legalization in Uruguay since 2013 include other countries in the region loosening laws concerning cannabis and lower costs of illegal cannabis.[25] The percentage of female prisoners has fallen.[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Pacula, Rosalie L.; Powell, David; Heaton, Paul; Sevigny, Eric L. (2015). "Assessing the Effects of Medical Marijuana Laws on Marijuana Use: The Devil is in the Details" (in en). Journal of Policy Analysis and Management (Wiley) 34 (1): 7–31. doi:10.1002/pam.21804. PMID 25558490. 
  2. ↑ Miller, Austin M.; Rosenman, Robert; Cowan, Benjamin W. (December 2017). "Recreational marijuana legalization and college student use: Early evidence". SSM - Population Health (Elsevier) 3: 649–657. doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.08.001. ISSN 2352-8273. PMID 29349253. 
  3. ↑ Gavrilova, Evelina; Kamada, Takuma; Zoutman, Floris (2017). "Is Legal Pot Crippling Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations? The Effect of Medical Marijuana Laws on US Crime" (in en). The Economic Journal 129 (617): 375–407. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12521. ISSN 1468-0297. 
  4. ↑ Baggio, Michele; Chong, Alberto (2020-12-01). "Recreational marijuana laws and junk food consumption" (in en). Economics & Human Biology 39: 100922. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100922. ISSN 1570-677X. PMID 32992092. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570677X20301921. 
  5. ↑ "Legalizing recreational cannabis in the U.S. has increased frequency of use by 20%" (in en). https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/962353. 
  6. ↑ Bednarek, Ziemowit; Doremus, Jacqueline M.; Stith, Sarah S. (2022-08-31). "U.S. cannabis laws projected to cost generic and brand pharmaceutical firms billions" (in en). PLOS ONE 17 (8): e0272492. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272492. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 36044436. Bibcode: 2022PLoSO..1772492B. 
  7. ↑ "The Economic Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana" (in en). https://www.investopedia.com/articles/insights/110916/economic-benefits-legalizing-weed.asp. 
  8. ↑ Boudreaux, Donald J. (2008-01-01). "Alcohol, Prohibition, and the Revenuers | Donald J. Boudreaux" (in en). https://fee.org/articles/alcohol-prohibition-and-the-revenuers/. 
  9. ↑ Gettman, Jon (2007). "Lost Taxes and Other Costs of Marijuana Laws". Bulletin of Cannabis Reform 4. http://norml.drugsense.org/downloads/Gettman_Lost_Taxes.pdf. Retrieved 27 November 2023. 
  10. ↑ Miron, Jeffrey A.. "The Budgetary Implications of Drug Prohibition". https://scholar.harvard.edu/sites/scholar.harvard.edu/files/miron/files/budget_2010_final_0.pdf. 
  11. ↑ Herrington, A. J.. "New Cannabis Jobs Report Reveals Marijuana Industry's Explosive Employment Growth" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/ajherrington/2022/02/23/new-cannabis-jobs-report-reveals-marijuana-industrys-explosive-employment-growth/. 
  12. ↑ Herrington, A. J.. "New Cannabis Jobs Report Reveals Marijuana Industry's Explosive Employment Growth" (in en). https://www.forbes.com/sites/ajherrington/2022/02/23/new-cannabis-jobs-report-reveals-marijuana-industrys-explosive-employment-growth/. 
  13. ↑ "The Unexpected Side Effects of Legalizing Weed". 6 June 2015. http://www.newsweek.com/unexpected-side-effects-legalizing-weed-339931. 
  14. ↑ Reporter, Matt Ferner National; Post, The Huffington (17 July 2014). "If Legal Marijuana Was Supposed To Cause More Crime, It's Not Doing A Very Good Job". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/17/marijuana-crime-denver_n_5595742.html. 
  15. ↑ Healy, Jack (1 June 2014). "After 5 Months of Sales, Colorado Sees the Downside of a Legal High". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/us/after-5-months-of-sales-colorado-sees-the-downside-of-a-legal-high.html. 
  16. ↑ Gurman, Sadie (24 December 2014). "Why legal marijuana swells Denver's homeless population". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Latest-News-Wires/2014/1224/Why-legal-marijuana-swells-Denver-s-homeless-population. Retrieved 29 October 2016. 
  17. ↑ "The Pot Vote". http://www.cbsnews.com/videos/the-pot-vote/. 
  18. ↑ "The Legalization of Marijuana in Colorado: The Impact". Rocky Mountain High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area. https://www.sheriffs.org/sites/default/files/2016%20FINAL%20Legalization%20of%20Marijuana%20in%20Colorado%20The%20Impact.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Miller, Joshua (February 22, 2016). "From Colorado: Glimpse of Life After Marijuana". Boston Globe. https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2016/02/21/from-colorado-glimpse-life-after-marijuana-legalization/rcccuzhMDWV74UC4IxXIYJ/story.html. 
  20. ↑ Ingraham, Christopher (2016-10-13). "Here's how legal pot changed Colorado and Washington" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/10/13/heres-how-legal-pot-changed-colorado-and-washington/. 
  21. ↑ Cerdá, Magdalena; Wall, Melanie; Feng, Tianshu; Keyes, Katherine M.; Sarvet, Aaron; Schulenberg, John; O’Malley, Patrick M.; Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo et al. (2017-02-01). "Association of State Recreational Marijuana Laws With Adolescent Marijuana Use". JAMA Pediatrics 171 (2): 142–149. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.3624. ISSN 2168-6203. PMID 28027345. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 https://public.health.oregon.gov/PreventionWellness/marijuana/Documents/oha-8509-marijuana-report.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Swanberg, Conor (7 July 2015). "One Year Later, Here Are the Effects Legalizing Marijuana Has Had in Washington State". http://ijr.com/2015/07/361976-many-effects-legalizing-marijuana-washington-state/. 
  24. ↑ "Opinion | on D.C.'s one-year anniversary with legalized marijuana, work remains". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/all-opinions-are-local/wp/2016/02/25/on-d-c-s-one-year-anniversary-with-legalized-marijuana-work-remains/. 
  25. ↑ "Uruguay's Year In Marijuana: 3 Successes, 3 Burning Questions - NBC News". 7 January 2015. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/uruguays-year-marijuana-3-successes-3-burning-questions-n281311. 
  26. ↑ "Uruguay marijuana legalization one year later". 26 March 2015. https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/uruguay-marijuana-legalization-one-year-later/. 

Further reading



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