Biology:Etheirophoraceae

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Short description: Family of fungi

Etheirophoraceae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Sordariomycetes
Subclass:
Hypocreomycetidae
Order:
Torpedosporales

E.B.G. Jones, Abdel-Wahab & K.L. Pang, Fungal Divers. 73(1): 42 (2015)[1]
Family:
Etheirophoraceae

Rungjindamati, Somrothipol, & Suetrong, Cryptog. Mycol. 35(2): 134 (2014)
Type genus
Etheirophora
Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm.[2][3]

Etheirophoraceae is a family of ascomycetous marine based fungi within the order of Torpedosporales in the subclass Hypocreomycetidae and within the class Sordariomycetes.[4] They are saprobic on intertidal wood and bark within marine habitats.[1][5]

Genera

It contains the following genera (with amount of species);[5]

  • Etheirophora with 3 species, (Etheirophora bijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. (1989),[6][3] Etheirophora blepharospora (Kohlm. & E. Kohlm.) Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. (1989),[3] and Etheirophora unijubata Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. (1989)),[3][7][8]
  • Swampomyces with 2 species, (Swampomyces armeniacus Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. (1987),[9] and Swampomyces triseptatus K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri (1992)[10]),[7][11]

Note former species;[11]

  • Swampomyces aegyptiacus Abdel-Wahab, El-Shar. & E.B.G. Jones (2001) = Fulvocentrum aegyptiacum, Juncigenaceae
  • Swampomyces clavatisporus Abdel-Wahab, El-Shar. & E.B.G. Jones (2001) = Fulvocentrum clavatisporum, Juncigenaceae

History

In 1987, Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer established the genus Swampomyces to accommodate Swampomyces armeniacus that is characterized by clypeate ascomata, apricot centrum, cylindrical asci and one-septate ascospores that are hyaline to yellowish, appearing light apricot-colored in mass.[9] Another species, Swampomyces triseptatus K.D. Hyde & Nakagiri, was described from mangroves in Australia (Hyde & Nakagiri 1992).[10] Then in 2001, Abdel-Wahab et al. described two new species of Swampomyces from Red Sea mangroves in Egypt, S. aegyptiacus and S. clavatisporus.[12][13]

In 2007, Schoch et al. suggested that S. aegyptiacus and S. clavatisporus possibly belonged to a different genus Fulvocentrum.[14] Schoch also agreed that Swampomyces and Etheirophora were in the same clade.[15] This was agreed in further studies.[4] Genus Etheirophora had been placed in family Lophiostomataceae,[16] before family Etheirophoraceae was published in 2014.[4]

The family (in 2023) includes the genera Etheirophora (E. bijubata, E. blepharospora, E. unijubata) and Swampomyces (S. armeniacus and S. triseptatus) (Jones et al. 2014).[17] However, the genera Etheirophora and Swampomyces are not congeneric (belonging to the same genus) and they form a sister clade with Falcocladium species (Falcocladiaceae family, Falcocladiales order) in an unsupported clade in Hypocreomycetidae,[17] order incertae sedis (Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015).[18] Subsequently, Jones et al. in 2015, introduced order Torpedosporales to accommodate the families Etheirophoraceae, Juncigenaceae and Torpedosporaceae. The order evolved with a stem age of 171–241 MYA (Hongsanan et al. 2017,[19] Hyde et al. 2017a).[20]

They are ecological and economic significant as shown as the host-specificity of Keissleriella blephorospora = Etheirophora blepharospora,[3] occurring on Rhizophora species (of Mangrove trees) in Hawaii has been reported and the species is involved in nutrient cycling (Osorio et al. 2016).[5][21]

Description

Fungal members of Etheirophoraceae have a sexual morph that has an ascomata (fruiting body) that is subglobose to globose or pyriform (pear-like), in shape and light brown to dark brown or black in colour. It is immersed (underwater), oblique or vertical to the host surface, clypeate (covered with a shield-like growth), coriaceous (leather-like, stiff but flexible), ostiolate (having an ostiole, a small hole or opening), periphysate (having short, thread-like filaments that line the opening) and papillate (covered with papillae, small growths). The peridium is composed of several layers of brown to dark brown cell layers of 'textura angularis' (a parenchyma-like tissue of very densely packed cells that appear angular in cross section). The paraphyses (supporting structures) are numerous, mostly unbranched and attached to the apex of the ascomatal cavity. They are embedded in a gelatinous matrix. They have an asci that is 8- spored, unitunicate ('single-walled'), cylindrical to oblong in shape, pedicellate (having a small stalk used to support other structures), J− and persistent. The ascospores are 1–2-seriate (arranged in rows), hyaline (transparent,glass-like) and ellipsoidal in shape. They have 1 to many septate (partitions), constricted at the septa, with a filamentous appendage at one or both ends. The appendages are bristle-like, origin undetermined. The asexual morph is yet undetermined (adapted from Jones et al. 2014).[1]

Distribution

It has a scattered marine distribution, within the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Red Sea,[12] Indian Ocean and the Baltic Sea.[22] They have also been found near Australia,[10][13] near Belize.[9] in the Gulf of Mexico,[16] near South Africa,[21] near India,[23] and in the South China Sea, near Hong Kong.[24]

For example, Etheirophora bijubata was found on intertidal wood in the Pacific Ocean (near Kauai, Hawaii).[25] Etheirophora blepharospora, Etheirophora bijubata and Etheirophora unijubata have all been found near the Hawaiian Islands (of Hawaii, Kauai, Maui and Oahu).[3][26] Also Etheirophora bijubata and Etheirophora blepharospora have been found in intertidal mangrove forests within Thailand.[27][28] Also Etheirophora blepharospora has been found with other fungi such as Capillataspora corticola, Caryosporella rhizophorae, Hydrophloeda rhizospora and Rhizophila marina on Rhizophora (Mangroves) in Hong Kong and the South China Sea.[24]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jones, E.B.G.; Suetrong, S.; Sakayaroj, J.; Bahkali, A.H.; Abdel-Wahab, M.A.; Boekhout, T.; Pang, K.L. (2015). "An updated classification of marine Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota.". Fungal Diversity 73: 1-72. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0339-4. 
  2. ↑ Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm. Mycol. Res. 92(4): 414, 1989
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kohlmeyer, Jan; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, Brigitte (June 1989). "Hawaiian marine fungi, including two new genera of Ascomycotina". Mycological Research 92 (4): 410-421. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(89)80185-6. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Hyde, Kevin D.; Norphanphoun, C.; Maharachchikumbura, S.S.N.; Bhat, D.J.; Jones, E.B.G.; Bundhun, D.; Chen, Y.J.; Bao, D.F. et al. (2020). "Refined families of Sordariomycetes.". Mycosphere 11: 305–1059.. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/7. 
  6. ↑ Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycol. Res. 92(4): 414 (1989)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K. et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere 13 (1): 53–453 [160]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332. 
  8. ↑ "Species Fungorum - Search Page - Etheirophora". https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Kohlmeyer, J.; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B. (1987). "Marine fungi from Belize with a description of two new genera of ascomycetes.". Bot. Mar. 30: 195–204.. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Hyde, Kevin D.; Nakagiri, A. (1992). "Intertidal fungi from Australia. The genus Swampomyces including S. triseptatus sp. nov.". Sydowia 44: 122–130.. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Species Fungorum - Search Page - Swampomyces". https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Abdel-Wahab, M.A.; El-Sharouny, H.M.; Jones, E.B.G. (2001). "Two new intertidal lignicolous Swampomyces species from Red Sea mangroves in Egypt.". Fungal Divers. 8: 35–40.. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Abdel-Wahab, Mohamed A.; Gareth Jones, E. B.; Bahkali, Ali H. A.; El-Gorban, Abdallah M. (January 2018). "Marine fungi from Red Sea mangroves in Saudi Arabia with Fulvocentrum rubrum sp. nov. (Torpedosporales, Ascomycota)". Nova Hedwigia 108 (3). doi:10.1127/nova_hedwigia/2018/0511. 
  14. ↑ Schoch, C.L.; Sung, G.H.; Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B.; Kohlmeyer, J.; Spatafora, J.W. (2007). "Marine fungal lineages in the Hypocreomycetidae.". Mycological Research 111: 154–162.. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2006.10.005. 
  15. ↑ E. B. Gareth Jones and Ka-Lai Pang (Editors) Marine Fungi: and Fungal-like Organisms (2012), p. 42, at Google Books
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Darryl L. Felder and David K. Camp (Editors) Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity, Volume 1 (2009), p. 84, at Google Books
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Jones, E.B.G.; Suetrong, S.; Cheng, W.H.; Rungjindamai, N.; Sakayaroj, J.; Boonyuen, N.; Somrothipol, S.; Abdel-Wahab, M.A. et al. (2014). "An additional fungal lineage in the Hypocreomycetidae (Falcocladium species) and the taxonomic re-evaluation of Chaetosphaeriachaetosa and Swampomyces species, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny.". Cryptogamie Mycologie 35: 119–138.. doi:10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.2014.119. 
  18. ↑ Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa S. N.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jones, E. B. Gareth; McKenzie, E. H. C.; Bhat, Jayarama D.; Dayarathne, Monika C.; Huang, Shi-Ke; Norphanphoun, Chada et al. (2016-06-03). "Families of Sordariomycetes" (in en). Fungal Diversity 79 (1): 1–317. doi:10.1007/s13225-016-0369-6. ISSN 1560-2745. 
  19. ↑ Hongsanan, S.; Maharachchikumbura, S. S.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Samarakoon, M. C.; Jeewon, R.; Zhao, Q. (2017). "An updated phylogeny of sordariomycetes based on phylogenetic and molecular clock evidence.". Fungal Divers. 84: 25–41.. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0384-2. 
  20. ↑ Hyde, Kevin D.; Maharachchikumbura, S. S.; Hongsanan, S.; Samarakoon, M. C.; Lücking, R.; Pem, D. (2017). "The ranking of fungi: a tribute to David L. Hawksworth on his 70th birthday.". Fungal Divers. 84: 1–23. doi:10.1007/s13225-017-0383-3. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Osorio, J. Alexander; De Beer, Z. Wilhelm; Wingfield, Michael J.; Roux, Jolanda (2016). "Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with mangroves in South Africa, including Ophiostoma palustre sp. nov.". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 109: 1555–1571. 
  22. ↑ "Etheirophoraceae" (in en). https://www.gbif.org/species/7555850. 
  23. ↑ K. R. Sridhar Frontiers in Fungal Ecology, Diversity and Metabolites (2009), p. 32, at Google Books
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Brian Morton The Marine Biology of the South China Sea: Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Marine Biology of Hong Kong and the South China Sea, Hong Kong, 28 October-3 November 1990, Volume 2 , p. 650, at Google Books
  25. ↑ "bijubata :: Marine Fungi". https://marinefungi.org/species_monograph/115/bijubata-/. 
  26. ↑ Enviro Media, 2000 Ecology, Environment & Conservation, Volumes 6-7 , p. 226, at Google Books
  27. ↑ Suetrong, Satinee; Preedanon, Sita; Klaysuban, Anupong; Gundool, Wunna; Unagul, Panida; Sakayaroj, Jariya; Promchu, Waratthaya; Sangtiean, Tanuwong (July 2017). "Distribution and occurrence of manglicolous marine fungi from eastern and southern Thailand". Botanica Marina 60 (4). doi:10.1515/bot-2016-0107. 
  28. ↑ Jayanta Kumar Patra, Rashmi Ranjan Mishra and Hrudayanath Thatoi (Editors) Biotechnological Utilization of Mangrove Resources (2020), p. 177, at Google Books

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