Biology:GNRH2

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Progonadoliberin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GNRH2 gene.[1][2][3]

The protein encoded by this gene is a preproprotein that is cleaved to form a secreted 10 aa peptide hormone, QHWSHGWYPG.[4] The secreted decapeptide regulates reproduction in females by stimulating the secretion of both luteinizing- and follicle-stimulating hormones. Three transcript variants that encode unique proproteins but the same peptide hormone have been found for this gene.[3] The peptide belongs to gonadotropin-releasing hormone family.[citation needed]

Most vertebrate species possess two or three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) expressed in three distinct brain regions. Although the function of the hypothalamic form (GnRH1; common to many vertebrates), in controlling the reproductive axis has been defined, the functions of the other two isoforms (GnRH2 and GnRH3) remain largely unknown.[5] The presence and conservation of GnRH2 across vertebrate species indicate important biological roles, but the absence of GnRH2 in rodents has greatly hampered the use of these vertebrate models and modern molecular tools to pursue its functions.[6]

A relatively well-documented function of GnRH2 is that the administration of GnRH2 has anorexigenic effects in female musk shrew,[7] mouse,[8] goldfish [9] and zebrafish,[10] but the mechanisms are still unclear.

References

  1. ↑ "Second gene for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in humans". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 (1): 305–9. Feb 1998. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.1.305. PMID 9419371. Bibcode: 1998PNAS...95..305W. 
  2. ↑ "The neuropeptides GnRH-II and GnRH-I are produced by human T cells and trigger laminin receptor gene expression, adhesion, chemotaxis and homing to specific organs". Nat Med 8 (12): 1421–6. Nov 2002. doi:10.1038/nm801. PMID 12447356. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Entrez Gene: GNRH2 gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2797. 
  4. ↑ "GNRH2 - Progonadoliberin-2 precursor - Homo sapiens (Human) - GNRH2 gene & protein". https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/O43555. 
  5. ↑ The Highly Conserved Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-2 Form Acts as a Melatonin-Releasing Factor in the Pineal of a Teleost Fish, the European Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax
  6. ↑ Comprehensive Analysis of GnRH2 Neuronal Projections in Zebrafish
  7. ↑ "The evolutionarily conserved gonadotropin-releasing hormone II modifies food intake". Endocrinology 145 (2): 686–691. February 2004. doi:10.1210/en.2003-1150. PMID 14576176. 
  8. ↑ "A critical role for the evolutionarily conserved gonadotropin-releasing hormone II: mediation of energy status and female sexual behavior". Endocrinology 145 (8): 3639–3646. August 2004. doi:10.1210/en.2004-0148. PMID 15105381. 
  9. ↑ "Inhibitory effect of chicken gonadotropin-releasing hormone II on food intake in the goldfish, Carassius auratus". Hormones and Behavior 54 (1): 83–89. June 2008. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.01.011. PMID 18342861. 
  10. ↑ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 suppresses food intake in the zebrafish, Danio rerio

Further reading




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