Biology:Geomyces pannorum

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Short description: Species of fungus

Geomyces pannorum is a yellow-brown filamentous fungus of the phylum Ascomycota commonly found in cold soil environments including the permafrost of the Northern hemisphere.[1] A ubiquitous soil fungus, it is the most common species of the genus Geomyces; which also includes G. vinaceus and G. asperulatus.[2][3] Geomyces pannorum has been identified as an agent of disfigurement of pigments used in the 15,000-year-old paintings on the walls of the Lascaux caves of France.[4] Strains of Geomyces have been recovered from the Alaskan Fox Permafrost Tunnel and radiocarbon dated to between 14,000 and 30,000 years old.[5]

Geomyces pannorum
Geomyces-007.jpg
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Subphylum:
Pezizomycotina
Class:
Leotiomycetes
Order:
Helotiales
Family:
Myxotrichaceae
Genus:
Geomyces
Species:
G. pannorum
Binomial name
Geomyces pannorum
(Link) Sigler & J.W. Carmich. (1976)
Synonyms
  • Sporotrichum pannorum Link (1824)
  • Chrysosporium pannorum (Link) Hughes (1958)
  • Geomyces pannorus (Link) Sigler & J.W. Carmich. (1976)

Taxonomy

The fungus Geomyces pannorum was originally described as Sporotrichum pannorum from rotten cloth in Germany by Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1824.[3] It was transferred to the genus Chrysosporium by the Canadian mycologist Stanley Hughes in 1958; however, the asymmetry and relatively small size of the conidia combined with the tree-like, branched appearance of the asexual reproductive structures suggested it belonged elsewhere.[6][7] In 1976 the fungus was transferred to the genus Geomyces as Geomyces pannorum by Canadian mycologists Lynne Sigler and John William Carmichael.[7]

Ecology

Geomyces pannorum is a temperate soil fungus often associated with cold temperatures. It has been isolated from Arctic permafrost as well as the soils of Antarctica.[8][9] Geomyces pannorum has also been recovered from glacier bank soils in Kashmir, India, at an elevation of over 3000 metres, where temperatures rarely exceed 10 °C.[10] This species can survive in arctic cryopegs consisting of super-cooled hypersaline liquid water deposits found beneath or within large masses of ice.[11] Geomyces pannorum has also been associated with Antarctic marine macroalgae and deep-sea ecosystems.[12][13] It is one of the most common fungi isolated in these environments, which suggests that they are involved in decomposition and nutrient-cycling in cold marine ecosystems.[12] Geomyces pannorum is tolerant of up to three times the salinity of seawater.[11][14] This fungus maintains cell and membrane function at low temperatures by elevating levels of unsaturated fats and compounds with cryoprotectant properties such as trehalose and various polyols.[11][15][16] The enzyme systems also retain function at low temperature.[8]

Other reported substrates include debris from a coal mine in Canada, frozen leaf litter, meat, cod, gelatin, and flour.[17][18] The species is also known from indoor environments where it has been found growing on damp walls, floors of gymnasiums, and on paper in archives and libraries.[18] Geomyces pannorum has commonly been isolated from the hairs of burrowing mammals,[11] the feathers of petrels, skuas, and penguins,[19] and the exoskeletons of flying arthropods,[20] all of which may contribute to its dispersal.

Morphology

Colonies of G. pannorum are yellow-brown in colour, and typically have a granular, powdery texture produced by microscopic, tree-like sporulating structures.[1][21][22] The conidia of this fungus are small, wedge-shaped with a flat base. They are smooth or slightly rough-walled, and tend to swell slightly during maturation.[2][21][23] Conidia develop at the tips and along the sides of branched, tree-like conidiophores.[2] The angles of conidiophore branches tend to be less than 90°. The conidia are formed in short chains of two to four arthroconidia linked together by empty intervening cells.[2][3][22][24] The conidiophores of G. pannorum have verticils, which resemble branches radiating around a central, perpendicular main branch.[2] The conidiophores and vegetative hyphae of G. pannorum are hyaline.[25] Members of the genus Chrysosporium differ in having larger conidia and acutely branched conidiophores.[26][27]

Growth and metabolism

Geomyces pannorum is a slow-growing psychrophile, exhibiting growth below 0 °C[8][28] to as low as −20 °C.[14][29] Strains recovered from Antarctic cryopegs germinate at −2 °C two to three weeks after inoculation.[30] Grow is typically observed at 25 °C but absent at 37 °C.[2] The fatty acid composition and metabolism of this species changes in response to environmental temperature.[31] As well, cultures isolated from different places exhibit differing morphological characteristics and varying rates of glucose and lipid utilization.[15][30] Geomyces pannorum var. vinaceous grows at 4 °C and uses lipids more readily than glucose, possibly as a means to maintain membrane fluidity under low temperature conditions by increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.[32] In contrast, G. pannorum var. pannorum grows at 25 °C and exhibits a nutritional preference for glucose.[15]

Strains of G. pannorum are halotolerant, moderately cellulolytic, and able to survive and grow in the presence of multiple environmental stressors.[12][30] This species is generally regarded to be keratinophilic (exhibiting a proclivity to grow on shed keratin)[31] and accordingly produces keratinases.[19][33] Sodium chloride is stimulatory to its growth on Czapek's medium (a growth medium in which sodium nitrate is the sole source of nitrogen and sucrose is source of carbon).[34] Growth has been observed in low oxygen environments.[34] Geomyces pannorum is resistant to the antifungal agent cycloheximide.[2][3] However the growth of this species is inhibited by ultraviolet(UV)-B light.[22][35]

Although most Geomyces species remain dormant until the introduction into their environment of new organic material, G. pannorum is unique in its ability to grow on silica gel in the absence of organic material.[36] It produces a range of extracellular hydrolases including lipase, chitinase, and urease.[11] It has been reported as a saprotroph on the colonies of other fungi including Cladosporium sphaerospermum.[37]

Clinical importance

Geomyces pannorum is regular contaminant found in cultures of dermatological specimens of humans and domestic animals (dogs, cats, horses).[1][2] It is also encountered in respiratory specimens from humans and animals where its presence is similarly interpreted as clinically insignificant.[22] A case of skin infection over the upper trunk and arms of a healthy, non-immunocompromised man was reported,[38] as was a case of recurrent cutaneous G. pannorum infection was reported in three brothers with ichthyosis.[39] However the several cases where Geomyces pannorum has been implicated in infection are suspected to be erroneous.[1][22]

Geomyces pannorum produces bioactive metabolites some of which may have pharmaceutical potential. For example, pannomycin is structurally similar to a compound known to inhibit the ATPase, SecA, in the bacterial translocase pathway.[40] Additional metabolites have been isolated from G. pannorum including antimicrobial asterric acid derivatives called "geomycins" active against Aspergillus fumigatus as well as Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.[41] Other metabolites have shown activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clavibacter michiganensis, Xanthomonas campestris and the causative agent of plant crown gall tumours, Agrobacterium tumefaciens.[42]

Industrial importance

Fungal 18S rDNA fragments of G. pannorum have been recovered from glass panels of 19th century churches in Brakel, Germany, where their presence was interpreted to contribute to have degradation.[43] Minimal organic films on optical glass provide sufficient nutrition to sustain growth of this species, causing etching of the glass surface. Geomyces pannorum has been implicated in the biodegradation of buried plastics such as polyester polyurethane.[44] It is capable of degrading plasticized polyvinyl chloride (pPVC) and polyurethane resins.[44][45][46]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 de Hoog, G. S. (2000). Atlas of clinical fungi (2. ed.). Utrecht: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures [u.a.]. ISBN 9789070351434. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Kane, Julius; Summerbell, Richard; Sigler, Lynne; Krajden, Sigmund; Land, Geoffrey (1997). Laboratory handbook of dermatophytes : a clinical guide and laboratory handbook of dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi from skin, hair, and nails. Belmont, CA: Star Pub.. pp. 300–302. ISBN 978-0-89863-157-9. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Sigler, L; Carmichael, J.W. (1976). "Taxonomy of Malbranchea and some other hyphomycetes with arthroconidia". Mycotaxon 4: 349–488. 
  4. ↑ Bastian, F (2009-05-01). "The impact of arthropods on fungal community structure in Lascaux Cave". Journal of Applied Microbiology 106 (5): 1456–1462. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.04121.x. PMID 19210566. 
  5. ↑ Katayama, T.; Tanaka, M.; Douglas, T. A.; Cai, Y.; Tomita, F.; Asano, K.; Fukuda, M. (December 2008). "Microorganisms Trapped Within Permafrost Ice In The Fox Permafrost Tunnel, Alaska". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts -1: B13A–0432. Bibcode: 2008AGUFM.B13A0432K. 
  6. ↑ Tansey, M.R.; Brock, T.D. (1973). "Dact.vlaria gallopava, a cause of avian encephalitis, in hot spring effluents, thermal soils and self-heated coal waste piles". Nature 242 (5394): 202–203. doi:10.1038/242202a0. PMID 4550022. Bibcode: 1973Natur.242..202T. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cannon, P.F. (1990). "Name changes in fungi of microbiological, industrial and medical importance". Mycopathologia 111 (2): 75–83. doi:10.1007/bf02277309. PMID 2215633. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ozerskaya, Svetlana; Kochkina, Galina; Ivanushkina, Natalia; Gilichinsky, David A. (2008). Fungi in Permafrost ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. 85–95. ISBN 978-3-540-69371-0. 
  9. ↑ Arenz, B.E. (2006). "Fungal diversity in soils and historic wood from the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica". Soil Biology and Biochemistry 38 (10): 3057–3064. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.01.016. 
  10. ↑ Deshmukh, S.K. (2002). "Incidence of dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi in the glacier bank soils of the Kashmir valley, India". Mycologist 16 (4): 165–167. doi:10.1017/s0269915x0200407x. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Hayes, Mark A. (September 2012). "The Geomyces Fungi: Ecology and Distribution". BioScience 62 (9): 819–823. doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.9.7. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Loque, Carolina; Medeiros, Adriana O.; Pellizzari, Franciane; Oliveira, Eurico C.; Rosa, Carlos A.; Rosa, Luiz H. (2010-05-01). "Fungal community associated with marine macroalgae from Antarctica". Polar Biology 33 (5): 641–648. doi:10.1007/s00300-009-0740-0. 
  13. ↑ Burgaud, Gaëtan (2009-06-01). "Diversity of culturable marine filamentous fungi from deep-sea hydrothermal vents". Environmental Microbiology 11 (6): 1588–1600. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01886.x. PMID 19239486. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Kochkina, GA; Ivanushkuna, NE; Akimov, VN; Gilichinsky, DA; Ozerskaya, SM (2007). "Halo- and psychrotolerant Geomyces fungi from Arctic cryopegs and marine deposits". Microbiology 76: 31–38. doi:10.1134/s0026261707010055. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Finotti, E.; Paolino, C.; Lancia, B.; Mercantini, R. (1 January 1996). "Metabolic Differences Between Two Antarctic Strains of Geomyces pannorum". Current Microbiology 32 (1): 7–10. doi:10.1007/s002849900002. 
  16. ↑ Ruisi, Serena (2007). "Fungi in Antarctica". Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 6 (1–3): 127–141. doi:10.1007/s11157-006-9107-y. 
  17. ↑ Carreiro, Margaret M.; Koske, R. E. (November 1992). "Effect of temperature on decomposition and development of microfungal communities in leaf litter microcosms". Canadian Journal of Botany 70 (11): 2177–2183. doi:10.1139/b92-269. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Flannigan, Brian; Samson, Robert A.; Miller, David J. (2002). Microorganisms in Home and Indoor Work Environments: Diversity, Health Impacts, Investigation and Control. Taylor & Francis. p. 372. ISBN 9781280055720. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Marshall, W.A. (1 September 1998). "Aerial Transport of Keratinaceous Substrate and Distribution of the Fungus Geomyces pannorum in Antarctic Soils". Microbial Ecology 36 (2): 212–219. doi:10.1007/s002489900108. PMID 9688783. 
  20. ↑ Greif, M.D.; Currah, R.S. (1 January 2007). "Patterns in the occurrence of saprophytic fungi carried by arthropods caught in traps baited with rotted wood and dung". Mycologia 99 (1): 7–19. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.1.7. PMID 17663118. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Campbell, Colin K.; Johnson, Elizabeth M.; Warnock, David W. (2013). Identification of Pathogenic Fungi. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 80–97. ISBN 9781118520055. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Howard, Dexter H. (2003). Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals (2. ed.). New York: Dekker. pp. 264–266. ISBN 9780824706838. 
  23. ↑ Etienne, Samuel (2002). "The role of biological weathering in periglacial areas: a study of weathering rinds in south Iceland". Geomorphology 47 (1): 75–86. doi:10.1016/s0169-555x(02)00142-3. Bibcode: 2002Geomo..47...75E. 
  24. ↑ Carmichael, J. W. (1962). "Chrysosporium and Some Other Aleuriosporic Hyphomycetes". Canadian Journal of Botany 40 (8): 1137–1173. doi:10.1139/b62-104. 
  25. ↑ Rice, A.V.; Currah, R.S. (2005). "Oidiodendron: A survey of the named species and related anamorphs of Myxotrichum". Studies in Mycology 53: 83–120. doi:10.3114/sim.53.1.83. 
  26. ↑ Summerbell, Richard; St-Germain, Guy (1996). Identifyfying filamentous fungi : a clinical laboratory handbook ; Guy St-Germain, B.S. Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec (Second ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Star Publ. Co.. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-0-89863-177-7. 
  27. ↑ Onions, A.H.S.; Allsopp, D.; Eggins, H.O.W. (1981). Smith's introduction to industrial mycology (7th ed.). New York: John Wiley. pp. 134–135. ISBN 9780470272947. 
  28. ↑ Panikov, Nicolai S. (2008). Permafrost soils (1. ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 119–147. ISBN 978-3-540-69370-3. 
  29. ↑ Hughes, KA; Lawley, B; Newsham, KK (2003). "Solar UV-B radiation inhibits the growth of Antarctic terrestrial fungi". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 (3): 1488–1491. doi:10.1128/aem.69.3.1488-1491.2003. PMID 12620833. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Kochkina, G.A.; Ivanushkina, N.E.; Akimov, V.N.; Gilichinskii, D.A.; Ozerskaya, S.M. (2006-04-17). "Halo-and psychrotolerant Geomyces fungi from arctic cryopegs and marine deposits". Microbiology 76 (1): 31–38. doi:10.1134/s0026261707010055. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Mercantini, R.; Marsella, R.; Moretto, D.; Finotti, E. (June 1993). "Keratinophilic fungi in the antarctic environment". Mycopathologia 122 (3): 169–175. doi:10.1007/BF01103478. PMID 8413499. 
  32. ↑ Finotti, E.; Moretto, D.; Marsella, R.; Mercantini, R. (March 1993). "Temperature effects and fatty acid patterns in Geomyces species isolated from Antarctic soil". Polar Biology 13 (2). doi:10.1007/BF00238545. 
  33. ↑ Frisvad, Jens C.; Margesin, Rosa (2008). Psychrophiles : from biodiversity to biotechnology. Berlin: Springer. pp. 381–387. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57057-0. ISBN 978-3-540-74334-7. Bibcode: 2017pfbb.book.....M. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Shcherbakova, V. (2010-12-01). "Growth of the fungus Geomyces pannorum under anaerobiosis". Microbiology 79 (6): 845–848. doi:10.1134/s0026261710060184. 
  35. ↑ Pibernat, Ricardo; Ellis-Evans, Cynan; Hinghofer-Szalkay, Helmut G. (2007). Life in Extreme Environments. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 169–173. ISBN 9781281044822. 
  36. ↑ Bergero, R. (1999). "Psychrooligotrophic fungi from Arctic soils of Franz Joseph Land". Polar Biology 21 (6): 361–368. doi:10.1007/s003000050374. 
  37. ↑ Karpovich-Tate, Natasha; Rebrikova, Natalia L. (1991-01-01). "Microbial communities on damaged frescoes and building materials in the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin in the Pafnutii-Borovskii monastery, Russia". International Biodeterioration 27 (3): 281–296. doi:10.1016/0265-3036(91)90057-x. 
  38. ↑ Gianni, Claudia; Caretta, Giuseppe; Romano, Clara (2003). "Skin infection due to Geomyces pannorum var. pannorum". Mycoses 46 (9–10): 430–432. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0507.2003.00897.x. PMID 14622395. 
  39. ↑ Christen-Zaech, S; Patel, S; Mancini, A (May 2008). "Recurrent cutaneous Geomyces pannorum infection in three brothers with ichthyosis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 58 (5): S112–S113. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.019. PMID 18489040. 
  40. ↑ Parish, Craig A.; Cruz, Mercedes de la; Smith, Scott K.; Zink, Deborah; Baxter, Jenny; Tucker-Samaras, Samantha; Collado, Javier; Platas, Gonzalo et al. (23 January 2009). "Antisense-Guided Isolation and Structure Elucidation of Pannomycin, a Substituted cis-Decalin from Geomyces pannorum". Journal of Natural Products 72 (1): 59–62. doi:10.1021/np800528a. PMID 19102658. 
  41. ↑ Li, Yan; Sun, Bingda; Liu, Shuchun; Jiang, Lihua; Liu, Xingzhong; Zhang, Hua; Che, Yongsheng (September 2008). "Bioactive Asterric Acid Derivatives from the Antarctic Ascomycete Fungus Geomyces sp.". Journal of Natural Products 71 (9): 1643–1646. doi:10.1021/np8003003. PMID 18720971. 
  42. ↑ Henríquez, Marlene (2014-01-01). "Diversity of cultivable fungi associated with Antarctic marine sponges and screening for their antimicrobial, antitumoral and antioxidant potential". World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1007/s11274-013-1418-x. PMID 23824664. 
  43. ↑ Schabereiter-Gurtner, Claudia; Pinar, Guadalupe; Lubitz, Werner; Rolleke, Sabine (2001). "Analysis of fungal communities on historical church window glass by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and phylogenetic 18S rDNA sequence analysis". Journal of Microbiological Methods 47 (3): 345–354. doi:10.1016/s0167-7012(01)00344-x. PMID 11714525. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Cosgrove, L.; McGeechan, P. L.; Robson, G. D.; Handley, P. S. (27 July 2007). "Fungal Communities Associated with Degradation of Polyester Polyurethane in Soil". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73 (18): 5817–5824. doi:10.1128/AEM.01083-07. PMID 17660302. 
  45. ↑ Barratt, S.R.; Ennos, A.R.; Greenhalgh, M.; Robson, G.D.; Handley, P.S. (2003). "Fungi are the predominant micro-organisms responsible for degradation of soil-buried polyester polyurethane over a range of soil water holding capacities". Journal of Applied Microbiology 95 (1): 78–85. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01961.x. PMID 12807456. 
  46. ↑ Sabev, H. A.; Handley, P.S.; Robson, G.D. (1 June 2006). "Fungal colonization of soil-buried plasticized polyvinyl chloride (pPVC) and the impact of incorporated biocides". Microbiology 152 (6): 1731–1739. doi:10.1099/mic.0.28569-0. PMID 16735736. 

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