Biology:Haplogroup E-Z827

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Short description: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
Haplogroup E-Z827
Possible time of origin24,100 BP[1]
Coalescence age23,500 BP[1]
Possible place of originNorthern Africa,[2]Middle East[3]
AncestorE-M35
DescendantsE-L19, E-Z830
Defining mutationsZ827

E-Z827, also known as E1b1b1b,[4] is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is the parent lineage to the E-Z830 and E-V257 subclades, and defines their common phylogeny. The former is predominantly found in the Middle East; the latter is most frequently observed in North Africa, with its E-M81 subclade observed among the ancient Guanche natives of the Canary Islands.[5] E-Z827 is also found at lower frequencies in Europe, and in isolated parts of Southeast Africa.

Subclades of E-Z827 and Distribution

Family Tree

The following phylogeny is based on the YCC 2008 tree and subsequent published research as summarized by ISOGG.[6][7][8]

  • E-Z827 (Z827) - E1b1b1b[9]
    • E-V257/L19 (L19, V257) - E1b1b1b1[9]
      • E-PF2431 (PF2431)[10]
        • E-PF2438
          • E-Y10561
            • E-FGC18981
              • E-FGC38527
              • E-Y35933
              • E-FGC18960
                • E-Y33020
                • E-FGC18958
          • E-PF2440
            • E-PF2471
              • E-BY9805
      • E-M81 (M81)[11]
        • E-M81*
        • E-PF2546
          • E-PF2546*
          • E-CTS12227
            • E-MZ11
              • E-MZ12
          • E-A929
            • E-Z5009
              • E-Z5009*
              • E-Z5010
              • E-Z5013
                • E-Z5013*
                • E-A1152
            • E-A2227
              • E-A428
              • E-MZ16
            • E-PF6794
              • E-PF6794*
              • E-PF6789
                • E-MZ21
                • E-MZ23
                • E-MZ80
            • E-A930
            • E-Z2198/E-MZ46
              • E-A601
              • E-L351
    • E-Z830 (Z830) - E1b1b1b2[9]
      • E-M123 (M123)
        • E-M34 (M34)
          • E-M84 (M84)
            • E-M136 (M136)
          • E-M290 (M290)
          • E-V23 (V23)
          • E-L791 (L791,L792)
      • E-V1515
        • E-V1515*
        • E-V1486
          • E-V1486*
          • E-V2881
            • E-V2881*
            • E-V1792
            • E-V92
          • E-M293 (M293)
            • E-M293*
            • E-P72 (P72)
            • E-V3065*
        • E-V1700
          • E-V42 (V42)
          • E-V1785
            • E-V1785*
            • E-V6 (V6)

E-V257/L19 (E1b1b1b1)

  • "E-V257/L19*" individuals were found in published samples who were E-V257/L19, but not E-M81. several Middle Easterners and northafricans, a Corsican, a Sardinian, a Borana from Kenya, a southern Spaniard and a Cantabrian.[12]
Within E-M35, there are striking parallels between two haplogroups, E-V68 and E-V257. Both contain a lineage which has been frequently observed in North Africa (E-M78 and E-M81, respectively) and a group of undifferentiated chromosomes that are mostly found in southern Europe. An expansion of E-M35 carriers, possibly from the Middle East as proposed by other authors, and split into two branches separated by the geographic barrier of the Mediterranean Sea, would explain this geographic pattern. However, the absence of E-V68* and E-V257* in the Middle East makes a maritime spread between northern Africa and southern Europe a more plausible hypothesis.
—[13]

E-PF2431

PF2431 is the sister branch of M81 which was discovered in Paolo Francalacci (2011). Previously, it was designated L19*/V257*. This mutation has been discovered in North Africa (in Souss in Morocco, in central and eastern Algeria, West Nile in Egypt), the Sahel (Chad, Gambia), Western Europe (United Kingdom (Derbyshire), Germany, Switzerland, Spain, Italy) and Near Eastern (Turkey, Karabakh and Urmia). It would have formed 13800 years ago and is thought to originate from the "green" Sahara. Its TMRCA is estimated at 10600 years by yfull.

Archeology unearthed the remains of a member of the Hungarian conquering elite was analyzed from branch E-FGC19010, it had been discovered in Sandorfalva in Hungary and is dated to the second half of the tenth century.[14] A skeleton was discovered at the Monastery of San Pietro, Villa Magna in Italy, whose DNA belongs to the same branch and lived around 1180CE.[15] Scientists have examined the DNA of a mass grave of victims of the bubonic plague in Ellwangen in Germany, this one dates from the 16th century and belongs to another branch E-FGC18981.[16]

E-M81

E-V257's dominant sub-clade E-M81 is thought to have originated in the area of the northwest of Africa 7,000 years ago,[17] but all Yfull members are M183 and have a TMRCA just 2700 years ago.[18]

Regional distribution for haplogroup E-M81.

E-M81 is the most common subclade of haplogroup E-L19/V257. It is concentrated in North Africa, and is dominated by its E-M183 subclade. E-M183 is believed to have originated in the Northwest of Africa, and has an estimated age of 2284-2984 ybp.[19]

The E-M183 sub haplogroup reaches a mean frequency of 42% in North Africa. It decreases in frequency from 100% in some populations to approximately 28.6% to the east of this range in Egypt.[3][20][21] The E-M81 subclade is predominant among North African Berber-speaking populations. In Tunisia, it reached 100% frequency among a sample of Arabs from Zriba,[22] 89.5% in Andalusians (Qalaat-al-Andalous), and 100% in Berbers from Chenini-Douiret, Jradou and Takrouna.[22] It is generally found at frequencies around 45% in coastal cities of the Maghreb (Oran, Tunis, Algiers).[3][23]

Diagram displaying the geographic frequency.

It is also prevalent among other Berber populations and reaches frequency of 72.4% in Marrakesh Berbers,[24] 80% in Mozabite, and 71% in Middle Atlas Berbers (Moyen). It also reaches high levels (77.8%) among the Tuareg population inhabiting the Sahara in Burkina Faso, near Gor it reaches a much lower frequency of 11.1% in the vicinity of Tanut in the Republic of Niger.

In this key area from Egypt to the Atlantic Ocean,[3] report a pattern of decreasing STR haplotype variation (implying decreasing lineage age in those areas) from East to West (but[25] reports West to East for M183), accompanied by a substantial increasing frequency. At the eastern extreme of this core range,[21] M81 is found in 28.6% (10 out of 35 men) in El-Hayez in the Western desert in Egypt

The pattern of distribution and variance to be consistent with the hypothesis of a post Paleolithic "demic diffusion" from the Middle East.[3] The ancestral lineage of E-M81 in their hypothesis could have been linked with the spread of Neolithic food-producing technologies from the Fertile Crescent via the Nile, although pastoralism rather than agriculture. E-M81 and possibly proto-Afroasiatic language may have been carried either all the way from Asia, or they may represent a "local contribution to the North African Neolithic transition".

The E-M81 subclade has been found in ancient Guanche (Bimbapes) fossils excavated in Punta Azul, El Hierro, Canary Islands, which are dated to the 10th century (~44%).[5] Also found in ifri n'ammar that makes the Northwest African origin the likely origin of where it expanded, and not the Middle East.

Europe

In Europe, E-M81 has a widespread distribution at very low frequencies but is common mostly in the Iberian Peninsula, where unlike in the rest of Europe,[26] shows an average frequency of 4.3% (49/1140) in the Iberian Peninsula with frequencies reaching 4% and 9% in two separate surveys of Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile. However this study also includes 153 individuals from Majorca, Minorca and Ibiza islands as well as 24 individuals from Gascony which are not in the Iberian Peninsula. Without these 177 individuals, real average for Iberian Peninsula is 4.9% (47/963)[26] it is more common than E-M78, with an average frequency around 5%. Its frequencies are higher in the western half of the peninsula with frequencies reaching 8% in Extremadura and South Portugal, 4% in one study and 9% in another in Galicia, 10% in Western Andalusia and Northwest Castile and 9% to 17% in Cantabria.[26][27][28][29][30] The highest frequencies of this clade found so far in Europe were observed in the Pasiegos from Cantabria, ranging from 18% (8/45)[30] to 41% (23/56).[24] An average frequency of 8.28% (54/652) has also been reported in the Spanish Canary Islands with frequencies over 10% in the three largest islands of Tenerife (10.68%), Gran Canaria (11.54%) and Fuerteventura (13.33%).[31]

E-M81 is also found in other parts of Europe, such as Britain – especially Wales and Scotland – and France , where it has an overall incidence of 2.7% (15/555), with frequencies surpassing 5.0% in Auvergne (5/89) and Île-de-France (5/91).[32][33][34] E-M81 was also observed in Italy with frequencies of 0,7% to 5,8% in Sardinia,[35][36] approximately 2.12% overall in Sicily (but up to 7.14% in Piazza Armerina),[37] and in very much lower frequency near Lucera (1.7%), in continental Italy,[38] possibly due to ancient migrations during the Islamic, Roman, and Carthaginian empires. In a 2014 study by Stefania Sarno et al. with 326 samples from Cosenza, Reggio Calabria, Lecce and five Sicilian provinces, E-M81 shows an average frequency of 1.53%, but the typical Maghrebin core haplotype 13-14-30-24-9-11-13 has been found in only two out of the five E-M81 individuals. These results, along with the negligible contribution from North-African populations revealed by the admixture-like plot analysis, suggest only a marginal impact of trans-Mediterranean gene flows on the current SSI genetic pool.[37][39]

Latin America

As a result of Spanish and Portuguese colonization of the Americas, this sub-clade is found throughout Latin America, for example 6.1% in Cuba, (8 out of 132),[40] 5.4% in Brazil (Rio de Janeiro) (6 out of 112), "The presence of chromosomes of North African origin (E3b1b-M81;[24] can also be explained by a Portuguese-mediated influx, since this haplogroup reaches a frequency of 5.6% in Portugal,[28] quite similar to the frequency found in Rio de Janeiro (5.4%) among European contributors."[41] and among Hispanic men from California and Hawaii 2.4% (7 out of 295),[42]

Others

In smaller numbers, E-M81 men can be found in areas in contact with the Maghreb, both around the Sahara, in places like Sudan, and around the Mediterranean in places like Lebanon, Turkey, and amongst Sephardic Jews.

Distribution

The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for E-M81, showing where its distribution is greater than 1% in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Latin America.

Country/Region Sampling n %E-M81 Source
Mauretania Arabs 17 94 [43]
Algeria Arabs 60 80 [44]
Tunisia Arabs from Zriba 32 100 [45]
Tunisia Arabs from Djerba 47 93.7 [46]
Algeria Mozabite Berbers 67 86.6 [47]
Algeria Mozabite Berbers 20 80 [24]
Algeria Oran 102 45.1 [23]
Algeria Algiers 35 42.9 [3]
Algeria Kabyles from Tizi Ouzou 19 47.4 [3]
Algeria Arabs and Berbers 156 44.2 [48]
Algeria Zenata 35 48.6 [49]
Brazil Rio de Janeiro 112 5.4 [41]
Burkina Faso Tuaregs 38 77.8 [50]
Canary Islands Fuerteventura 75 13.3 [31]
Canary Islands Gran Canaria 78 11.5 [31]
Canary Islands Tenerife 178 10.7 [31]
Canary Islands Lanzarote 97 6.2 [31]
Canary Islands La Palma 85 5.9 [31]
Canary Islands Gomera 92 4.4 [31]
Canary Islands Hierro 47 2.1 [31]
Cuba 132 6.1 [40]
Cyprus Turkish Cypriots 46 8.7 [24]
Egypt Northern Egyptians 21 4.8 [24]
Egypt Western Desert 35 28.6 [21]
Egypt 147 8.2 [27]
Egypt Arabs 370 11.8 [48]
France 85 3.5 [24]
France Auvergne 89 5.6 [32]
France Île-de-France 91 5.5 [32]
France Nord-Pas-de-Calais 68 4.4 [32]
France Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur 45 2.2 [32]
France Midi-Pyrénées 67 1.5 [32]
France Béarnais 56 1.8 [33]
France Bigorre 44 2.3 [33]
Iberia Spain, Portugal 655 5.2 [31]
Iberia Spain, Portugal 1140 4.3 [26]
Israel Bedouins 28 3.6 [24]
Italy Central Italians 89 2.2 [24]
Italy Northern Italians 67 1.5 [24]
Italy East Campania 84 1.2 [29]
Italy Lucera 60 1.7 [29]
Italy Peninsular Italy 915 0.3 [29]
Italy Sicily 236 2.1 [51]
Italy Sicilians 136 0.7 [24]
Italy Sardinians 367 0.3 [24]
Italy Sardinia 1204 5.8 [36]
Jordan Arabs 101 4 [27]
Lebanon Arabs 104 1.9 [27]
Lebanon Arabs 914 1.2 [52]
Libya Tuaregs 47 48.9 [53]
Libya Arabs 215 35.9 [54]
Libya Arabs and Berbers 83 45.7 [48]
Mauritania Arabs and Berbers 189 55.5 [48]
Morocco Marrakesh Berbers 29 72.4 [24]
Morocco Southern Moroccan Berbers 187 98.5 [55]
Morocco Moyen Atlas Berbers 69 71 [24]
Morocco Moroccan Arabs 54 31.5 [24]
Morocco Marrakesh (Amizmiz Valley) 33 84.8 [20]
Morocco Northern Moroccans (Beni Snassen) 67 79.1 [47]
Morocco Northern Moroccans (Rhiraya) 54 79.6 [47]
Morocco Immigrants resident in Italy 51 54.9 [56]
Morocco Arabs and Berbers 221 65 [31]
Morocco Arabs and Berbers 760 67.3 [48]
Morocco Saharawi 29 76 [57]
Niger Tuaregs 22 9.1 [24]
Niger Tuaregs 31 11.1 [50]
North Africa Sahara 89 59.6 [31]
North Africa Algeria, Tunisia 202 39.1 [31]
Portugal North 109 5.5 [58]
Portugal South 49 12.2 [24]
Portugal North 50 4 [24]
Portugal South 78 7.7 [26]
Portugal North 60 3.3 [26]
Portugal 303 5.6 [59]
Portugal North 101 6 [59]
Portugal Center 102 4.9 [59]
Portugal South 100 6 [59]
Portugal Madeira 129 5.4 [59]
Portugal Açores 121 5 [59]
Portugal 657 5.6 [28]
Portugal Entre Douro e Minho 228 6.6 [28]
Portugal Tras os Montes 64 3.1 [28]
Portugal Beira Litoral 116 5.2 [28]
Portugal Beira Interior 58 5.3 [28]
Portugal Estremadura 43 4.6 [28]
Portugal Lisboa e Setubal 62 6.5 [28]
Portugal Alentejo 65 7.7 [28]
Portugal Coruche 64 9.4 [50]
Portugal Pias 46 4.3 [50]
Portugal Alcacer do Sal 21 4.8 [50]
Portugal Tras-os-Montes (Jews) 57 5.3 [60]
Portugal Tras-os-Montes (Non Jews) 30 10 [60]
Somalia 201 1.5 [27]
Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 19 36.8 [61]
Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 56 41.1 [24]
Spain Pasiegos from Cantabria 45 17.8 [30]
Spain Spanish Basques 55 3.6 [24]
Spain Asturians 90 2.2 [24]
Spain Southern Spaniards 62 1.6 [24]
Spain Castile, NorthWest 100 10 [26]
Spain Andalucia, West 73 9.6 [26]
Spain Galicia 19 10.5 [58]
Spain Galicia 292 4.1 [62]
Spain Galicia 88 9.1 [26]
Spain Galicia 44 9.1 [63]
Spain Galicia 164 9.1 [64]
Spain Extremadura 52 7.7 [26]
Spain Valencia 73 4.1 [26]
Spain Castile, NorthEast 31 3.2 [26]
Spain Aragon 34 2.9 [26]
Spain Minorca 37 2.7 [26]
Spain Andalucia, East 95 2.1 [26]
Spain Majorca 62 1.6 [26]
Spain Castile, La Mancha 63 1.6 [26]
Spain Catalonia 80 1.3 [26]
Spain Catalonia 111 3.6 [63]
Spain Cantabria 161 13 [29]
Spain Malaga 26 11.5 [58]
Spain Cantabria 70 8.6 [58]
Spain Cordoba 27 7.4 [58]
Spain Valencia 31 6.5 [58]
Spain Valencia 59 5.1 [63]
Spain Almeria 36 5.6 [63]
Spain Leon 60 5 [58]
Spain Castile 21 4.8 [58]
Spain Seville 155 4.5 [58]
Spain Huelva 22 4.5 [58]
Spain Basques 45 2.2 [58]
Spain Huelva 167 3 [65]
Spain Granada 250 3.6 [65]
Spain Pedroches Valley 68 1.5 [20]
Spain Andalucia 94 2.1 [20]
Spain Zamora 235 5.5 [66]
Tunisia Tunis 148 37.9 [3]
Tunisia Immigrants resident in Italy 52 32.7 [56]
Tunisia Berbers from Bou Omrane 40 87.5 [67]
Tunisia Berbers from Bou Saad 40 92.5 [67]
Tunisia Arabs from Djerba 46 60.8 [67]
Tunisia Berbers from Djerba 47 76.6 [67]
Tunisia Berbers from Chenini–Douiret 27 100 [68]
Tunisia Berbers from Sened 35 65.7 [68]
Tunisia Arabs from Jradou 32 100 [68]
Tunisia Andalusians from Zaghouan 32 40.6 [68]
Tunisia Cosmopolitan Tunis 33 54.4 [68]
Tunisia Arabs 601 62.7 [48]
Turkey Istanbul Turkish 35 5.7 [24]
Turkey Sephardi Turkish 19 5.3 [24]
Turkey Southwestern Turkish 40 2.5 [24]
Turkey Northeastern Turkish 41 2.4 [24]
Egypt Berbers 93 1.1 [69]

E-Z830 (E1b1b1b2)

A recently confirmed sub-clade of E-Z827, Z830, includes the confirmed sub-clades of E-M123, E-M293, and E-V42, and is a sibling clade to E-L19. Currently, the E-M35 phylogeny project recognizes four distinct clusters of Z830* carriers, two of which are exclusively Jewish in origin. The remaining two are significantly smaller, and include scattered individuals in Germany, Spain, Latin America, Egypt, and Ethiopia.[70][71][72][73]

E-M123

E-M123 is mostly known for its major subclade E-M34, which dominates this clade.[74]

E-V1515

A new clade (E-V1515) was defined by Trombetta et al. 2015, which originated about 12 kya (95% CI 8.6-16.4) in eastern Africa where it is currently mainly distributed. This clade includes all the sub-Saharan haplogroups (E-V42, E-M293, E-V92, E-V6) reported as E-M35 basal clades in a previous phylogeny.[2]

We observed the highest frequency and diversity of this haplogroup in the northern part of the Horn of Africa (present day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia), where the majority of the deepest E-V1515 subhaplogroups and paragroups were found. In the southern part of the Horn (southern Ethiopia, Somalia and northern Kenya), haplogroup E-V1515 is almost exclusively represented by the recent (3.5 ka; 95% CI: 1.7–5.9 ka) subhaplogroup E-V1486. Further south, in southern Kenya and southern Africa, a single E-V1486 terminal clade, known as E-M293 (Henn et al. 2008), was found (fig. 3). This phylogeographic pattern is strongly suggestive of human movements from the northern part of the Horn to the Ethiopian/Kenyan borders between 12 ka (the coalescence of E-V1515) and 3.5 ka (the coalescence of E-V1486), and from here toward southern Africa across the equatorial belt in more recent times.[2]

Multiple instances of commercially observed E-V1515 have also been detected in Arabia.[75]

E-M293

E-M293 is a subclade of E-V1515. It was identified by ISOGG as the second clade within E-Z830. It was discovered before E-Z830 and is associated with the spread of pastoralism from Eastern Africa by South Cushites into Southern Africa.[76] So far high levels have been found in specific ethnic groups in Tanzania and Southern Africa. Highest were the Datog (43%), Khwe (Kxoe) (31%), Burunge (28%), and Sandawe (24%). Two Bantu-speaking Kenyan males were found with the M293 mutation.[76] Other E-M215 subclades are rare in Southern Africa. The authors state...

Without information about M293 in the Maasai, Hema, and other populations in Kenya, Sudan, and Ethiopia, we cannot pinpoint the precise geographic source of M293 with greater confidence. However, the available evidence points to present-day Tanzania as an early and important geographic locus of M293 evolution.

They also say that "M293 is only found in sub-Saharan Africa, indicating a separate phylogenetic history for M35.1 * (former) samples further north". E-P72.[7] This is a subclade of E-M293.[13]

E-V42

E-V42 was discovered in two Ethiopian Jews.[13] It was suggested that it may be restricted to the region around Ethiopia. However, further testing by commercial DNA testing companies confirmed positive results for this subclade in Arabia as well.[77]

E-V6

The E-V6 subclade of E-V1515 is defined by V6 and has been identified a significant presence of these lineages in Ethiopia, and also some in the neighboring Somali population.[24] Among the Ethiopian and Somali samples, the highest were 14.7% among the Ethiopian Amhara, and 16.7% among the Ethiopian Wolayta.

E-V92

E-V92 was discovered in two Ethiopian Amhara.[13] Like E-V6 and E-V42 it possibly only exists in the area of Ethiopia.

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic History

Main page: Biology:Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) (α) (β) (γ) (δ) (ε) (ζ) (η) YCC 2002 (Longhand) YCC 2005 (Longhand) YCC 2008 (Longhand) YCC 2010r (Longhand) ISOGG 2006 ISOGG 2007 ISOGG 2008 ISOGG 2009 ISOGG 2010 ISOGG 2011 ISOGG 2012
E-P29 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E* E E E E E E E E E E
E-M33 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1* E1 E1a E1a E1 E1 E1a E1a E1a E1a E1a
E-M44 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a E1a E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1 E1a1
E-M75 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2a E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2 E2
E-M54 21 III 3A 13 Eu3 H2 B E2b E2b E2b E2b1 - - - - - - -
E-P2 25 III 4 14 Eu3 H2 B E3* E3 E1b E1b1 E3 E3 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1 E1b1
E-M2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a* E3a E1b1 E1b1a E3a E3a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a E1b1a1 E1b1a1
E-M58 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E3a1 E3a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1 E1b1a1a1a E1b1a1a1a
E-M116.2 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E3a2 E3a2 E1b1a2 E1b1a2 E1ba12 removed removed
E-M149 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E3a3 E3a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a3 E1b1a1a1c E1b1a1a1c
E-M154 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E3a4 E3a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a4 E1b1a1a1g1c E1b1a1a1g1c
E-M155 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E3a5 E3a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a5 E1b1a1a1d E1b1a1a1d
E-M10 8 III 5 15 Eu2 H2 B E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E3a6 E3a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a6 E1b1a1a1e E1b1a1a1e
E-M35 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b* E3b E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E3b1 E3b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 E1b1b1 removed removed
E-M78 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1* E3b1 E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a E1b1b1a1 E1b1b1a1
E-M148 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b1a E3b1a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E3b1a3a E3b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a3a E1b1b1a1c1 E1b1b1a1c1
E-M81 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2* E3b2 E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E3b1b E3b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a
E-M107 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2a E3b2a E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E3b1b1 E3b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1 E1b1b1b1a E1b1b1b1a1
E-M165 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b2b E3b2b E1b1b1b2 E1b1b1b1b1 E3b1b2 E3b1b2 E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b2a E1b1b1b1a2a
E-M123 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3* E3b3 E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E3b1c E3b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1c E1b1b1b2a
E-M34 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3b3a* E3b3a E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E3b1c1 E3b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1c1 E1b1b1b2a1
E-M136 25 III 4 14 Eu4 H2 B E3ba1 E3b3a1 E1b1b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E3b1c1a E3b1c1a E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1c1a1 E1b1b1b2a1a1

Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.


See also

  • Semitic people
  • Arabs
  • Israelites


Genetics

Y-DNA E Subclades

Y-DNA Backbone Tree

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "YFull YTree v6.02". YFull: Y-Chr Sequence Interpretation Service. https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Z827/. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent". Genome Biology and Evolution 7 (7): 1940–50. June 2015. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv118. PMID 26108492. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 "A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics 75 (2): 338–45. August 2004. doi:10.1086/423147. PMID 15202071. 
  4. ↑ ISOGG (2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2015
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Genetic studies on the prehispanic population buried in Punta Azul cave (El Hierro, Canary Islands)". Journal of Archaeological Science 78: 20–28. 2017. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2016.11.004. Bibcode: 2017JArSc..78...20O. 
  6. ↑ ISOGG (2008). "Y-DNA Haplogroup E and its Subclades - 2008". International Society of Genetic Genealogists "ISOGG". http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpE08.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8. May 2008. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMID 18385274. 
  8. ↑ Y Chromosome Consortium "YCC" (February 2002). "A nomenclature system for the tree of human Y-chromosomal binary haplogroups". Genome Research 12 (2): 339–48. doi:10.1101/gr.217602. PMID 11827954. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 ISOGG 2015
  10. ↑ "E-PF2431 YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-PF2431/. 
  11. ↑ "E-M81 YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-M81/. 
  12. ↑ "E-L19 YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-L19/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms". PLOS ONE 6 (1): e16073. January 2011. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016073. PMID 21253605. Bibcode: 2011PLoSO...616073T. 
  14. ↑ Maroti at al. 2022, Whole genome analysis sheds light on the genetic origin of Huns, Avars and conquering Hungarians https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.19.476915v1
  15. ↑ Antonio et al. 2019, Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean
  16. ↑ Immel et al. 2021, Analysis of Genomic DNA from Medieval Plague Victims Suggests Long-Term Effect of Yersinia pestis on Human Immunity Genes
  17. ↑ Arredi, Barbara; Poloni, Estella S.; Paracchini, Silvia; Zerjal, Tatiana; Fathallah, Dahmani M.; Makrelouf, Mohamed; Pascali, Vincenzo L.; Novelletto, Andrea et al. (August 2004). "A predominantly neolithic origin for Y-chromosomal DNA variation in North Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics 75 (2): 338–345. doi:10.1086/423147. ISSN 0002-9297. PMID 15202071. 
  18. ↑ "E-M81 YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-M81/. 
  19. ↑ "Whole Y-chromosome sequences reveal an extremely recent origin of the most common North African paternal lineage E-M183 (M81)". Scientific Reports 7 (1): 15941. November 2017. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16271-y. PMID 29162904. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...715941S. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "Y-chromosome variation in South Iberia: insights into the North African contribution". American Journal of Human Biology 21 (3): 407–9. 2009. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20888. PMID 19213004. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 "Near eastern neolithic genetic input in a small oasis of the Egyptian Western Desert". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140 (2): 336–46. October 2009. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21078. PMID 19425100. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Elkamel, Sarra; Marques, Sofia L.; Alvarez, Luis; Gomes, Veronica; Boussetta, Sami; Mourali-Chebil, Soufia; Khodjet-El-Khil, Houssein; Cherni, Lotfi et al. (2021-08-03). "Insights into the Middle Eastern paternal genetic pool in Tunisia: high prevalence of T-M70 haplogroup in an Arab population". Scientific Reports 11 (1): 15728. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-95144-x. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 34344940. Bibcode: 2021NatSR..1115728E. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample". International Journal of Legal Medicine 122 (3): 251–5. May 2008. doi:10.1007/s00414-007-0203-5. PMID 17909833. 
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 24.18 24.19 24.20 24.21 24.22 24.23 24.24 24.25 24.26 "Phylogeographic analysis of haplogroup E3b (E-M215) y chromosomes reveals multiple migratory events within and out of Africa". American Journal of Human Genetics 74 (5): 1014–22. May 2004. doi:10.1086/386294. PMID 15042509. 
  25. ↑ "Whole Y-chromosome sequences reveal an extremely recent origin of the most common North African paternal lineage E-M183 (M81)". Scientific Reports 7 (1): 15941. November 2017. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16271-y. PMID 29162904. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...715941S. 
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 26.14 26.15 26.16 26.17 "The genetic legacy of religious diversity and intolerance: paternal lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics 83 (6): 725–36. December 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMID 19061982. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 "Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan". Journal of Human Genetics 50 (9): 435–41. 2005. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0274-4. PMID 16142507. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 "Micro-phylogeographic and demographic history of Portuguese male lineages". Annals of Human Genetics 70 (Pt 2): 181–94. March 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00221.x. PMID 16626329. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 "Moors and Saracens in Europe: estimating the medieval North African male legacy in southern Europe". European Journal of Human Genetics 17 (6): 848–52. June 2009. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.258. PMID 19156170. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA characterization of Pasiegos, a human isolate from Cantabria (Spain)". Annals of Human Genetics 67 (Pt 4): 329–39. July 2003. doi:10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00045.x. PMID 12914567. 
  31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 "Demographic history of Canary Islands male gene-pool: replacement of native lineages by European". BMC Evolutionary Biology 9: 181. August 2009. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-181. PMID 19650893. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 "Phylogeography of French male lineages". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 2 (1): 439–441. December 2009. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.09.026. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 "Evidence of Pre-Roman Tribal Genetic Structure in Basques from Uniparentally Inherited Markers". Molecular Biology and Evolution 29 (9): 2211–2222. March 2012. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss091. PMID 22411853. 
  34. ↑ Only men with French surname were analysed, in order to try to exclude more recent immigrants.
  35. ↑ "Y-chromosome and Surname Analyses for Reconstructing Past Population Structures: The Sardinian Population as a Test Case". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20 (22): 5763. November 2019. doi:10.3390/ijms20225763. PMID 31744094. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Francalacci et al. (2013), Low-Pass DNA Sequencing of 1200 Sardinians Reconstructs European Y-Chromosome Phylogeny
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Di Gaetano et al. (2009)
  38. ↑ Capelli et al. (2009)
  39. ↑ "An ancient Mediterranean melting pot: investigating the uniparental genetic structure and population history of sicily and southern Italy". PLOS ONE 9 (4): e96074. 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096074. PMID 24788788. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...996074S.  CC-BY icon.svg This article contains quotations from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Genetic origin, admixture, and asymmetry in maternal and paternal human lineages in Cuba". BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 213. July 2008. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-213. PMID 18644108. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Y-chromosome genetic variation in Rio de Janeiro population". American Journal of Human Biology 18 (6): 829–37. 2006. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20567. PMID 17039481. 
  42. ↑ "A Y chromosomal influence on prostate cancer risk: the multi-ethnic cohort study". Journal of Medical Genetics 40 (11): 815–9. November 2003. doi:10.1136/jmg.40.11.815. PMID 14627670. 
  43. ↑ "E-M81 YTree". https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-m81/. 
  44. ↑ "Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations". PLOS ONE 10 (9): e0138453. 2015-09-24. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138453. PMID 26402429. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1038453B. 
  45. ↑ "Y-chromosomal STR haplotypes in three ethnic groups and one cosmopolitan population from Tunisia". Forensic Science International 152 (1): 95–99. August 2005. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.007. PMID 15939181. 
  46. ↑ "A Y-chromosome portrait of the population of Jerba (Tunisia) to elucidate its complex demographic history" (in en). Bulletins et mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris. BMSAP 17 (1–2): 103–114. June 2005. doi:10.4000/bmsap.956. ISSN 0037-8984. https://journals.openedition.org/bmsap/956. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 "The Berbers: Linguistic and genetic diversity". 2005. http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Fulltext/philippson/AUSSOIS_2005_final.pdf. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 48.5 "Introducing the Algerian mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome profiles into the North African landscape". PLOS ONE 8 (2): e56775. February 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056775. PMID 23431392. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...856775B. 
  49. ↑ Bekada, Asmahan; Arauna, Lara R.; Deba, Tahria; Calafell, Francesc; Benhamamouch, Soraya; Comas, David (2015-09-24). "Genetic Heterogeneity in Algerian Human Populations". PLOS ONE 10 (9): e0138453. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138453. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 26402429. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 "Linking the sub-Saharan and West Eurasian gene pools: maternal and paternal heritage of the Tuareg nomads from the African Sahel". European Journal of Human Genetics 18 (8): 915–23. August 2010. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.21. PMID 20234393. 
  51. ↑ "Differential Greek and northern African migrations to Sicily are supported by genetic evidence from the Y chromosome". European Journal of Human Genetics 17 (1): 91–9. January 2009. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.120. PMID 18685561. 
  52. ↑ "Identifying genetic traces of historical expansions: Phoenician footprints in the Mediterranean". American Journal of Human Genetics 83 (5): 633–42. November 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012. PMID 18976729. 
  53. ↑ "Deep into the roots of the Libyan Tuareg: a genetic survey of their paternal heritage". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 145 (1): 118–24. May 2011. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21473. PMID 21312181. 
  54. ↑ "Genome-wide and paternal diversity reveal a recent origin of human populations in North Africa". PLOS ONE 8 (11): e80293. 2013. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080293. PMID 24312208. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...880293F. 
  55. ↑ "Phylogeography of E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup and analysis of its subclades in Morocco". Human Biology 86 (2): 105–12. 2014. doi:10.3378/027.086.0204. PMID 25397701. https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol_preprints/53. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Y-chromosome markers distribution in Northern Africa: High-resolution SNP and STR analysis in Tunisia and Morocco populations". Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 1 (1): 235–236. August 2008. doi:10.1016/j.fsigss.2007.10.173. 
  57. ↑ Bosch, Elena; Calafell, Francesc; Comas, David; Oefner, Peter J.; Underhill, Peter A.; Bertranpetit, Jaume (April 2001). "High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Variation Shows a Sharp Discontinuity and Limited Gene Flow between Northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics 68 (4): 1019–1029. doi:10.1086/319521. ISSN 0002-9297. PMID 11254456. 
  58. ↑ 58.00 58.01 58.02 58.03 58.04 58.05 58.06 58.07 58.08 58.09 58.10 "Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography". European Journal of Human Genetics 12 (10): 855–63. October 2004. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225. PMID 15280900. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 "Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry". Annals of Human Genetics 69 (Pt 4): 443–54. July 2005. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x. PMID 15996172. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Phylogeographic analysis of paternal lineages in NE Portuguese Jewish communities". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 141 (3): 373–81. March 2010. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21154. PMID 19918998. 
  61. ↑ "Human Y-chromosome variation in the western Mediterranean area: implications for the peopling of the region". Human Immunology 62 (9): 871–84. September 2001. doi:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00286-5. PMID 11543889. http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Scozzari2001.pdf. 
  62. ↑ "Micro-geographical differentiation in Northern Iberia revealed by Y-chromosomal DNA analysis". Gene 329: 17–25. March 2004. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2003.12.035. PMID 15033525. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome structure at the Mediterranean and Atlantic façades of the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Biology 26 (2): 130–41. 2014. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22497. PMID 24375863. 
  64. ↑ "From Arabia to Iberia: A Y chromosome perspective". Gene 564 (2): 141–52. June 2015. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2015.02.042. PMID 25701402. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "The Andalusian population from Huelva reveals a high diversification of Y-DNA paternal lineages from haplogroup E: Identifying human male movements within the Mediterranean space". Annals of Human Biology 37 (1): 86–107. 2010. doi:10.3109/03014460903229155. PMID 19939195. 
  66. ↑ "Y-chromosome analysis in a Northwest Iberian population: unraveling the impact of Northern African lineages". American Journal of Human Biology 26 (6): 740–6. 2014. doi:10.1002/ajhb.22602. PMID 25123837. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome microstructure in Tunisia". Journal of Human Genetics 56 (10): 734–41. October 2011. doi:10.1038/jhg.2011.92. PMID 21833004. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 "Genetic structure of Tunisian ethnic groups revealed by paternal lineages". American Journal of Physical Anthropology 146 (2): 271–80. October 2011. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21581. PMID 21915847. 
  69. ↑ Dugoujon, Jean-Michel; Coudray, Clotilde; Torroni, Antonio; Cruciani, Fulvio; Scozzari, Rosaria; Moral, Pedro; Louali, Naima; Kossmann, Maarten (2009-12-17), d'Errico, Francesco; Hombert, Jean-Marie, eds., "Genetic and linguistic diversities: The Berber and the Berbers" (in en), Becoming Eloquent: Advances in the emergence of language, human cognition, and modern cultures (John Benjamins Publishing Company): pp. 123–146, ISBN 978-90-272-3269-4, https://benjamins.com/catalog/z.152.05ch4, retrieved 2023-07-24 
  70. ↑ "E-M35 Project Data". haplozone.net. http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/3. 
  71. ↑ "E-M35 Project Data". haplozone.net. http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/4. 
  72. ↑ "E-M35 Project Data". haplozone.net. http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/81. 
  73. ↑ "E-M35 Project Data". haplozone.net. http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/72. 
  74. ↑ "E-M35 phylogeny project". http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/index.php/project/query. "As of 11 November 2008 for example, the E-M35 phylogeny project had records of four E-M123* tests, compared to 93 test results with E-M34." [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  75. ↑ "E-CTS10880 YTree". https://yfull.com/tree/E-CTS10880/. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "Y-chromosomal evidence of a pastoralist migration through Tanzania to southern Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (31): 10693–8. August 2008. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801184105. PMID 18678889. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..10510693H. 
  77. ↑ "E-M35 Project Data". haplozone.net. http://www.haplozone.net/e3b/project/cluster/60. 
  78. ↑ "New uses for new haplotypes the human Y chromosome, disease and selection". Trends in Genetics 16 (8): 356–62. August 2000. doi:10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02057-6. PMID 10904265. 
  79. ↑ "Patterns of inter- and intra-group genetic diversity in the Vlax Roma as revealed by Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics 9 (2): 97–104. February 2001. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200597. PMID 11313742. 
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  81. ↑ "Hierarchical patterns of global human Y-chromosome diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution 18 (7): 1189–203. July 2001. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. PMID 11420360. 
  82. ↑ "The genetic legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in extant Europeans: a Y chromosome perspective". Science 290 (5494): 1155–9. November 2000. doi:10.1126/science.290.5494.1155. PMID 11073453. Bibcode: 2000Sci...290.1155S. 
  83. ↑ "Y-Chromosome evidence for a northward migration of modern humans into Eastern Asia during the last Ice Age". American Journal of Human Genetics 65 (6): 1718–24. December 1999. doi:10.1086/302680. PMID 10577926. 
  84. ↑ "A predominantly indigenous paternal heritage for the Austronesian-speaking peoples of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania". American Journal of Human Genetics 68 (2): 432–43. February 2001. doi:10.1086/318205. PMID 11170891. 

Further reading

External links



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