Biology:Influenza Risk Assessment Tool
The Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT) is an instrument developed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2010 with the purpose to systematically capture and evaluate data relating to influenza A viruses not at present circulating among people.[1][2][3] IRAT was developed with assistance from global animal and human health influenza experts.[2] Although it is not intended to predict the next pandemic influenza A virus, IRAT has contributed with input into prepandemic preparedness decisions.[3]
Motivation
It was created in an effort to develop a standardized set of elements that could be applied for decision making when evaluating pre-pandemic viruses. The ultimate goal is the identification of an appropriate candidate vaccine virus and the preparation of a human vaccine before the virus adapts to infect and efficiently transmit in susceptible human populations. This pre-pandemic preparation would allow production of vaccine strategy that could prevent deaths and morbidity during a pandemic.[4]
Approach
The IRAT uses a multiattribute, additive model to generate a summary risk score for each virus.[1] For the development of IRAT, a series of ten risk elements and definitions were identified by a working group of international specialists in influenza virology, animal health, human health, and epidemiology. These elements were evaluated in three groups:[citation needed]
Virus:
- Genomic variation.
- Receptor binding.
- Transmission in laboratory animals.
- Antivirals and treatment options.
Population:
- Existing population immunity.
- Disease severity and pathogenesis.
- Antigenic relationship to vaccine candidates.
Ecology:
- Global geographic distribution.
- Infection in animals, human risk of infection.
- Human infections and transmission.[5]
Input is provided by U.S. government animal and human health influenza experts.[2]
Implementation
IRAT was used to evaluate H7N9, H5N1, H9N2, and H3N2v to inform vaccine development and procurement decisions by the United States Government.[5] The CDC has stated that IRAT is not meant to be predictive, and must be taken as an evaluative tool.[6]
Legacy
The Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA), a risk assessment tool developed by the World Health Organization, was modelled after IRAT.[7]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Burke, Stephen A.; Trock, Susan C.. Use of Influenza Risk Assessment Tool for Prepandemic Preparedness. doi:10.3201/eid2403.171852. PMID 29460739. PMC 5823356. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5823356/. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Summary of Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT) Results". https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/monitoring/irat-virus-summaries.htm. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Burke, Stephen A.; Trock, Susan C.. Use of Influenza Risk Assessment Tool for Prepandemic Preparedness. doi:10.3201/eid2403.171852. PMID 29460739. PMC 5823356. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5823356/.
- ↑ Cox, Nancy J; Trock, Susan C; Burke, Stephen A. Pandemic Preparedness and the Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT). doi:10.1007/82_2014_419. PMID 25085014. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25085014/.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Katz, Jacqueline M.. "Influenza Risk Assessment Tool". http://216.230.117.100/hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/PublicHealth/MedPrep/KATZ_IRAT.pdf. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ↑ "Influenza Risk Assessment Tool (IRAT)". https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/national-strategy/risk-assessment.htm. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ↑ "TIPRA Frequently Asked Questions, March 2017". https://www.who.int/influenza/areas_of_work/human_animal_interface/tipra_faqs/en/#what. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
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