Biology:Ischnura

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Ischnura is a genus of damselflies known as forktails or bluetails in the family Coenagrionidae.[1] The genus is distributed worldwide, including various oceanic islands. The males have a forked projection and blue segments at the tip of the abdomen which give the group their common names.[2]

Characteristics

Forktails are small or very small damselflies. The compound eyes of mature individuals have a dark upper region and contrasting lower part. The thorax is often green and may have lateral stripes and the abdomen in males is black with a blue tip. Females of some species are polymorphic, some being orangish and darkening with age, while others resemble the male.[2]

Etymology

The genus name Ischnura is derived from the Greek ἰσχνός (ischnos, "thin" or "slender") and οὐρά (oura, "tail"), referring to the slender abdomen of species in the genus.[3][4]

Species

Ischnura ramburii feeding on Ischnura posita

The genus Ischnura includes the following species:[5][6]

  • Ischnura abyssinica Martin, 1908
  • Ischnura acuticauda Lieftinck, 1959
  • Ischnura albistigma Fraser, 1927
  • Ischnura aralensis Haritonov, 1979
  • Ischnura ariel Lieftinck, 1949
  • Ischnura asiatica (Brauer, 1865) – Redtail[7]
  • Ischnura aurora Brauer, 1865 – Aurora bluetail[7]
  • Ischnura barberi Currie, 1903 – Desert forktail[8]
  • Ischnura buxtoni Fraser, 1927
  • Ischnura capreolus (Hagen, 1861)
  • Ischnura cardinalis Kimmins, 1929
  • Ischnura cervula Selys, 1876 – Pacific forktail[8]
  • Ischnura chingaza Realpe, 2010
  • Ischnura chromostigma Fraser, 1927
  • Ischnura cruzi De Marmels, 1987
  • Ischnura cyane Realpe, 2010
  • Ischnura damula Calvert, 1902 – Plains forktail[9]
  • Ischnura demorsa (Hagen, 1861) – Mexican forktail[9]
  • Ischnura denticollis (Burmeister, 1839) – Black-fronted forktail[8][10]
  • Ischnura dorothea Fraser, 1924
  • Ischnura elegans (Vander Linden, 1823) – Blue-tailed damselfly[11]
  • Ischnura erratica Calvert, 1895 – Swift forktail[8]
  • Ischnura evansi Morton, 1919 – Desert Bluetail[12]
  • Ischnura ezoin (Asahina, 1952)
  • Ischnura filosa Schmidt, 1951
  • Ischnura fluviatilis Selys, 1876
  • Ischnura forcipata Morton, 1907
  • Ischnura fountaineae Morton, 1905 – Oasis bluetail[13]
  • Ischnura gemina (Kennedy, 1917) – San Francisco forktail[8]
  • Ischnura genei (Rambur, 1842) – Island bluetail[13]
  • Ischnura graellsii (Rambur, 1842) – Iberian bluetail[13]
  • Ischnura haemastigma Fraser, 1927
  • Ischnura hastata (Say, 1839) – Citrine forktail[8]
  • Ischnura heterosticta (Burmeister, 1839) – Common bluetail[7]
  • Ischnura inarmata Calvert, 1898
  • Ischnura indivisa (Ris, 1918)
  • Ischnura intermedia Dumont 1974
  • Ischnura isoetes Lieftinck, 1949
  • Ischnura karafutonis Matsumura, 1931 *Ischnura kellicotti Williamson, 1898 – Lilypad forktail[14]
  • Ischnura luta Polhemus, Asquith & Miller, 2000
  • Ischnura ordosi Bartenev, 1912
  • Ischnura pamelae Vick & Davies, 1988
  • Ischnura perparva Selys, 1876 – Western forktail[8][14]
  • Ischnura posita (Hagen, 1861) – Fragile forktail[10][14]
  • Ischnura prognata (Hagen, 1861) – Furtive forktail[14]
  • Ischnura pruinescens (Tillyard, 1906) – Colourful bluetail[7]
  • Ischnura pumilio (Charpentier, 1825) – Small bluetail or scarce blue-tailed damselfly[11]
  • Ischnura ramburii (Selys, 1850) – Rambur's forktail[8]
  • Ischnura rhodosoma Lieftinck, 1959
  • Ischnura rubella Navás, 1934
  • Ischnura rubilio Selys, 1876
  • Ischnura rufostigma Selys, 1876
  • Ischnura rufovittata (Blanchard, 1843)
  • Ischnura saharensis Aguesse, 1958 – Sahara bluetail[15]
  • Ischnura sanguinostigma Fraser, 1953
  • Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) – Marsh bluetail[16]
  • Ischnura spinicauda Brauer, 1865
  • Ischnura stueberi Lieftinck, 1932
  • Ischnura taitensis Selys, 1876
  • Ischnura thelmae Lieftinck, 1966
  • Ischnura ultima Ris, 1908
  • †Ischnura velteni Bechly, 2000 [17]
  • Ischnura verticalis (Say, 1839) – Eastern forktail[10][14]
  • Ischnura vinsoni Fraser, 1949

References

  1. ↑ "Genus Ischnura Charpentier, 1840". Australian Biological Resources Study. 2012. https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Ischnura. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Paulson, Dennis (2009). Dragonflies and Damselflies of the West. Princeton University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-4008-3294-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=wnX1nJSmFfAC&pg=PA107. 
  3. ↑ Charpentier, T. (1840) (in la). Libellulinae Europaeae Descriptae et Depictae. Leipzig: Leopold Voss. pp. 180 [20]. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433011575317?urlappend=%3Bseq=28. 
  4. ↑ Endersby, Ian; Fliedner, Heinrich (2015). The Naming of Australia's Dragonflies. Eltham, Victoria, Australia: Busybird Publishing. ISBN 9781925260625. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283318421_The_Naming_of_Australia's_Dragonflies. 
  5. ↑ "World Odonata List". University of Puget Sound. https://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/dragonflies/world-odonata-list2/. 
  6. ↑ "Odonata species list". Swedish Museum of Natural History. http://www2.nrm.se/en/odonata.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Günther Theischinger; John Hawking (2006). The complete field guide to dragonflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-09073-8. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 "California Damselflies". Dragonflies (Odonata) of the Southwest. http://southwestdragonflies.net/damsels/2_Zygoptera.html. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Species List: Damselflies". azdragonfly.net. http://www.azdragonfly.net/list/damselflies. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Abbott, John (2008). Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) of Texas, Vol 3. Odonata Survey of Texas. ISBN 978-0-615-19494-3. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Checklist of UK Species". British Dragonfly Society. http://www.british-dragonflies.org.uk/content/uk-species. 
  12. ↑ Boudot, J. P.; van Grunsven, Roy (2021). "Atlas of the dragonflies and damselflies of West and Central Asia". Brachytron 22: 3–248. doi:10.15468/gt3j2u. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355479299. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 "Checklist, English common names". DragonflyPix.com. http://www.dragonflypix.com/checklist.html. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 "North American Odonata". University of Puget Sound. 2009. http://www.pugetsound.edu/academics/academic-resources/slater-museum/biodiversity-resources/dragonflies/north-american-odonata/. 
  15. ↑ Samraoui, B.; Dijkstra, K.-D.B. (2010). "Ischnura saharensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T165477A6031236.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/165477/6031236. Retrieved 24 December 2017. 
  16. ↑ Sharma, G.; Clausnitzer, V. (2016). "Ischnura senegalensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T59897A75436136.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/59897/75436136. Retrieved 15 November 2021. 
  17. ↑ Toussaint, E. F. A.; Bybee, S. M.; Erickson, R. J.; Condamine, F. L. (8 February 2019). "Forest giants on different evolutionary branches: Ecomorphological convergence in helicopter damselflies". Evolution 73 (5): 1045–1054. doi:10.1111/evo.13695. PMID 30734925. 

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