Biology:List of Coronavirus live isolates

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This article aims at keeping an up-to-date list of Coronavirus strains and subspecies successfully isolated and cultured in laboratory, a task which is often challenging. When relevant it shall include a few synthetic chimera as well as some strains that were only propagated in laboratory animals.

Alphacoronavirus

  • 229E [1]
  • NL63 [2]
  • PEDV (adding Trypsin to Vero cells),[3][4] propagated in piglets,[5] repeated passage in Vero cells,[6] using Vero/TMPRSS2 and Vero/MSPL cells [7]
  • SADS [8]

Tegacovirus

  • TGEV [9] PRCV [10]
  • Feline coronavirus
  • Canine coronavirus.[11]
  • A recent recombinant CCoV-HuPn-2018 [12] including a human case [13]

Betacoronavirus

Merbecovirus

  • HKU5 SARS-S chimera [14]
  • HKU5 and a MERS PDF-2180-S chimera, with trypsin [15]
  • Various MERS HKU4-RBD chimera [16]
  • HKU4 [17]
  • MERS [18]

Embecovirus

  • Bovine coronavirus [19]
  • Rabbit HKU14 [20]
  • MHV
  • OC43 (1967)
  • HKU1 [21]
  • Parker rat coronavirus [22]
  • Dromedary camel HKU23 [23]
  • Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) [24]
  • Equine coronavirus [25]

Sarbecovirus

  • SARS [26]
  • HKU3 SARS-RBD synthetic recombinant [27]
  • bat-SL-CoV ZC45 (in suckling rats) [28]
  • WIV1 [29]
  • RsSHC014 (synthetic clone) [30]
  • WIV16 [31]
  • WIV1 Rs4874-S synthetic chimera [32]
  • Rs4874 and two synthetic chimera WIV1 Rs7237-S and WIV1 Rs4231-S [33]
  • SARS-CoV-2 [34]
  • BANAL-236 [35]
  • Pangolin Guangxi P2V [36][37]
  • Rco319, Rc-os20, Rc-mk2, Rc-kw8 (in Vero with Rc-ACE2)[38]
  • WIV1 Rs4081-S synthetic chimera (with trypsin). In the spike it is a member of clade 2 (including HKU3). [39]
  • WIV1 RsSHC014-S1 chimera[40]
  • Two clade 1 viruses (using ACE2) RsYN2012 and RsYN2016 and one clade 2 virus (not using ACE2) RsHuB2019 in Huh7 cells with trypsin.[41]
  • pangolin/Guangdong, in Vero cells, human organoids, hACE2 mice, hamsters [42] [43]

Gammacoronavirus

  • Avian coronavirus (IBV) [44]
  • Turkey coronavirus[45]

Deltacoronavirus

  • Porcine deltacoronavirus HKU15[46] including a human case [47]
  • Parrot coronavirus [48]

References

  1. ↑ Becker, W. B.; McIntosh, K.; Dees, J. H.; Chanock, R. M. (1967). "Morphogenesis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus and a Related Human Virus (Strain 229E)". Journal of Virology 1 (5): 1019–1027. doi:10.1128/JVI.1.5.1019-1027.1967. PMID 5630226. 
  2. ↑ van der Hoek, Lia; Pyrc, Krzysztof; Jebbink, Maarten F; Vermeulen-Oost, Wilma; Berkhout, Ron J M; Wolthers, Katja C; Wertheim-van Dillen, Pauline M E; Kaandorp, Jos et al. (April 2004). "Identification of a new human coronavirus". Nature Medicine 10 (4): 368–373. doi:10.1038/nm1024. PMID 15034574. 
  3. ↑ Hofmann, M.; Wyler, R. (1988). "Propagation of the Virus of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea in Cell Culture". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26 (11): 2235–2239. doi:10.1128/jcm.26.11.2235-2239.1988. PMID 2853174. 
  4. ↑ Hofmann, M.; Wyler, R. (1988). "Propagation of the virus of porcine epidemic diarrhea in cell culture. - PMC". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26 (11): 2235–2239. doi:10.1128/jcm.26.11.2235-2239.1988. PMID 2853174. 
  5. ↑ Pensaert, M. B.; De Bouck, P. (1978). "A new coronavirus-like particle associated with diarrhea in swine". Archives of Virology 58 (3): 243–247. doi:10.1007/BF01317606. PMID 83132. 
  6. ↑ Li, Zhiwei; Ma, Zhiqian; Dong, Linfang; Yang, Ting; Li, Yang; Jiao, Dian; Han, Weiguo; Zheng, Haixue et al. (2022). "Molecular Mechanism of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Cell Tropism". mBio 13 (2): e0373921. doi:10.1128/mbio.03739-21. PMID 35285698. 
  7. ↑ Wang, Xiaona; Qiao, Xinyuan; Sui, Ling; Zhao, Haiyuan; Li, Fengsai; Tang, Yan-Dong; Shi, Wen; Guo, Yuyao et al. (2020). "Establishment of stable Vero cell lines expressing TMPRSS2 and MSPL: A useful tool for propagating porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the absence of exogenous trypsin". Virulence 11 (1): 669–685. doi:10.1080/21505594.2020.1770491. PMID 32471322. 
  8. ↑ Edwards, Caitlin E.; Yount, Boyd L.; Graham, Rachel L.; Leist, Sarah R.; Hou, Yixuan J.; Dinnon, Kenneth H.; Sims, Amy C.; Swanstrom, Jesica et al. (2020). "Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus replication in primary human cells reveals potential susceptibility to infection". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (43): 26915–26925. doi:10.1073/pnas.2001046117. PMID 33046644. Bibcode: 2020PNAS..11726915E. 
  9. ↑ "Transmissible gastroenteritis virus, porcine". https://www.atcc.org/products/vr-1740. 
  10. ↑ Pensaert, M.; Callebaut, P.; Vergote, J. (July 1986). "Isolation of a porcine respiratory, non-enteric coronavirus related to transmissible gastroenteritis". Veterinary Quarterly 8 (3): 257–261. doi:10.1080/01652176.1986.9694050. PMID 3018993. 
  11. ↑ "ATCC catalog". https://www.atcc.org/products/vr-2068. 
  12. ↑ Abdelgadir, Anfal; Vlasova, Anastasia N.; Gray, Gregory C. (2021). "Susceptibility of different cell lines to the novel canine coronavirus CCoV-HuPn-2018". Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 15 (6): 824–825. doi:10.1111/irv.12882. PMID 34212500. 
  13. ↑ Vlasova, Anastasia N; Diaz, Annika; Damtie, Debasu; Xiu, Leshan; Toh, Teck-Hock; Lee, Jeffrey Soon-Yit; Saif, Linda J; Gray, Gregory C (11 February 2022). "Novel Canine Coronavirus Isolated from a Hospitalized Patient With Pneumonia in East Malaysia". Clinical Infectious Diseases 74 (3): 446–454. doi:10.1093/cid/ciab456. PMID 34013321. 
  14. ↑ Agnihothram, S.; Yount Jr, B. L.; Donaldson, E. F.; Huynh, J.; Menachery, V. D.; Gralinski, L. E.; Graham, R. L.; Becker, M. M. et al. (2014). "A Mouse Model for Betacoronavirus Subgroup 2c Using a Bat Coronavirus Strain HKU5 Variant - PMC". mBio 5 (2): e00047-14. doi:10.1128/mBio.00047-14. PMID 24667706. 
  15. ↑ Menachery, V. D.; Dinnon KH III; Yount Jr, B. L.; McAnarney, E. T.; Gralinski, L. E.; Hale, A.; Graham, R. L.; Scobey, T. et al. (2020). "Trypsin Treatment Unlocks Barrier for Zoonotic Bat Coronavirus Infection". Journal of Virology 94 (5): e01774-19. doi:10.1128/JVI.01774-19. PMID 31801868. 
  16. ↑ Unpublished, mentioned in a 2019 progress report on a Ecohealth Alliance grant Understanding the Risk of Bat Coronavirus Emergence, p. 17, https://www.nih.gov/sites/default/files/institutes/foia/20211020-risk-of-bat-emergence.pdf 
  17. ↑ Lau, Susanna K. P.; Fan, Rachel Y. Y.; Zhu, Longchao; Li, Kenneth S. M.; Wong, Antonio C. P.; Luk, Hayes K. H.; Wong, Emily Y. M.; Lam, Carol S. F. et al. (2021). "Isolation of MERS-related coronavirus from lesser bamboo bats that uses DPP4 and infects human-DPP4-transgenic mice". Nature Communications 12 (1): 216. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20458-9. PMID 33431849. 
  18. ↑ Zaki, Ali M.; van Boheemen, Sander; Bestebroer, Theo M.; Osterhaus, Albert D.M.E.; Fouchier, Ron A.M. (8 November 2012). "Isolation of a Novel Coronavirus from a Man with Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia". New England Journal of Medicine 367 (19): 1814–1820. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1211721. PMID 23075143. 
  19. ↑ Saif, L. J.; Heckert, R. A.; Miller, K. L.; Tarek, M. M. (1988). "Cell culture propagation of bovine coronavirus - PMC". Journal of Tissue Culture Methods 11 (3): 139–145. doi:10.1007/BF01404267. PMID 32214596. 
  20. ↑ Lau, S. K.; Woo, P. C.; Yip, C. C.; Fan, R. Y.; Huang, Y.; Wang, M.; Guo, R.; Lam, C. S. et al. (2012). "Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Betacoronavirus Subgroup A Coronavirus, Rabbit Coronavirus HKU14, from Domestic Rabbits - PMC". Journal of Virology 86 (10): 5481–5496. doi:10.1128/JVI.06927-11. PMID 22398294. 
  21. ↑ Pyrc, K.; Sims, A. C.; Dijkman, R.; Jebbink, M.; Long, C.; Deming, D.; Donaldson, E.; Vabret, A. et al. (2010). "Culturing the Unculturable: Human Coronavirus HKU1 Infects, Replicates, and Produces Progeny Virions in Human Ciliated Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures - PMC". Journal of Virology 84 (21): 11255–11263. doi:10.1128/JVI.00947-10. PMID 20719951. 
  22. ↑ Percy, D. H.; Williams, K. L.; Bond, S. J.; MacInnes, J. I. (May 17, 1990). "Characteristics of Parker's rat coronavirus (PRC) replicated in L-2 cells". Archives of Virology 112 (3–4): 195–202. doi:10.1007/BF01323164. PMID 2378568. 
  23. ↑ Woo, Patrick; Lau, Susanna; Fan, Rachel; Lau, Candy; Wong, Emily; Joseph, Sunitha; Tsang, Alan; Wernery, Renate et al. (7 May 2016). "Isolation and Characterization of Dromedary Camel Coronavirus UAE-HKU23 from Dromedaries of the Middle East: Minimal Serological Cross-Reactivity between MERS Coronavirus and Dromedary Camel Coronavirus UAE-HKU23". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17 (5): 691. doi:10.3390/ijms17050691. PMID 27164099. 
  24. ↑ Erles, K.; Shiu, K. B.; Brownlie, J. (2006). "Isolation and sequence analysis of canine respiratory coronavirus". Virus Research 124 (1): 78–87. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2006.10.004. PMID 17092595. 
  25. ↑ Oue, Y.; Ishihara, R.; Edamatsu, H.; Morita, Y.; Yoshida, M.; Yoshima, M.; Hatama, S.; Murakami, K. et al. (2011). "Isolation of an equine coronavirus from adult horses with pyrogenic and enteric disease and its antigenic and genomic characterization in comparison with the NC99 strain". Veterinary Microbiology 150 (1): 41–48. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.01.004. PMID 21273011. 
  26. ↑ Ksiazek, Thomas G.; Erdman, Dean; Goldsmith, Cynthia S.; Zaki, Sherif R.; Peret, Teresa; Emery, Shannon; Tong, Suxiang; Urbani, Carlo et al. (15 May 2003). "A Novel Coronavirus Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome". New England Journal of Medicine 348 (20): 1953–1966. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030781. PMID 12690092. 
  27. ↑ Becker, Michelle M.; Graham, Rachel L.; Donaldson, Eric F.; Rockx, Barry; Sims, Amy C.; Sheahan, Timothy; Pickles, Raymond J.; Corti, Davide et al. (16 December 2008). "Synthetic recombinant bat SARS-like coronavirus is infectious in cultured cells and in mice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 (50): 19944–19949. doi:10.1073/pnas.0808116105. PMID 19036930. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..10519944B. 
  28. ↑ Hu, D.; Zhu, C.; Ai, L.; He, T.; Wang, Y.; Ye, F.; Yang, L.; Ding, C. et al. (2018). "Genomic characterization and infectivity of a novel SARS-like coronavirus in Chinese bats - PMC". Emerging Microbes & Infections 7 (1): 154. doi:10.1038/s41426-018-0155-5. PMID 30209269. 
  29. ↑ Ge, Xing-Yi; Li, Jia-Lu; Yang, Xing-Lou; Chmura, Aleksei A.; Zhu, Guangjian; Epstein, Jonathan H.; Mazet, Jonna K.; Hu, Ben et al. (November 2013). "Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor". Nature 503 (7477): 535–538. doi:10.1038/nature12711. PMID 24172901. Bibcode: 2013Natur.503..535G. 
  30. ↑ Menachery, Vineet D.; Yount, Boyd L.; Debbink, Kari; Agnihothram, Sudhakar; Gralinski, Lisa E.; Plante, Jessica A.; Graham, Rachel L.; Scobey, Trevor et al. (December 2015). "A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence". Nature Medicine 21 (12): 1508–1513. doi:10.1038/nm.3985. PMID 26552008. 
  31. ↑ Yang, Xing-Lou; Hu, Ben; Wang, Bo; Wang, Mei-Niang; Zhang, Qian; Zhang, Wei; Wu, Li-Jun; Ge, Xing-Yi et al. (15 March 2016). "Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to the Direct Progenitor of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus". Journal of Virology 90 (6): 3253–3256. doi:10.1128/JVI.02582-15. PMID 26719272. 
  32. ↑ Chinese thesis, Reverse Genetic System of Bat SARS-like Coronaviruses and Function of ORFX, Zeng, 2017, translated at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1uZrBG5A720aLGtVI4kPp6nJM7FuuolwO/edit?rtpof=true[unreliable source?]
  33. ↑ Hu, Ben; Zeng, Lei-Ping; Yang, Xing-Lou; Ge, Xing-Yi; Zhang, Wei; Li, Bei; Xie, Jia-Zheng; Shen, Xu-Rui et al. (30 November 2017). "Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus". PLOS Pathogens 13 (11): e1006698. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698. PMID 29190287. 
  34. ↑ Zhou, Peng; Yang, Xing-Lou; Wang, Xian-Guang; Hu, Ben; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Wei; Si, Hao-Rui; Zhu, Yan et al. (2020). "A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin". Nature 579 (7798): 270–273. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. PMID 32015507. Bibcode: 2020Natur.579..270Z. 
  35. ↑ Temmam, Sarah; Vongphayloth, Khamsing; Salazar, Eduard Baquero; Munier, Sandie; Bonomi, Max; Régnault, Béatrice; Douangboubpha, Bounsavane; Karami, Yasaman et al. (17 September 2021). Coronaviruses with a SARS-CoV-2-like receptor-binding domain allowing ACE2-mediated entry into human cells isolated from bats of Indochinese peninsula. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-871965/v1. 
  36. ↑ Guo, Zhendong; Zhang, Cheng; Zhang, Chunmao; Cui, Huan; Chen, Zhaoliang; Jiang, Xinyun; Wang, Tiecheng; Li, Yuanguo et al. (May 2022). "SARS-CoV-2-related pangolin coronavirus exhibits similar infection characteristics to SARS-CoV-2 and direct contact transmissibility in hamsters". iScience 25 (6): 104350. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104350. PMID 35529312. Bibcode: 2022iSci...25j4350G. 
  37. ↑ Lam, Tommy Tsan-Yuk; Jia, Na; Zhang, Ya-Wei; Shum, Marcus Ho-Hin; Jiang, Jia-Fu; Zhu, Hua-Chen; Tong, Yi-Gang; Shi, Yong-Xia et al. (July 2020). "Identifying SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins". Nature 583 (7815): 282–285. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2169-0. PMID 32218527. Bibcode: 2020Natur.583..282L. 
  38. ↑ Murakami, Shin; Kitamura, Tomoya; Matsugo, Hiromichi; Kamiki, Haruhiko; Oyabu, Ken; Sekine, Wataru; Takenaka-Uema, Akiko; Sakai-Tagawa, Yuko et al. (16 May 2022). Isolation of bat sarbecoviruses of SARS-CoV-2 clade, Japan. pp. 2022.05.16.492045. doi:10.1101/2022.05.16.492045. 
  39. ↑ Guo, Hua; Li, Ang; Dong, Tian-Yi; Su, Jia; Yao, Yu-Lin; Zhu, Yan; Shi, Zheng-Li; Letko, Michael (2022). "ACE2-Independent Bat Sarbecovirus Entry and Replication in Human and Bat Cells". mBio 13 (6): e0256622. doi:10.1128/mbio.02566-22. PMID 36409074. 
  40. ↑ Shi, Zhengli; Haofeng Lin & Meiqin Liu et al., "BALB/c mouse adapted strain of SARS-related coronavirus WIV1-RsSHC014S and application of BALB/c mouse adapted strain", CN patent 114107232, published 2022-03-01, assigned to Nanjing Keguan Biomedical Tech Co. Ltd.
  41. ↑ Template:Cite preprint
  42. ↑ Huang, Xing-Yao; Chen, Qi; Sun, Meng-Xu; Zhou, Hang-Yu; Ye, Qing; Chen, Wu; Peng, Jin-Yu; Qi, Yi-Ni et al. (2023). "A pangolin-origin SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus: infectivity, pathogenicity, and cross-protection by preexisting immunity". Cell Discovery 9 (1): 59. doi:10.1038/s41421-023-00557-9. PMID 37330497. 
  43. ↑ Hou, Yixuan J.; Chiba, Shiho; Leist, Sarah R.; Meganck, Rita M.; Martinez, David R.; Schäfer, Alexandra; Catanzaro, Nicholas J.; Sontake, Vishwaraj et al. (2023). "Host range, transmissibility and antigenicity of a pangolin coronavirus". Nature Microbiology 8 (10): 1820–1833. doi:10.1038/s41564-023-01476-x. PMID 37749254. 
  44. ↑ Becker, W. B.; McIntosh, K.; Dees, J. H.; Chanock, R. M. (1967). "Morphogenesis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus and a Related Human Virus (Strain 229E)". Journal of Virology 1 (5): 1019–1027. doi:10.1128/JVI.1.5.1019-1027.1967. PMID 5630226. 
  45. ↑ Kang, Kyung-il; Day, J. Michael; Eldemery, Fatma; Yu, Qingzhong (1 August 2021). "Pathogenic evaluation of a turkey coronavirus isolate (TCoV NC1743) in turkey poults for establishing a TCoV disease model". Veterinary Microbiology 259: 109155. doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109155. PMID 34197977. 
  46. ↑ Qian, Shaoju; Jia, Xiangchao; Gao, Zitong; Zhang, Weida; Xu, Qingrong; Li, Zili (9 January 2020). "Isolation and Identification of Porcine Deltacoronavirus and Alteration of Immunoglobulin Transport Receptors in the Intestinal Mucosa of PDCoV-Infected Piglets". Viruses 12 (1): 79. doi:10.3390/v12010079. PMID 31936476. 
  47. ↑ Lednicky, John A.; Tagliamonte, Massimiliano S.; White, Sarah K.; Elbadry, Maha A.; Alam, Md. Mahbubul; Stephenson, Caroline J.; Bonny, Tania S.; Loeb, Julia C. et al. (2021). "Independent infections of porcine deltacoronavirus among Haitian children". Nature 600 (7887): 133–137. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04111-z. PMID 34789872. Bibcode: 2021Natur.600..133L. 
  48. ↑ Gough, Richard E.; Drury, Sally E.; Culver, Francesca; Britton, Paul; Cavanagh, Dave (2006). "Isolation of a coronavirus from a green-cheeked Amazon parrot (Amazon viridigenalis Cassin)". Avian Pathology 35 (2): 122–126. doi:10.1080/03079450600597733. PMID 16595304. 



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