Biology:List of Neanderthal fossils
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This is a list of Neanderthal fossils.
Some important European Neanderthals
Remains of more than 300 European Neanderthals have been found. This is a list of the most notable.
| Name | Age | Cranial capacity (cm3) | Year discovered |
Country | Discovered by | Now located at | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ehringsdorf skull | 150k–120k | 1450 [1] | 1908–1925 | Germany | Archäologischen Landesmuseums Thüringen | ||
|
Engis 2 | Undated | ? (child) | 1829 | Belgium | Philippe-Charles Schmerling | University of Liège |
|
Gibraltar 1 | 40k | 1200 [1] | 1848 | Gibraltar | Edmund Flint | Natural History Museum, London |
.JPG)
|
Gibraltar 2 | Undated | ? (child) | 1926 | Gibraltar | Dorothy Garrod | Natural History Museum, London |
| Krijn | 100-40 ka | (Not a full skull) | 2001 | Netherlands | Luc Anthonis | Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden | |
|
La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 | 60k | 1600[1] | 1908 | France | L. Bardon, A. Bouyssonie and J. Bouyssonie | |
|
La Ferrassie 1 | 70k–50k | 1641 [1] | 1909 | France | Louis Capitan and Denis Peyrony | Musée de l'Homme |
|
Neanderthal 1 | 40k | 1452 [1] | 1856 | Germany | Kleine Feldhofer Grotte | Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn |
.jpg)
|
Saccopastore 1 | 250k | 1200 [2] | 1929 | Italy | ||
| Saccopastore 2 | 250k | 1300 [3] | 1935 | Italy | Alberto Blanc and Henri Breuil | ||
| Altamura Man | 170k | 1993 | Italy |
Southwest Asian Neanderthals
As of 2017, this list of Southwest Asian Neanderthals may be considered essentially complete.
Central and North Asian Neanderthals
Central Asian Neanderthals were found in Uzbekistan and North Asian Neanderthals in Asian Russia.
| Country | Site | Principal Neanderthal finds | MNI | Geological age (ka) | Initial descriptions | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uzbekistan | Teshik-Tash | 8-11-yr-old skeleton | 1 | — | Okladnikov (1949) | |
| Uzbekistan | Obi-Rakhmat | Subadult skull frag. and teeth | 1 | 74[4] | Glantz et al. (2008)[5] | |
| Asian Russia | Chagyrskaya | Partial mandible | 1 | — | (Announced in Viola 2012) | |
| Asian Russia | Okladnikov | Sub-adult humerus and femur | 1 | (Announced in Krause et al. 2007)[6] | mtDNA sampled | |
| Asian Russia | Denisova | Altai 1: Toe phalanx♀ D11: Bone fragment | 2 | — | Mednikova (2011)
Brown, et al. (2016)[7] |
Altai 1: Full genome sequenced[8]
D11: mtDNA sampled |
| Total | 6 |
See also
- List of Southwest Asian Neanderthals
- Neanderthal Museum
- List of fossil sites
- List of human fossils
Notes
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Beals, K.L.; Dodd, S.M. (1984). "Brain size, cranial morphology, climate, and time machines". Current Anthropology 25: 301–330. doi:10.1086/203138.
- ↑ Sergi, S. (1948). "The palaeanthropi in Italy: the fossil men of Saccopastore and Circeo". Man 48: 61–79. doi:10.2307/2793251.
- ↑ Holloway, R.L.. "The poor brain of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis: see what you please". in Delson, Eric. Ancestors: the Hard Evidence. pp. 319–324.
- ↑ Bailey, S. E. (2008). "The affinity of the dental remains from Obi-Rakhmat Grotto, Uzbekistan". Journal of Human Evolution 55 (2): 238–248. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.03.004. PMID 18486185.
- ↑ Glantz, Michelle; Viola, Bence; Wrinn, Patrick; Chikisheva, Tatiana; Derevianko, Anatoly; Krivoshapkin, Andrei; Islamov, Uktur; Suleimanov, Rustam et al. (August 2008). "New hominin remains from Uzbekistan". Journal of Human Evolution 55 (2): 223–237. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.12.007. PMID 18499228.
- ↑ Krause, Johannes; Orlando, Ludovic; Serre, David; Viola, Bence; Prüfer, Kay; Richards, Michael P.; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Hänni, Catherine et al. (30 September 2007). "Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia". Nature 449 (7164): 902–904. doi:10.1038/nature06193. PMID 17914357. Bibcode: 2007Natur.449..902K.
- ↑ Brown, Samantha; Higham, Thomas; Slon, Viviane; Pääbo, Svante (March 29, 2016). "Identification of a new hominin bone from Denisova Cave, Siberia using collagen fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA analysis". Scientific Reports 6: 23559. doi:10.1038/srep23559. PMID 27020421. Bibcode: 2016NatSR...623559B.
- ↑ Prüfer, Kay (2013). "The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains". Nature 505 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1038/nature12886. PMID 24352235. Bibcode: 2014Natur.505...43P.
Further reading
- Arsuaga, Juan Luis (2009). The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows. ISBN 978-0786740734.
- Gooch, Stan (2008). The Neanderthal Legacy: Reawakening Our Genetic and Cultural Origins. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. ISBN 978-1594777424.
- Muller, Stephanie Muller; Shrenk, Friedemann (2008). The Neanderthals. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1134095162.
- Silberman, Neil Asher, ed (2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology (2 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199735785.
- Stringer, Chris (2012). Lone Survivors: How We Came to Be the Only Humans on Earth. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1429973441.
External links
- "Homo neanderthalensis". Smithsonian Institution. http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-neanderthalensis.
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