Biology:List of colossal squid specimens and sightings
![](/wiki/images/thumb/0/0c/Mesonychoteuthis_hamiltoni_January_8_2007.jpg/340px-Mesonychoteuthis_hamiltoni_January_8_2007.jpg)
This list of colossal squid specimens and sightings is a timeline of recorded human encounters with members of the genus Mesonychoteuthis, popularly known as colossal squid. It includes animals that were caught by fishermen, recovered (in whole or in part) from sperm whales and other predatory species, as well as those reliably sighted at sea. The list also covers specimens misidentified as colossal squid.
Background
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Transcluder' not found. The colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni), which has a circum-Antarctic distribution in the Southern Ocean, is far less known than the distantly related, near-cosmopolitan giant squid (Architeuthis dux). Though a substantial number of colossal squid specimens have been recorded, the vast majority of these are only fragmentary remains such as disarticulated beaks. Xavier et al. (1999) collated 188 geographical positions for whole or partial specimens caught by commercial and scientific fisheries, but very few mature animals have ever been documented. O'Shea & Bolstad (2008) found 11 reports in which adult or subadult specimens had been described, and mentioned that at least 7 additional, "similarly sized" specimens were known to them; McClain et al. (2015) stated that only 12 "complete" specimens were known.
Early specimens
The earliest known specimens of this species are two brachial crowns (#1) recovered from the stomach of a sperm whale in the winter of 1924–1925, on the basis of which Guy Coburn Robson formally described Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni in 1925.[1] Apart from two partial specimens (#2 and 3) recovered from sperm whale stomachs in the mid-1950s—initially misidentified as belonging to the giant squid genus, Architeuthis[2]—and a single juvenile individual of 86 mm (3.4 in) mantle length (#4),[3] little else was known about the species until additional specimens began receiving coverage in Russian-language scientific journals in the 1970s.[4] In 1981, a Soviet trawler operating off Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, retrieved a complete specimen (#9) with a mantle length of 2.42 m (7.9 ft) and total length of 5.1 m (17 ft) from a depth of 750–770 m, which was later identified as an immature female of M. hamiltoni.[5]
Emergence from obscurity
It would be more than two decades before another giant individual was collected:[6] in March 2003, a complete specimen of a subadult female (#14) was found near the surface in the Ross Sea. It weighed some 300 kg (660 lb), with a total length of around 5.4 m (18 ft) and mantle length of 2.5 m (8.2 ft).[7] It was this specimen that led teuthologist Steve O'Shea to coin the common name "colossal squid".[8] A much smaller immature female (#15) was taken by trawl at 1,143 m (3,750 ft) depth off Macquarie Island the same year.[9] On 25 June 2005, a specimen was captured alive at a depth of 1,625 m (5,331 ft) while taking Patagonian toothfish from a longline in South Georgian waters (#17). Although the heavy mantle could not be brought aboard, the total length was estimated at around 5 m (16 ft) and the animal is thought to have weighed between 150 and 200 kg (330 and 440 lb).[10] It was filmed alive at the surface.[11]
Largest known specimen
![](/wiki/images/thumb/d/d2/Live_colossal_squid_at_surface_January_2008.jpg/365px-Live_colossal_squid_at_surface_January_2008.jpg)
The largest known complete specimen of the colossal squid—and the heaviest recorded extant cephalopod—was a mature female (#19) captured in the Ross Sea in February 2007. Its weight was initially estimated at 450 kg (990 lb), its mantle length at 4 m (13 ft), and its total length at 8–10 m (26–33 ft).[15] Once completely thawed the specimen was found to weigh 495 kg (1,091 lb), but to measure only 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in mantle length and 4.2 m (14 ft) in total length.[16][nb 2] It is likely that the specimen, and particularly its tentacles, shrank considerably post mortem as a result of dehydration, having been kept in a freezer for 14 months.[nb 3] Both this and the 2003 specimen received significant media attention and did much to bring the species to public prominence; the following years saw a number of individuals of the more commonly encountered giant squid misidentified as colossal squid (e.g. #[1] and [2]).
Later developments
Perhaps the best video of a live colossal squid is that of an animal (#21) recorded at the surface in the D'Urville Sea off Antarctica in January 2008.[21] The squid was pulled to the surface feeding on a line-caught toothfish. The video is likely the first to show a colossal squid swimming freely, and records the animal performing a slow roll on its longitudinal axis. Initially light-coloured, the squid quickly turned blood red (possibly a stress response) before returning to a light pink after lingering at the surface for a short time, thence slowly retreated to deeper water.[22]
Another giant specimen, a female measuring 3.5 m (11 ft) in total length and weighing 350 kg (770 lb), was recovered intact in 2014 (#27). It had eyes 37 cm (15 in) across—the largest ever recorded.[23] Its 3.5-hour dissection at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa was live streamed on YouTube.[24]
Since then, several more colossal squid have been filmed or photographed alive at the surface. But as far as is publicly known, the colossal squid has never been observed alive in its natural, deep-water habitat, although a number of such recordings of the giant squid have been made in recent years.[25] As such, it is the only known extant species of truly giant (>50 kg [110 lb]) cephalopod that has never been filmed in its natural habitat.[nb 4]
List of colossal squid
Records are listed chronologically in ascending order and numbered accordingly. This numbering is not meant to be definitive but rather to provide a convenient means of referring to individual records. Specimens incorrectly identified as colossal squid are counted separately, their numbers enclosed in square brackets, and are highlighted in pink ( ). Records that cover multiple colossal squid specimens, or remains of more than a single animal (e.g. two lower beaks), have the 'Material cited' cell highlighted in grey ( ). Animals that were photographed or filmed while alive are highlighted in yellow ( ). Where a record falls into more than one of these categories, a combination of shadings is used. Where an image of a specimen is available this is indicated by a camera symbol (📷) that links to the image.
- Date – Date on which the specimen was first captured, found, or observed. Where this is unknown, the date on which the specimen was first reported is listed instead and noted as such. All times are local.
- Location – Site where the specimen was found, including coordinates and depth information where available. Given as it appears in the cited reference(s), except where additional information is provided in square brackets. The quadrant of a major ocean in which the specimen was found is given in curly brackets (e.g. {SEA}; see Oceanic sectors).
- Nature of encounter – Circumstances in which the specimen was recovered or observed. Given as they appear in the cited reference(s).
- Identification – Species- or genus-level taxon to which the specimen was assigned. Given as it appears in the cited reference(s). Listed chronologically if specimen was re-identified. Where only a vernacular name has been applied to the specimen (e.g. "colossal squid" or a non-English equivalent), this is given instead.
![](/wiki/images/thumb/8/81/Mesonychoteuthis_hamiltoni_beak.jpg/310px-Mesonychoteuthis_hamiltoni_beak.jpg)
- Material cited – Original specimen material that was recovered or observed. "Entire" encompasses all more-or-less complete specimens. Names of anatomical features are retained from original sources (e.g. "jaws" may be given instead of the preferred "beak", or "body" instead of "mantle"). The specimen's state of preservation is also given, where known, and any missing parts enumerated.
- Material saved – Material that was kept after examination and not discarded (if any). Information may be derived from outdated sources and therefore not current; the material may no longer be extant.
- Sex – Sex and sexual maturity of the specimen.
- Size and measurements – Data relating to measurements and counts. Abbreviations used are based on standardised acronyms in teuthology (see Measurements), with the exception of several found in older references. Measurements are given as they appear in the cited reference(s), with both arithmetic precision and original units preserved (though metric conversions are shown alongside imperial measurements).
- Repository – Institution in which the specimen material is deposited (based on cited sources; may not be current), including accession numbers where available. Institutional acronyms are those defined by Leviton et al. (1985) and Leviton & Gibbs (1988) (see Repositories). Where the acronym is unknown, the full repository name is listed. Type specimens, such as holotypes or syntypes, are identified as such in boldface.
- Main references – The most important sources, typically ones that provide extensive data on a particular specimen (often primary sources). Presented in author–date parenthetical referencing style, with page numbers included where applicable (page numbers in square brackets refer either to unpaginated works or English translations of originally non-English works; see Full citations). Figures ("figs.") and plates ("pls.") are also indicated where present.
- Additional references – Less important references that merely refer to the specimen without imparting substantive additional information (see Full citations), except where such are the only available sources, in which case they are listed under 'Main references'. Includes possibly unobtainable sources such as old newspaper articles and television broadcasts.
- Notes – Miscellaneous information, often including individuals and vessels involved in the specimen's recovery and subsequent treatment, and any dissections, preservation work or scientific analyses carried out on the specimen. Where animals have been recorded while alive this is also noted. Material not referable to the genus Mesonychoteuthis, as well as specimens on public display, are both highlighted in bold (as "Non-mesonychoteuthid" and "On public display", respectively), though the latter information may no longer be current.
# | Date | Location | Nature of encounter | Identification | Material cited | Material saved | Sex | Size and measurements | Repository | Main references | Additional references | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | winter of 1924–1925 | 50 mi (80 km) north of Smith Island, South Shetland | From sperm whale stomach | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925 | Two arm (brachial) crowns | Entire | BMNH 1926.3.31.28; syntypes of Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925 | Robson (1925:272, figs. 1–2); Lipiński et al. (2000:107) | Sweeney & Young (2003); O'Shea & Bolstad (2008); Sweeney (2017:[31]) | |||
2 | 1956/1957 | South Orkney Islands ( [ ⚑ ] 59°41′S 44°14′W / 59.683°S 44.233°W) {SWA} |
From sperm whale stomach | Architeuthis sp.; Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925 | Head and mantle | Undetermined | HL: 30 cm; HW: 20 cm; ED: 16–17 cm; ?WL: ~12 m | Korabelnikov (1959:103); Yukhov (1974:62) | Sweeney & Roper (2001:[56]) | Initial identification by I.I. Akimushkin. From 15.8 m long male sperm whale. | ||
3 | 1956/1957 | South Shetland Islands ( [ ⚑ ] 61°56′S 52°39′W / 61.933°S 52.65°W) {SWA} |
From sperm whale stomach | Architeuthis sp.; Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925 | Fin only | Undetermined | FL: 41 cm; FW: 48 cm; ?WL: ~10 m | Korabelnikov (1959:103); Yukhov (1974:62) | Sweeney & Roper (2001:[56]) | Initial identification by I.I. Akimushkin. From 15 m long male sperm whale. | ||
4 | 1970 (reported) | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Entire | Entire? | (juvenile) | ML: 86 mm | McSweeny (1970); Voss (1980:395, figs. 10b,d) | Clarke (1986:199); O'Shea & Bolstad (2008); Young & Mangold (2019, 2 figs.) | Juvenile specimen. Upper and lower beaks described and illustrated. | |||
5 | 1975 (reported) | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | "large specimen"; ML unknown | Klumov & Yukhov (1975) | Clarke (1986:199) | Upper and lower beaks described and illustrated. | ||||||
6 | 1980 (reported) | From sperm whale stomach | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Entire; "nearly complete", inner organs missing | Entire? | Female (subadult) | ML: 125 cm | Voss (1980:394, fig. 10a) | O'Shea & Bolstad (2008); Young & Mangold (2019, fig.) | |||
7 | 1980 (reported) | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Entire | Entire? | (larva) | ML: 23 mm | Voss (1980:395, fig. 10c) | Young & Mangold (2019, fig.) | Advanced paralarva. | |||
8 | 1980 (reported) | From sperm whale stomach(s) | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Several partial specimens | Entire | "large" | NMNH | Voss (1980:394) | O'Shea & Bolstad (2008) | One specimen a mature male. Brachial crowns according to O'Shea & Bolstad (2008). | ||
9 (📷) |
March 1981 | Lazarev Sea, off Dronning Maud Land, Antarctic at 750–770 m depth | By trawl | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Entire | Female (immature) | ML: 2.42 m; EL: 5.1 m | Remeslo (2011); Remeslo (2014, figs. 1–4) | Ellis (1998:147, fig.) | Caught by Soviet trawler Eureka (Эврика). Photographed on deck by Alexander Remeslo. | ||
1982 (reported) | Not given | Not given | Mesonychoteuthis | Not given | Transverse slice of gladius | ML: "at least" 5 m [estimate] | Wood (1982:191) | Bright (1989:146) | Wood (1982:191) provided the following details: "Dr Anna M Bidder (pers. comm.) of the Department of Zoology at Cambridge University, possesses a transverse slice of the pen of another Mesonychoteuthis which, judging by its width, must have come from a cranchid [sic] measuring at least 5 m [16 ft] in mantle length." The same information is summarised by Bright (1989:146). | |||
10 | 1985 (reported) | at 2000–2200 m depth | Trawled in opening-closing net (RMT8) | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Entire? | ML: 1.05 m | Rodhouse & Clarke (1985) | O'Shea & Bolstad (2008) | ||||
11 | 1986 (reported) | ( [ ⚑ ] 47°51′S 40°01′W / 47.85°S 40.017°W, WH 101 I/76) | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Lower beak | Entire? | Female (juvenile) | LRL: 7.10 mm; ML: 225.0 mm | Clarke (1986:200, fig. A) | ||||
12 | 1986 (reported) | S. Georgia | From sperm whale stomach | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Lower beak | Entire? | LRL: 13.50 mm | Clarke (1986:200, fig. B) | ||||
13 | 1986 (reported) | S. Georgia | From sperm whale stomach | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Lower beak | Entire? | LRL: 20.40 mm | Clarke (1986:200, fig. C) | ||||
14 (📷) |
March 2003 | Ross Sea | Found floating at surface, dead | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Entire; recovered in three pieces, later reassembled | Entire | Female (subadult) | ML: ~2.5 m; WL: ~5.4 m; LRL: 37/38 mm; WT: ~300 kg | NMNZ | Griggs (2003); Owen (2003); Hoff (2003:86); O'Shea & Bolstad (2008) | Numerous media sources; Remeslo (2011); Remeslo (2014); McClain et al. (2015); Young & Mangold (2019, fig.) | Examined at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa by Steve O'Shea and Kat Bolstad, which led them to coin the name "colossal squid" for the species.[29] |
15 (📷) |
2003 | between Macquarie Island and Stewart Island, ~140 nmi (260 km) south of New Zealand waters ( [ ⚑ ] 53°49.30′S 159°04.44′E / 53.8217°S 159.074°E), at 1143 m depth {SWP} |
By trawl | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Entire | Entire | Female (immature) | ML: 0.9 m [when fresh] | Young (2003b); Wassilieff & O'Shea (2006); O'Shea & Bolstad (2008); [SeaPics] (N.d.) | Examined by Steve O'Shea (see also medial arm suckers). | ||
16 | 2004 (reported) | "in upper slope waters of the Kerguelen Archipelago" | From stomach contents of 22 sleeper sharks (Somniosus pacificus) | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | 89 beaks; 42 lower, 47 upper (minimum number of individuals: 49) | Entire | LRL: 10.1–38.8 mm; LRL: 22.3 mm ±7.2 [average]; ML: 61–237 cm [estimate]; ML: 136 cm ±44 [average]; WT: 2.1–91.2 kg [estimate]; WT: 24.4 kg ±22.1 [average] | Cherel & Duhamel (2004) | M. hamiltoni beaks were found in 61.1% (22/36) of sleeper sharks examined. Beaks of this species accounted for 16.1% (89/553) of total recovered cephalopod beaks. M. hamiltoni accounted for 52.0% (1133621/2180535 g) of total reconstituted cephalopod biomass. | |||
17 (📷) |
25 June 2005 | "South Georgia waters" at 1625 m depth | Caught by long-lining fishing vessel targeting Patagonian toothfish; filmed and photographed alive at surface | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Entire; alive | Head with tentacles and arms; mantle too heavy to bring aboard | WL: ~5 m [estimate]; WT: 150–200 kg [estimate] | [Anonymous] (2005); O'Shea (2005) | Caught by longliner Isla Santa Clara. Five men, including the ship's scientific observer, attempted to bring the squid aboard. Paul McCarthy, the scientific observer, estimated the length and weight of the squid. Specimen was sent to King Edward Point (KEP) Scientists for formal identification. Filmed at the surface by Ramon Ferreira Gomez; possibly first colossal squid to be filmed alive. | |||
18 (📷) |
8 January 2007 | near Ross Ice Shelf {SWP} |
Caught by long-lining fishing vessel targeting Patagonian toothfish; photographed alive at surface | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Entire; alive | None? | ML: 12–14 ft (3.7–4.3 m) [estimate?] | [Anonymous] (2007a, 3 figs.); Clem (2007, 3 figs.) | Photographed alive in the water holding onto a Patagonian toothfish. | |||
19 (📷) |
"early February" (captured); 22 February 2007 (reported) | Ross Sea {SWP} |
Caught while fishing for Antarctic toothfish; filmed and photographed alive at surface | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Entire; alive | Entire | Female | EL: 10 m [initial estimate]; EL: 4.2 m [after thawing]; ML: ~2.5 m; LRL: 41/42.5 mm; EyD: 30–40 cm [estimate]; EyD: 27 cm [after thawing]; LD: 12 cm; WT: 495 kg | NMNZ | Anderton (2007); [Anonymous] (2007b); Griggs (2007); [Anonymous] (2007c); Black (2008); Atkinson (2008b); extensive official online coverage ([Te Papa], 2008a–v); Mackenzie (2019) | Numerous media sources and website; McClain et al. (2015); Joseph (2016:476, fig. 8.24a); Cleal (2020:[16]) | On public display. First mature specimen ever recovered and largest extant cephalopod scientifically documented. Caught by New Zealand (Sanford Ltd.) vessel San Aspiring while fishing for Antarctic toothfish. Filmed alive at surface. Placed in cargo net and brought aboard using crane (see video). Weight initially estimated at 450 kg, mantle length at 4 m, and total length at 8–10 m. Tentacles and eyes shrunk considerably post mortem. Thawed and examined by Steve O'Shea, Kat Bolstad, and Tsunemi Kubodera at Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. Featured in Discovery Channel program "Colossal Squid" (see clip). Most popular exhibit at Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.[30] Featured in Whiti: Colossal Squid of the Deep,[31] winner of 2021 Whitley Award for Best Children's Book.[32] |
20 | 28 May 2007 (reported) | New Zealand? {SWP} |
From a research cruise | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Two tentacles | ML: 2 m [estimate] | Bolstad (2007) | |||||
21 (📷) |
January 2008 | D'Urville Sea, off Antarctica | Filmed alive at surface feeding on toothfish, which it released after being prodded with long pole; changed colour while lingering at surface, before slowly retreating to deeper water | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Entire | None | Estimates by eye-witness Alexander Vagin, quoted in [Anonymous] (2013): ML: ~4 m; MW: ≥0.5 m; WL: >5 m | [Anonymous] (2013); Garland (2015); Bühler (2015); Millner (2015); Farquhar (2015); Mills (2015); Strege (2015) | Young & Mangold (2019) | Seen alive at surface by Russian scientists (including Ivan Istomin and Alexander Vagin) on South Korean research vessel during mission to study toothfish; filmed by Istomin. Recorded in 2008 but only made public in 2013; widely reported in English-language media only in 2015. Specimen pulled from depths feeding on line-caught toothfish. Video shows squid changing colour from initial deep red (possibly a stress response) to light pink. Widely misreported as "giant squid".[33] | ||
22 | 20 March 2008 (reported) | Ross Sea {SWP} |
Caught by New Zealand research vessel Tangaroa | "colossal squid" | Several specimens | Juvenile | Atkinson (2008a) | |||||
[1] | 25 May 2008 | about 40 km off Portland, Victoria, Australia , at 556 m depth {SWP} |
Caught by trawler Zeehaan | "colossal squid"; "giant squid" | Entire; eyes, skin and fins intact | Entire | Female | EL: >12 m [intact estimate]; ?EL: 5.5–6 m; WT: 245 kg | Melbourne Museum, Museum Victoria | Burgess (2008); [Anonymous] (2008a); [Anonymous] (2008b); McNamara (2008); [Anonymous] (2008c); [Anonymous] (2008d) | Non-mesonychoteuthid. Misidentified as a "colossal squid" in some media reports. Reportedly largest recorded giant squid specimen from Australian waters. Capture of squid described by skipper Rangi Pene. Public dissection took place at Melbourne Museum on 17 July 2008, carried out by team of experts led by Mark Norman. | |
23 | 2009 (reported) | Kerguelen waters {SIO} |
Found in stomach contents of sleeper shark (Somniosus sp.) | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Lower beak | Entire | (adult) | LRL: 23.6 mm | Xavier & Cherel (2009:55, fig. 10) | |||
24 | 2009 (reported) | Kerguelen waters {SIO} |
Found in stomach contents of sleeper shark (Somniosus sp.) | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Lower beak | Entire | (juvenile) | LRL: 10.4 mm | Xavier & Cherel (2009:56, fig. 10) | |||
25 | 2009 (reported) | Kerguelen waters {SIO} |
Found in stomach contents of sleeper shark (Somniosus sp.) | Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni | Upper beak | Entire | URL: 27.7 mm | Xavier & Cherel (2009:86, fig. 10) | ||||
[2] | 7 August 2010 (morning) | Houghton Bay, Wellington, New Zealand {SWP} |
Found washed ashore in stormwater channel, dead | "colossal squid"; "giant squid" | Entire; "in bad shape" | Beak; other remains left to the elements, washed out to sea around 3 pm | ?EL: 3.5–4 m [estimate; "small"] | NMNZ | Harvey (2010); [Anonymous] (2010); Pollock (2010) | Non-mesonychoteuthid. Initially identified as a colossal squid by Department of Conservation Wellington area manager, Rob Stone. Correct identification by Te Papa communications manager, Jane Kieg. Te Papa only interested in beak for examination due to poor condition of specimen; probably attacked at sea. | ||
26 (📷) |
2 April 2012 (reported; found in previous week) | off Portland, Victoria, Australia {SWP} |
Found floating at surface, dead | "colossal type [squid]" | Entire? | ?ML: ~2 m ["body"]; ?MW: ~1 m; WT: 120 kg | Collins (2012) | Found by local fisherman and boat operator Bob McPherson while fishing for tuna in waters 700 m deep. | ||||
27 (📷) |
mid-2014 | Ross Sea at 1200–1800 m depth {SWP} |
Caught by New Zealand (Sanford Ltd.) vessel San Aspiring while fishing for Patagonian toothfish | "colossal squid" | Entire; tentacles missing | Entire | Female | EL: 3.5 m; WT: 350 kg; EyD: 35/37 cm | NMNZ | Bryner (2014); Farquhar (2014); Feltman (2014); extensive official online coverage ([Te Papa], 2014a–f) | Numerous media sources | Dissected on 16 September 2014 (eye lens and buccal mass removed); caught "a couple of months" earlier. Dissection led by Kat Bolstad and carried out by staff of Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa with help of Auckland University of Technology (including post-graduate researcher Aaron Boyd Evans). Eggs found in mantle. Dissection live streamed on YouTube for 3.5 hours. |
28 (📷) |
2015 | Ross Sea | Caught | Mesonychoteuthis | Entire; "very good condition" | Entire | (juvenile) | ?EL: ~12 cm | NMNZ | [NIWA] (2015); [Anonymous] (2015) | Collected by NIWA during the New Zealand–Australia Antarctic Ecosystems Voyage (29 January – 11 March 2015). Frozen on board ship; later examined at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa by Kat Bolstad and Aaron Boyd Evans. Characteristic hook and sucker combination already discernible on arms. |
Abbreviations
The following abbreviations are used in the List of colossal squid table.
Oceanic sectors
M. hamiltoni has a circumpolar Antarctic distribution.
- SWA, Southwest Atlantic Ocean
- SEA, Southeast Atlantic Ocean
- SWP, Southwest Pacific Ocean
- SEP, Southeast Pacific Ocean
- SIO, Southern Indian Ocean
Measurements
Abbreviations used for measurements and counts are based on standardised acronyms in teuthology, primarily those defined by Roper & Voss (1983), with the exception of several found in older references.
- ED, egg diameter
- EL, "entire" length (end of tentacle(s), often stretched, to posterior tip of tail; in contrast to WL, measured from end of arms to posterior tip of tail)
- EyD, eye diameter
- FL, fin length
- FW, fin width
- HL, head length (most often base of arms to edge of mantle)
- HW, head width
- LD, lens diameter
- LRL, lower rostral length of beak
- ML, mantle length (used only where stated as such)
- MW, maximum mantle width (used only where stated as such)
- WL, "whole" length (end of arms, often damaged, to posterior tip of tail; in contrast to EL, measured from end of tentacles to posterior tip of tail)
- WT, weight
Repositories
Institutional acronyms are those defined by Leviton et al. (1985) and Leviton & Gibbs (1988). Where the acronym is unknown, the full repository name is listed.
- BMNH, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, England (formerly British Museum (Natural History))
- NMNH, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
- NMNZ, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand (formerly Colonial Museum; Dominion Museum)
Specimen images
The number directly below each image corresponds to the specimen or sighting, in the List of colossal squid, that the image depicts. The date on which the specimen was first captured, found, or observed is also given.
#19 (?/2/2007)
The preserved remains of the largest known colossal squid specimen, on display at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington in 2009Head and limbs of a colossal squid displayed on a submerged plexiglass shelf next to the "Archie" giant squid specimen (tentacular club thereof visible to right) as part of the Spirit Collection Tour at London's Natural History Museum (NHM)[34] (see also view from proximal end)
Tentacular club of a colossal squid collected by Malcolm R. Clarke, displayed in neutral formalin with two gladii of Loligo forbesii as part of the NHM's Spirit Collection Tour (see also specimen label and close-up of rotating suckers)
Another colossal squid beak on display as part of the NHM's Spirit Collection Tour (see also alternate view)
A "very large dark beak" of Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni on display at the NHM's Darwin Centre
Notes
- ↑ Similar near-white colouration was seen in the first habitat footage of both the giant squid and Kondakovia longimana (giant warty squid), much to the surprise of experts, as dead or dying specimens of these species likewise have reddish skin.[14]
- ↑ The fins of the 2007 Ross Sea specimen measured around 1.2 m (3.9 ft) across and it had a mantle width of 98.2 cm (3.22 ft).[17] The arms ranged in length from 0.85 m (2.8 ft) to 1.15 m (3.8 ft), while the two tentacles were around 2.1 m (6.9 ft) long.[18]
- ↑ As reported by the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, specimens of Nototodarus sloanii, the New Zealand arrow squid, can shrink by as much as 22% when dehydrated with alcohol solutions.[19] The colossal squid specimen contracted by a further 5% after several years in preservative fluid (first formalin and later propylene glycol).[20]
- ↑ In descending order of confirmed maximum size: Architeuthis dux (giant squid) was first photographed alive in its natural habitat in 2004, and filmed therein in 2012, 2017, and 2019; Taningia danae (Dana octopus squid) was filmed in 2005 and again in 2012; Onykia robusta (robust clubhook squid) was filmed alive in shallow water in 1993 or earlier; Dosidicus gigas (Humboldt squid) is commonly encountered and filmed; and live habitat footage of Kondakovia longimana (giant warty squid) was released in 2017.[26] Among octopuses, Enteroctopus dofleini (giant Pacific octopus) is commonly encountered and filmed, and the deep-sea Haliphron atlanticus (seven-arm octopus) has been recorded from submersibles on a number of occasions.
References
Short citations
- ↑ Robson, 1925:272
- ↑ Sweeney & Roper, 2001:[56]; see Korabelnikov, 1959
- ↑ McSweeny, 1970
- ↑ Dery, 2013; see e.g. Yukhov, 1974; Klumov & Yukhov, 1975
- ↑ Ellis, 1998:147
- ↑ Remeslo, 2014; Komoda & Mizunuma, 2019
- ↑ Griggs, 2003; McClain et al., 2015
- ↑ Owen, 2003; Hoff, 2003:86
- ↑ Wassilieff & O'Shea, 2006; O'Shea & Bolstad, 2008
- ↑ [Anonymous], 2005
- ↑ O'Shea, 2005
- ↑ [Anonymous], 2013
- ↑ Bühler, 2015
- ↑ Frazer, 2013; Komoda & Mizunuma, 2019
- ↑ O'Shea & Bolstad, 2008; [Te Papa], 2008a
- ↑ [Te Papa], 2008a
- ↑ [Te Papa], 2008h
- ↑ [Te Papa], 2008j
- ↑ [Te Papa], 2008a
- ↑ Lovis, 2011
- ↑ [Anonymous], 2013; Garland, 2015; Farquhar, 2015
- ↑ [Anonymous], 2013; Bühler, 2015
- ↑ [Te Papa], 2014e
- ↑ Farquhar, 2014; Feltman, 2014
- ↑ Dery, 2013; Frazer, 2013; Robinson, 2021; though see Abe, 2019a, b; [NHK], 2019
- ↑ [NHK], 2017a, b, c; Komoda & Mizunuma, 2019
- ↑ Carnall, 2017; Hanlon & Messenger, 2018:265
- ↑ Young, 2003a
- ↑ Owen, 2003; Hoff, 2003:86
- ↑ Cleal, 2020:back cover
- ↑ Cleal, 2020
- ↑ [RZSNSW], 2021; [Te Papa], 2021
- ↑ see Millner, 2015; Mills, 2015; Strege, 2015
- ↑ King, 2019:147
Full citations
A
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Abe, K. (2019a). 伝説の巨大イカ4K撮影に成功!? NHK「ダーウィンが来た!」13日放送. AV Watch, 10 October 2019. (in Japanese)
- Abe, K. (2019b). ついに27日放送! 巨大深海イカの4K撮影に挑んだNHK「ダーウィンが来た!」. AV Watch, 25 October 2019. (in Japanese)
- Aldridge, A.E. (2009). Can beak shape help to research the life history of squid? New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43(5): 1061–1067. doi:10.1080/00288330.2009.9626529
- Anderton, J. (2007). World's largest squid landed in NZ. The official website of the New Zealand Government. [Archived from the original on 2 May 2008.]
- Atkinson, K. (2008a). NZ Antarctic voyagers return with scientific treasure trove. The New Zealand Herald, March 20, 2008.
- Atkinson, K. (2008b). Size matters on 'squid row' (+photos, video). The New Zealand Herald, May 1, 2008.
B
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Black, R. (2008). Colossal squid's big eye revealed. BBC News, 30 April 2008.
- Bolstad, K.S.R. (2007). bycatch! Vox [now hosted on WordPress], 28 May 2007.
- Bolstad, K.S.R. (2008a). What’s all this beak business? Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 30 April 2008.
- Bolstad, K.S.R. (2008b). Colossal squid: Hooks and suckers. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 30 April 2008.
- Bright, M. (1989). There are Giants in the Sea: Monsters and Mysteries of the Depths Explored. Robson Books, London. 224 pp. ISBN:0-86051-481-1.
- Bryner, J. (2014). Watch Live! Colossal Squid Undergoes Autopsy. Live Science, 16 September 2014.
- Bühler, M. (2015). Neues Video eines lebenden Koloss-Kalmars. Bestiarium: Fantastisches aus Biologie, Paläontologie und Natur, 23 July 2015. (in German)
- Burgess, M. (2008). Fishermen bag huge squid off Portland. The Age, 26 May 2008.
- Burton, A. (2013). Radiance of the kraken. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11(2): 112. doi:10.1890/1540-9295-11.2.112
C
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Carnall, M. (2017). Searching for the Old Ones: Lovecraftian giant cephalopods and the fossil record. The Guardian , 31 October 2017.
- Cherel, Y. & G. Duhamel (2004). "Antarctic jaws: cephalopod prey of sharks in Kerguelen waters.". http://www.cephbase.utmb.edu/refdb/pdf/8114.pdf. (531 KiB) Deep-Sea Research I 51: 17–31.
- Cherel, Y. & K.A. Hobson (2005). Stable isotopes, beaks and predators: a new tool to study the trophic ecology of cephalopods, including giant and colossal squids. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272(1572): 1601–1607. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3115
- Clarke, M.R. (1986). A Handbook for the Identification of Cephalopod Beaks. Clarendon Press, Oxford. xiii + 273 pp. ISBN:0-19-857603-X.
- Clarke, M.R. & N. Goodall (1994). Cephalopods in the diets of three odontocete cetacean species stranded at Tierra del Fuego, Globicephala melaena (Traill, 1809), Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, 1882 and Cephalorhynchus commersonii (Lacepede, 1804). Antarctic Science 6(2): 149–154. doi:10.1017/S0954102094000234
- Clarke, M.R., N. MacLeod & O. Paliza (1976). Cephalopod remains from the stomachs of sperm whales caught off Peru and Chile. Journal of Zoology 180(4)[Dec.]: 477–493. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1976.tb04693.x
- Clarke, M.R. & C.F.E. Roper (1998). Cephalopods represented by beaks in the stomach of a sperm whale stranded at Paekakariki, North Island, New Zealand. South African Journal of Marine Science 20: 129–133. doi:10.2989/025776198784126601
- Cleal, V. (2020). Whiti: Colossal Squid of the Deep. Te Papa Press, Wellington. [32] pp. + 3 foldouts ISBN:978-0-9951338-0-8.
- Clem, A.E. (2007). [Re: Old-New Mesonychoteuthis Specimen?] The Octopus News Magazine Online Forums, 23 February 2007.
- Collins, P. (2012). Giant of the sea a rare find off Portland. The Warrnambool Standard, April 2, 2012.
D
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Dery, M. (2013). The Kraken Wakes: What Architeuthis is Trying to Tell Us. Boing Boing, 28 January 2013.
E
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Ellis, R. (1994). Monsters of the Sea. Knopf, New York. xiii + 429 pp. ISBN:0-679-40639-5.
- Ellis, R. (1998). The Search for the Giant Squid. Lyons Press, New York. ix + 322 pp. ISBN:1-55821-689-8.
F
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Farquhar, P. (2014). Scientists Found Only The Second Intact Colossal Squid — Here's What It Looks Like. Business Insider Australia, 16 September 2014.
- Farquhar, P. (2015). VIDEO: Russian fisherman fighting a colossal squid. Business Insider Australia, 24 July 2015.
- Feltman, R. (2014). Now’s your chance to watch scientists dissect a 770-pound squid. The Washington Post , 16 September 2014.
- Filippova, J.A. (2002). Review of Soviet/Russian studies on squids in the Antarctic Ocean. Bulletin of Marine Science 71(1): 255–267.
- Filippova, J.A. & E.A. Pakhomov (1994). Young squid in the plankton of Prydz Bay, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 6(2): 171–173. doi:10.1017/S095410209400026X
- Frazer, J. (2013). The Colossal Squid is Still At Large, and Other Thoughts on the Giant Squid's Deep Sea Film Debut. Scientific American, 21 February 2013.
G
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Garland, N. (2015). Rare sighting of colossal squid caught on camera. Earth Archives, 22 July 2015.
- Griggs, K. (2003). Super squid surfaces in Antarctic. BBC News, 2 April 2003.
- Griggs, K. (2007). Colossal squid's headache for science. BBC News, 15 March 2007.
- Guerra, Á. & M. Segonzac (2014). Géants des profondeurs. Éditions Quæ, Versailles. 143 pp. ISBN:2-7592-2220-9. (in French)
- Guerrero-Kommritz, J. (2011). Seasonal distribution of early life stages in squid of the Lazarev Sea, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 23(1)[Feb.]: 93–94. doi:10.1017/S0954102010000672
H
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Hanlon, R.T. & J.B. Messenger (2018). Large Squid and the Giant Squid, Architeuthis. [pp. 264–268] In: Cephalopod Behaviour. [second edition] Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. xv + 365 pp. ISBN:1-108-54674-9.
- Harvey, S. (2010). Massive squid found on beach. Sunday Star-Times, 7 August 2010.
- Hoff, B. (2003). Finding & pondering the greatest squid ever known to man. [pp. 83–98] In: Eggers, D. (ed.) McSweeney's 11. McSweeney's, San Francisco. 293 pp. + DVD. ISBN:978-1-932416-01-5.
J
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Joseph, A. (2016). Giant Squid and Colossal Squid. [pp. 475–477] In: Investigating Seafloors and Oceans: From Mud Volcanoes to Giant Squid. Elsevier, Amsterdam. xxx + 612 pp. ISBN:978-0-12-809357-3.
K
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Kawakami, T. (1980). A review of sperm whale food. The Scientific Reports of the Whales Research Institute no. 32[Dec.]: 199–218.
- Keig, J. (2008). Colossal squid: The big lift. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 1 December 2008.
- Kelly, J. (2014). #squidwatch with Jesse Kelly. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 1 October 2014.
- King, R.J. (2019). Giant squid. [pp. 142–153] In: Ahab's Rolling Sea: A Natural History of "Moby-Dick". University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 430 + [8] pp. ISBN:978-0-226-51496-3.
- Klumov, S.K. & V.L. Yukhov (1975). Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925 (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida) i ego znatchenie v pitanii kashalota antarckticheskih vod. [Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925 (Cephalopoda, Oegopsida) and its significance to feeding of sperm whales in Antarctic waters.] Antarktika: Doklady Komissi 14: 159–189. [English translation: TT 81-59176, Al Ahram Center for Scientific Translations.] (in Russian)
- Komoda, M. & M. Mizunuma (directors) (2019). Hunt for the Giant Squid. [documentary film] NHK and National Geographic. 44 mins.
- Korabelnikov, L.V. (1959). The diet of sperm whales in the Antarctic seas. Priroda 3:103-104, 5 figures. (in Russian)
- Kubodera, T. (1995). 大型イカ--マッコウクジラの胃内容から. [Giant squid from sperm whale stomach contents.] Aquabiology 17(6): 482–487. NAID 40004392241 (in Japanese)
L
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Leviton, A.E. & F.H. Gibbs Jr. (1988). Standards in herpetology and ichthyology. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. Supplement No. 1: Additions and corrections. Copeia 1988(1): 28–228.
- Leviton, A.E., F.H. Gibbs Jr., E. Heal & C.D. Dawson (1985). Standards in herpetology and ichthyology: Part I. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. Copeia 1985(3): 802–832.
- Lipiński, M.R., F.A. Naggs & M.A.C. Roeleveld (2000). Catalogue of types of recent cephalopods in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London. Annales Zoologici 50(1): 101–120.
- Lovis, P. (2011). Colossal squid on display gets check-up. Te Papa Blog, 14 February 2011.
- Lu, C.C. & R. Williams (1994). Contribution to the biology of squid in the Prydz Bay region, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 6(2): 223–229. doi:10.1017/S0954102094000349
M
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Mackenzie, F. (director) (2019). New Zealand's Colossal Squid is No Joke. [video] Atlas Obscura, 10 December 2019.
- McClain, C.R., M.A. Balk, M.C. Benfield, T.A. Branch, C. Chen, J. Cosgrove, A.D.M. Dove, L.C. Gaskins, R.R. Helm, F.G. Hochberg, F.B. Lee, A. Marshall, S.E. McMurray, C. Schanche, S.N. Stone & A.D. Thaler (2015). Sizing ocean giants: patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna. PeerJ 3: e715. doi:10.7717/peerj.715
- McNamara, J. (2008). Squid causes a giant commotion. Geelong Advertiser, 27 May 2008.
- McSweeny, E.S. (1970). Description of the juvenile form of the Antarctic squid Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson. Malacologia 10:323-332.
- Meduna, V. (2014). Veronika Meduna's #squidwatch. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 1 December 2014.
- Mills, D. (2015). Russian sailors film live giant squid surfacing and eating near fishing trawler. Perth Now, 24 July 2015.
N
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- [NHK] (2017a). 南極 深海に巨大生物を見た! NHKスペシャル シリーズ ディープ・オーシャン▽南極深海に巨大生物を見た. NHK. (in Japanese)
- [NHK] (2017b). 南極大潜航!南極大潜航 幻の巨大イカと氷の楽園. NHK. (in Japanese)
- [NHK] (2017c). NHKスペシャル ディープ オーシャン 南極 深海に巨大生物を見た. [documentary film] NHK. 58 mins. JAN 4988066221057 (in Japanese)
- [NHK] (2019). 第618回「23年ぶりの大調査!南極 巨大生物の海」. NHK. (in Japanese)
- [NIWA] (2015). Tiny find fascinates squid scientists. NIWA, 7 July 2015.
O
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- O'Shea, S. (2003a). Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet. The Octopus News Magazine Online, 6 May 2003. [Archived from the original on 7 December 2003.]
- O'Shea, S. (2003b). [Re: Colossal Squid Necropsy]. The Octopus News Magazine Online Forums, 15 August 2003.
- O'Shea, S. (2005). [Re: Collosal [sic] squid caught "alive"]. The Octopus News Magazine Online Forums, 9 October 2005.
- O'Shea, S. & K. Bolstad (2008). Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet. The Octopus News Magazine Online, 6 April 2008.
- Owen, J. (2003). "Colossal Squid" Revives Legends of Sea Monsters. National Geographic, 23 April 2003.
P
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Petrov, A.F. (2008). Факт нападения крупного кальмара на антарктического клыкача Dissostichus mawsoni Norman, 1937 (Perciformes, Nototheniidae), попавшего на донный ярус в море Росса / A case of giant squid attack on Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni Norman, 1937 (Perciformes, Nototheniidae) caught on bottom-set longline in the Ross Sea. [Fakt napadeniya krupnogo kalmara na antarkticheskogo klykacha Dissostichus mawsoni Norman, 1937 (Perciformes, Nototheniidae), popavshego na donnyy yarus v more Rossa.] Problems of Fisheries 9(1): 251–256. (in Russian)
- Pollock, K. (2010). The day a squid came to town. Signposts: A blog about the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 16 August 2010.
- Prince, P.A. (1980). The food and feeding ecology of Grey‐headed Albatross Diomedea chrysostoma and Black‐browed Albatross D. melanophris. Ibis 122(4)[Oct.]: 476–488. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919x.1980.tb00902.x
R
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Remeslo, A.V. (2011). Какой кальмар самый большой? Captain Club Magazine, 31 March 2011. (in Russian)
- Remeslo, A.V. (2014). Гигантский кальмар-монстр и его жертвы. Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 27 October 2014. (in Russian)
- Remeslo, A.V., M.R. Yakushev & V. Laptikhovsky (2015). Alien vs. Predator: interactions between the colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) and the Antarctic toothfish (Dissostichus mawsoni). Journal of Natural History 49(41–42): 2483–2491. doi:10.1080/00222933.2015.1040477
- Remeslo, A.V., V.L. Yukhov, K. Bolstad & V. Laptikhovsky (2019). Distribution and biology of the colossal squid, Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni: new data from depredation in toothfish fisheries and sperm whale stomach contents. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 147: 121–127. doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2019.04.008
- Robinson, N.J. (2021). How This Scientist Would Find The Colossal Squid. OceanX, 27 July 2021.
- Robson, G.C. (1925). XXXIX.—On Mesonychoteuthis, a new genus of œgopsid Cephalopoda. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 9, 16(92): 272–277. doi:10.1080/00222932508633309
- Rodhouse, P.G. & M.R. Clarke (1985). Growth and distribution of young Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson (Mollusca: Cephalopoda): an Antarctic squid. Vie Milieu 35(3/4):223–230.
- Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb (2010). Family Cranchiidae. [pp. 148–178] In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper (eds.) Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome.
- Roper, C.F.E. & G.L. Voss (1983). Guidelines for taxonomic descriptions of cephalopod species. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 44: 48–63.
- Rosa, R., V.M. Lopes, M. Guerreiro, K. Bolstad & J.C. Xavier (2017). Biology and ecology of the world's largest invertebrate, the colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni): a short review. Polar Biology 40(9): 1871–1883. doi:10.1007/s00300-017-2104-5
- Rosa, R. & B.A. Seibel (2010). Slow pace of life of the Antarctic colossal squid. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90(7): 1375–1378. doi:10.1017/S0025315409991494
- [RZSNSW] (2021). 2021 Winners. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales (RZSNSW).
S
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Sarchet, P. (2015). Colossal squid vs huge toothfish – clash of the deep-sea titans. New Scientist, 11 June 2015.
- [SeaPics] (N.d.). Colossal squid and giant squid pictures. SeaPics.com.
- Slip, D.J., G.J. Moore & K. Green (1995). Stomach contents of a southern bottlenose whale, Hyperoodon planifrons, stranded at Heard Island. Marine Mammal Science 11(4)[Oct.]: 575–584. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1995.tb00681.x
- Strege, D. (2015). Russian fishermen fight off giant squid from their catch. GrindTV, 24 July 2015.
- Sweeney, M.J. (2017). Recent cephalopod primary type specimens: a searching tool. [Version 2; last updated March 2017.] Cephalopod International Advisory Council. 411 pp. [unpaginated]
- Sweeney, M.J. & C.F.E. Roper (2001). Records of Architeuthis Specimens from Published Reports. [Last updated 4 May 2001.] National Museum of Natural History. 132 pp. [unpaginated] [Archived from the original on 2 October 2011.]
- Sweeney, M.J. & R.E. Young (2003). Taxa Associated with the Family Cranchiidae Prosch, 1847. Tree of Life Web Project.
T
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- [Te Papa] (2008a). How big is the colossal squid? Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 17 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008b). Colossal squid specimens at Te Papa. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 18 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008c). Planning the big event. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 19 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008d). Catching the colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 18 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008e). Meet the colossal squid team. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 19 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008f). Preserving the squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 19 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008g). The thaw. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 19 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008h). The body of the colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 17 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008i). The beak of the colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 17 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008j). The arms and tentacles. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 17 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008k). Colossal squid — the inside story. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 19 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008l). The eye of the colossal squid — the largest animal eye known. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 19 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008m). How the colossal squid swims. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 19 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008n). How the colossal squid feeds. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 19 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008o). Toothfish fishing. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 10 January 2010.]
- [Te Papa] (2008p). Management of the Antarctic toothfish fishery. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 8 January 2010.]
- [Te Papa] (2008q). Bioluminescence in the deep ocean. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 17 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008r). Visitor information. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 20 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008s). How do you take care of a big squid? Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 20 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008t). Installing the colossal squid exhibition. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 20 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008u). Take a virtual tour of the exhibition. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 18 December 2008.]
- [Te Papa] (2008v). Te Papa colossal squid resources. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. [Archived from the original on 17 December 2008.] (colour illustration; dorsal view; lateral view)
- [Te Papa] (2008). Colossal squid preparations. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 21 April 2008.
- [Te Papa] (2008). Colossal squid: Removing the net and a question of squid size. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 29 April 2008.
- [Te Papa] (2008). The largest invertebrate on the planet. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 29 April 2008.
- [Te Papa] (2008). Unfolding the eye. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 30 April 2008.
- [Te Papa] (2008). Colossal squid is a girl. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 30 April 2008.
- [Te Papa] (2008). Colossal squid: Hooks and suckers. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 17 July 2008.
- [Te Papa] (2008). How we preserve specimens. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 4 August 2008.
- [Te Papa] (2008). Colossal squid: Lurking while we prepare the display. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 7 August 2008.
- [Te Papa] (2008). Here’s looking at you (in the dark). Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 18 September 2008.
- [Te Papa] (2008). Mounting a squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 21 October 2008.
- [Te Papa] (2008). Colossal squid: Shrinkage? Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 26 November 2008.
- [Te Papa] (2009a). Good news from the squid inspection. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 11 March 2009.
- [Te Papa] (2009b). Colossal squid: Disappearing hooks? Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 12 March 2009.
- [Te Papa] (2009c). Double pumps and improved circulation. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 13 March 2009.
- [Te Papa] (2009d). Squid opens tomorrow. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 20 March 2009.
- [Te Papa] (2011). Colossal squid on display gets check-up. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 14 February 2011.
- [Te Papa] (2014a). Colossal Squid – live! Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 5 September 2014.
- [Te Papa] (2014b). Colossal squid – the body parts. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 11 September 2014.
- [Te Papa] (2014c). The fascination of squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 12 September 2014.
- [Te Papa] (2014d). Colossal squid – the defrost begins. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 15 September 2014.
- [Te Papa] (2014e). Colossal Squid: What did we find?. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 18 September 2014.
- [Te Papa] (2014f). Colossal Squid: Your questions answered. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 22 September 2014.
- [Te Papa] (2018). The colossal squid and its biggest fan. Ours: A podcast of twenty Te Papa objects, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 28 March 2018.
- [Te Papa] (2019a). Colossal squid at Te Papa. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019b). Thawing, preserving, and displaying a colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019c). How big is the colossal squid on display? Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019d). The arms and tentacles of the colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019e). The beak of the colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019f). The body of the colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019g). The eyes of the colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019h). The organs of a colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019i). The life and habits of a colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019j). How the colossal squid feeds. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019k). How the colossal squid swims. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019l). Bioluminescence in the deep ocean. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019m). Watch: Highlights from a colossal squid examination. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019n). The difference between colossal squid, giant squid, and octopus. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2019o). The Colossal Squid: Te Ngū Tipua. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
- [Te Papa] (2021). Two Te Papa Press Books Win Prestigious Whitley Awards For Zoological Literature. Te Papa Press via Scoop, 15 November 2021.
V
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Voss, N.A. (1980). A generic revision of the Cranchiidae (Cephalopoda; Oegopsida). Bull. Mar. Sci. 30:365-412.
W
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Warrant, E. (2008). The eye of the colossal squid. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 30 April 2008.
- Wassilieff, M. & S. O'Shea (2006). Octopus and squid. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, 12 June 2006.
- Waugh, S. (2015). Colossal Squid #2: Update. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 23 July 2015.
- Wilco, H. (2008). Colossal squid: A moving experience. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, 24 November 2008.
- Wood, G.L. (1982). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Third edition. Guinness Superlatives, London. 252 pp. ISBN:0-85112-235-3.
X
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Xavier, J.C., P.G. Rodhouse, P.N. Trathan & A.G. Wood (1999). "A Geographical Information System (GIS) Atlas of cephalopod distribution in the Southern Ocean.". http://www.journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=219642. Antarctic Science 11:61-62. online version
- Xavier, J.C. & Y. Cherel (2009). "Cephalopod Beak Guide for the Southern Ocean.". http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_bas/publications/cephalopod-beak-guide.pdf. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge. 129 pp.
- Xavier, J.C., J. Roberts & D. Agnew (2012). "P133 - Feeding ecology of toothfish species as a means for characterising the slope megafauna of the South Sandwich Islands, Southern Ocean.". http://www.ciac2012brazil.com.br/CIAC%202012%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf. In: Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium, 27 Oct - 02 Nov 2012, Majestic Palace Hotel, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil: Abstracts. Instituto Argonauta. p. 233.
Y
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- Young, E. (2003a). Giant squid emerges from the ocean's deep. New Scientist no. 2390, 12 April 2003. p. 18.
- Young, E. (2003b). Monsters of the deep. New Scientist no. 2406, 2 August 2003. pp. 25–29.
- Young, R.E. & K.M. Mangold (2019). Mesonychoteuthis Robson, 1925. Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni Robson, 1925. Colossal Squid. Tree of Life Web Project, 26 March 2019.
- Yukhov, V.L. (1974). The discovery of giant squids. Priroda, Moscow, 1974(6):60-63, 3 figures. (in Russian)
- Yukhov, V.L. (2012). Антарктический глубоководный кальмар (АГК) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, Robson, 1925. Распространение и границы ареала. / Antarctic deep-water squid (АDS) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, Robson, 1925. Distribution and borders of the geographic range. [Antarkticheskiy glubokovodnyy kalmar (AGK) Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, Robson, 1925. Rasprostraneniye i granitsy areala.] [pp. 241–248] In: O.A. Petrenko (ed.) Основные Результаты Комплексных Исследований в Азово-Черноморском Бассейне и Мировом Океане. YugNIRO, Kerch. 265 pp. (in Russian)
- Yukhov, V.L. (2013). Некоторые черты биологии антарктического глубоководного кальмара (АГК) – Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, Robson, 1925 / Some features of Antarctic deep-sea squid (ADSS) biology – Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, Robson, 1925. [Nekotoryye cherty biologii antarkticheskogo glubokovodnogo kalmara (AGK) – Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni, Robson, 1925.] Ukrainian Antarctic Journal no. 12: 217–237. (in Russian)
Author unknown
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z {Author unknown} |
- [Anonymous] (2005). Very Rare Giant Squid Caught Alive. South Georgia Newsletter, June 2005. [Archived from the original on 16 February 2007.]
- [Anonymous] (2007a). Squid's Big Brother? The Fishing Website Forums, 5 February 2007.
- [Anonymous] (2007b). NZ fishermen land colossal squid. BBC News, 22 February 2007.
- [Anonymous] (2007c). Microwave plan for colossal squid. BBC News, 22 March 2007.
- [Anonymous] (2008a). Fisherman hauls in colossal squid. Herald Sun, 26 May 2008. [Archived from the original on 29 May 2008.]
- [Anonymous] (2008b). Colossal squid caught by fishing boat. United Press International, 26 May 2008. [Archived from the original on 27 May 2008.]
- [Anonymous] (2008c). Scientists probe giant squid sex secrets. ABC News, 3 June 2008.
- [Anonymous] (2008d). Media Release: Giant squid public dissection at Melbourne Museum. Melbourne Museum, 11 July 2008.
- [Anonymous] (2010). Giant squid washes up on beach. The New Zealand Herald, 7 August 2010.
- [Anonymous] (2013). Российским ученым удалось снять на видео колоссального кальмара. Polit.ru, 25 March 2013. (in Russian)
- [Anonymous] (2015). Baby colossal squid could answer big questions. 3 News, 7 July 2015. [Archived from the original on 5 August 2015.]
![]() | Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List of colossal squid specimens and sightings.
Read more |