Biology:List of herbaria in Turkey

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The following is a list of herbaria in Turkey. Herbaria are established within faculties and institutes of credible universities. Those created in departments that are concerned with natural sciences such as botany, ecology, biogeography and climatology are mostly used to do research on the genetics of the plants, to examine their distribution on specific geographical locations and to protect them for future generations, while those affiliated with more practice-based departments such as pharmacy are used as a resource for drug production techniques.

The first herbarium in Turkey was opened in 1933 within the Faculty of Science at Ankara University. Founded by Kurt Krause and Hikmet Birand, this herbarium is the oldest among its counterparts in the country and has the most number of species within its 200,000-piece collection. Therefore, it is also called Herbarium Turcicum (Turkish Herbarium).[1][2] The Sugar Institute Herbarium, Atatürk University Faculty of Science Herbarium and Ege University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium are closed to visitors and scientific researchers. However, thanks to a specially created website, it is possible to access all the data related to the Ege University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium remotely.[3] Altınbaş University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium, which opened in 2018, is the first herbarium to be established by a private university. In addition, Anadolu, Ankara, Ege, Marmara, Onsekiz Mart and Siirt universities have two herbaria each, while Hacettepe, Istanbul and Yüzüncü Yıl universities have three herbaria each. As of 2020, there are 55 herbaria in 34 different provinces of Turkey.

Naming and abbreviation

To create a herbarium, it is necessary to do a serious research, using archiving and preservation techniques. Although herbaria are usually established within universities' science and pharmacy faculties, institutions such as botanical gardens or natural history museums can also create their own collections. However, aside from preserving them for scientific studies and keeping records of them, it is important to share them with the universal scientific community. Therefore, information tags are assigned to recorded plant samples and the abbreviation of the herbarium within which they are stored is also included. The names and abbreviations of official herbaria are recorded in an international data system called Index Herbariorum, which has been in operation since 1935. While assigning international codes, the name of the city where the herbarium is located is taken into consideration, as well as the name of the institution to which it is affiliated. Herbarium abbreviations are always written in capital letters, consist of at least one and at most eight letters, and no period is added.[4]

Thanks to this system, all herbaria that are active in the world only have a descriptive code of their own and the collections they host are transferred to a common information pool. The system, managed by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy between 1952 and 1974, has been operated by the New York Botanical Garden since 1974. As of 2020, approximately 3,100 herbaria from various countries of the world and more than 390 million samples in total were recorded in this system.[5]

List

Name No. Specimens Code Affiliated institution Location Opening[lower-alpha 1] Status
Kırıkkale University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Herbarium 1,000[6] ADO Kırıkkale University Kırıkkale 2000[6] Active
Ankara University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium 25,000[7] AEF Ankara University Ankara 1978[7] Active
Abant Izzet Baysal University Herbarium 14,300[8] AIBU Abant Izzet Baysal University Bolu 1994[8] Active
Aksaray University Herbarium 5,000[9] AKSU Aksaray University Aksaray 2006[9] Active
Anadolu University Faculty of Science Herbarium 19,525[10] ANES Anadolu University Eskişehir 1994[10] Active
Ankara University Faculty of Science Herbarium 200,000[11] ANK Ankara University Ankara 1933[11] Active
Central Anatolia Forestry Research Institute Herbarium 5,830[12] ANKO General Directorate of Forestry Ankara 1959[12] Active
Artvin Çoruh University Herbarium 30,000[13] ARTH Çoruh University Artvin 2013[13] Active
Atatürk University Faculty of Science Herbarium 3,000[14] ATA Atatürk University Erzurum 1969[14] Closed[15]
Adnan Menderes University Botanical Garden and
Herbarium Application and Research Center 		10,120[16] AYDN Adnan Menderes University Aydın 1998[16] Active
British Institute at Ankara Herbarium 6,000[17][18] BIA British Institute at Ankara Ankara 1970[17][18] Active
Uludağ University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Herbarium 55,000[19] BULU Uludağ University Bursa 1984[19] Active
Çanakkale Botanical Garden Herbarium 25,000[20] CBB Onsekiz Mart University Çanakkale 2015[20] Active
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Herbarium 5,468[21] CNH Onsekiz Mart University Çanakkale 1999[21] Unknown
Çukurova University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium 2,000[22] CUEF Çukurova University Adana 2015[22] Active
Cumhuriyet University Herbarium 25,000[23] CUFH Cumhuriyet University Sivas 1983[23] Active
Dicle Universitesi Herbarium 4,804[24] DUF Dicle University Diyarbakır 1974[24] Active
Düzce University Forestry Faculty Herbarium 5,400[25] DUOF Düzce University Düzce 2009[25] Active
Dumlupınar University Herbarium 11,000[26] DUP Dumlupınar University Kütahya 1992[26] Active
Trakya University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Herbarium 5,790[27] EDTU Trakya University Edirne 1983[28] Active
Ege University Faculty of Science Herbarium 35,000[29] EGE Ege University İzmir 1964[29] Active
Erciyes University Herbarium 7,308[30][31] ERCH Erciyes University Kayseri 1996[30][31] Active
Sugar Institute Herbarium 725[32] ESK Ankara Sugar Factory Ankara 1956[32] Closed[33]
Anadolu University Herbarium 13,983[34] ESSE Anadolu University Eskişehir 1979[34] Active
Fırat University Faculty of Science Herbarium 6,750[35] FUH Fırat University Elazığ 1987[36] Active
Gazi University Herbarium 30,929[37] GAZI Gazi University Ankara 1985[37] Active
Gaziosmanpaşa University Herbarium 8,300[38] GOPU Gaziosmanpaşa University Tokat Unknown Active
Gül Herbarium 25,000[39] GUL Süleyman Demirel University Isparta 2009[39] Aktif
Harran University Herbarium 7,000[40] HARRAN Harran University Şanlıurfa 2017[40] Active
Hacettepe University Biodiversity
Advanced Research Center Herbarium 		5,000[41] HBH Hacettepe University BIOM Ankara 2008[42] Active
Altınbaş University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium 500[43] HERA Altınbaş University Istanbul 2018[43] Active
Hacettepe University Herbarium 42,000[44] HUB Hacettepe University Ankara 1977[44] Active
Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium 6,000[45] HUEF Hacettepe University Ankara 1975[45] Active
İnönü University Herbarium 8,000[46] INU İnönü University Malatya 2008[47] Active
Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium 90,000[48] ISTE Istanbul University Istanbul 1956[48] Active
Istanbul University Faculty of Science Herbarium 40,000[49] ISTF Istanbul University Istanbul 1956[49] Active
Istanbul University Forestry Faculty Herbarium 41,500[50] ISTO Istanbul University Istanbul 1956[50] Active
Aegean Agricultural Research Institute Herbarium 21,500[51] IZ Aegean Agricultural Research Institute İzmir 1964[51] Active
Ege University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium 6,051[52] IZEF Ege University İzmir 1990[53] Closed[54][lower-alpha 2]
Karadeniz Technical University Herbarium 23,240[56] KATO Karadeniz Technical University Trabzon 1973[56] Active
Selçuk University Faculty of Science Herbarium 24,000[57] KNYA Selçuk University Konya 1975[58] Active
Marmara University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium 16,575[59] MARE Marmara University Istanbul 1985[59] Active
Mersin University Herbarium 7,810[60] MERA Mersin University Mersin 1996[60] Active
Centre for Implementation and Research of Plant Health Clinic Herbarium 250[61] MKUBK Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Hatay 2020[61] Active
Marmara University Herbarium 19,984[62] MUFE Marmara University Istanbul 1984[62] Active
Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Herbarium 6,000[63] NAKU Namık Kemal University Tekirdağ 2012[63] Active
Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanical Garden Herbarium 8,500[64] NGBB Ali Nihat Gökyiğit Foundation Istanbul 2010[64] Active
Ondokuz Mayıs University Herbarium 7,500[65] OMUB Ondokuz Mayıs University Samsun 1985[65] Active
Pamukkale University Herbarium 5,000[66] PAMUH Pamukkale University Denizli 2008[66] Active
Siirt University Herbarium 2,000[67] SIIRT Siirt University Siirt 2015[67] Active
Siirt University Flora and Fauna Center Herbarium 2,000[68] SUFAF Siirt University Siirt 2015[68] Active
Yüzüncü Yıl University Herbarium 23,500[69] VANF Yüzüncü Yıl University Van 1982[69] Active
Van Flora Application and Research Center Herbarium 22,996[70] VHLV Yüzüncü Yıl University Van 1982[71] Active
Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium 1,200[72] VPH Yüzüncü Yıl University Van 2015[72] Active
Bülent Ecevit University Bryofit Herbarium 10,500[73] ZNG Bülent Ecevit University Zonguldak 2009[73] Active

Notes

  1. ↑ The years specified in the "Opening" column are indicated on the basis of the year in which the relevant herbarium received the international herbarium code. The date in question does not refer to the year in which the herbarium was actually or officially established, but the year in which it was scientifically registered in the international arena.
  2. ↑ Although the Herbarium of the Ege University Faculty of Pharmacy Herbarium, which is coded with IZEF, is actually closed, it continues to exist interactively as all the samples of herbarium have been uploaded to the internet. In this context "IZEF" went down in history as Turkey's first virtual herbarium.[3][55]

Map

Provinces colored based on the number of herbaria they have

References

  1. ↑ Çelebioğlu, Sarım (1958). "Prof. Dr. Kurt Krause Ankaradaki Türkiye Herbariumunu (Herbarium Turcicum) Kuran Değerli Türk Dostu". Acta Biologica Turcica 8 (4). http://www.actabiologicaturcica.com/index.php/abt/article/view/443/287. Retrieved 29 April 2020. 
  2. ↑ Baytop, Asuman (2009). "Hikmet Birand'ın (1904-1972) Anadolu Bitkileri Koleksiyonu". Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları: 321–329. http://static.dergipark.org.tr/article-download/imported/1023009029/1023008380.pdf?. Retrieved 29 April 2020. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bintuğ Öztürk; Mehmet Ali Ege (2014). "Türkiye'nin ilk sanal herbaryumu IZEF örneği ve sanal herbaryumların bitkisel ilaç hammaddesi araştırmaları açısından önemi". Marmara Pharmaceutical Journal (Marmara University) 2 (18): 79–84. doi:10.12991/mpj.2014186124. http://dspace.marmara.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/11424/1852/5000018465-5000031574-1-SM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Retrieved 14 April 2020. 
  4. ↑ Baytop, Asuman. Botanikte Adlandırma. http://www.actabiologicaturcica.com/index.php/abt/article/download/739/619. Retrieved 29 April 2020. 
  5. ↑ "History" (in en). Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200212221113/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/learn-more/. Retrieved 13 February 2020. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Kirikkale University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173157/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=125063. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Herbaryum". Ankara University Computer Center. 2019. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190620083529/http://fbotanik.pharmacy.ankara.edu.tr/herbaryum/. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Abant Izzet Baysal Üniversitesi" (in en). Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200516174314/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=123870. Retrieved 29 April 2020. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Aksaray University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173209/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=242279. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Anadolu University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173214/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=123952. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Herbaryumu (ANK) "Herbarium Turcicum"". 2019. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223003247/http://biology.science.ankara.edu.tr/herbaryumank/. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Silvikültür ve Orman Botaniği". General Directorate of Forestry, Information Systems Department. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223103806/https://icanadolu.ogm.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Basmuhendislikler/Silvikultur-ve-Orman-Botanigi-Basmuhendisligi.aspx. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Herbaryumu (ARTH)". Artvin Çoruh University Information Technology Department. 2019. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222235617/https://herbaryum.artvin.edu.tr/hakkinda-144. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Atatürk Üniversitesi" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173220/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=123997. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 
  15. ↑ "Atatürk Üniversitesi" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173220/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=123997. Retrieved 22 December 2019. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Adnan Menderes University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173225/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=16242. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "British Institute of Archaeology" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223104018/https://www.gbif.org/grscicoll/institution/cda34228-2e15-4dcd-9a17-917b4f29af14. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "British Institute of Archaeology" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173232/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=124131. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Herbaryum (BULU)". https://uludag.edu.tr/biyoloji/konu/view?id=4290&title=herbaryum-bulu. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Herbaryum". Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Computer Center. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222212004/http://cbb.comu.edu.tr/herbaryum.html. Retrieved 22 December 2019. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173242/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=153957. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Herbaryum". Çukurova University Information Technology Department. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222212006/https://eczacilik.cu.edu.tr/cu/bolumler/eczacilik-meslek-bilimleri-bolumu/farmasotik-botanik-abd/herbaryum. Retrieved 22 December 2019. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Cumhuriyet University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173247/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=124363. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "University of Dicle" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173252/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=126649. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Tarihçe". Düzce University Information Technology Department. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222212006/http://www.duof.duzce.edu.tr/Sayfa/2587/tarihce. Retrieved 22 December 2019. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Dumlupinar University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173257/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=145862. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  27. ↑ "Koleksiyon". Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161026222919/http://edtuherbarium.trakya.edu.tr/herbariums/herbarium.html. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  28. ↑ "EDTU Herbaryumu". Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161026221842/http://edtuherbarium.trakya.edu.tr/tr/edtu.php. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Ege University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173303/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=124461. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Erciyes University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173309/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=240824. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "ERÜ Herbaryum Merkezi, Uluslararası Herbaryum İndeksi'nde". Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173315/http://www.cappadociaexplorer.com/detay.php?cid=1&id=1633. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Şeker Pancarı Araştırma Enstitüsü Herbaryumu: ANKŞ". pp. 12–13. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223103802/http://www.actabiologicaturcica.com/index.php/abt/article/viewFile/676/530. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  33. ↑ "Seker Enstitüsü" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173321/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=125883. Retrieved 22 December 2019. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Anadolu University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173326/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=123953. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  35. ↑ "Firat Üniversitesi" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173331/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=124521. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  36. ↑ "Fırat Üniversitesi Herbaryumu'nun (FUH) Zenginleştirilmesi ve Modernizasyonu Projesi". Fırat University. 2014. Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173339/http://bap.firat.edu.tr/?act=guest&act2=projeler&act3=detay&mode=clear&mode=clear&id=3817. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "Herbaryum Dökümü". Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090601090957/http://www.herb.gazi.edu.tr/dokum.php. Retrieved 29 April 2020. 
  38. ↑ "Gaziosmanpasa University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173346/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=147046. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Gül Herbaryumu'nun Tarihçesi". SDU Computer Center. 2019. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222212004/http://fef.sdu.edu.tr/gulherbaryumu/tr/tarihce/gul-herbaryumunun-tarihcesi-3302s.html. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Harran Üniversitesi" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173351/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=249926. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  41. ↑ "Hacettepe University Biodiversity Advanced Research Center Herbarium" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173355/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=252883. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  42. ↑ "Hacettepe Üniversitesi Biyolojik Çeşitlilik Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Yönetmeliği". T.C. Resmî Gazete (26964). 11 August 2008. https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2008/08/20080811-3.htm. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Altinbas University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173400/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=256974. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Botanik Anabilim Dalı". Hacettepe University Department of Biology. 24 March 2018. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190627064644/http://www.biology.hacettepe.edu.tr/tr/botanik_anabilim_dali-4. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 "Farmasötik Botanik Anabilim Dalı Herbaryum". Archived from the original on 28 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190628175035/http://www.eczacilik.hacettepe.edu.tr/tr/farmasotik_botanik_anabilim_dali_herbaryum-57. Retrieved 22 December 2019. 
  46. ↑ "Inonu University" (in en). http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=149450. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 
  47. ↑ Şanlı Kabaktepe; Zeliha Bahçecioğlu; Birol Mutlu; Şükrü Karakuş; Turan Arabacı (23 June 2008). "Türkiye İçin Yeni Bir Herbaryum: İnönü Üniversitesi Herbaryumu (INU)". 19th National Biology Congress (Trabzon: Karadeniz Technical University Department of Biology): 350. http://www.bingol.edu.tr/documents/19-ulusal-biyoloji-kongre-ozetleri.pdf. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "İstanbul Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Herbaryumu – ISTE". 2019. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190621134435/http://iste.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/content/hakkimizda/tarihce. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 "Koleksiyonun Kısa Tanıtımı". Istanbul University. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223010230/https://muzeyum.istanbul.edu.tr/tr/content/koleksiyonlar/fen-fakultesi-herbaryumu. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 "Herbaryumun Kısa Tanıtımı". 2019. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222212002/https://istanbulc.edu.tr/tr/content/muze-ve-sergi-alanlarimiz/isto-herbaryumu. Retrieved 22 December 2019. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Aegean Agricultural Research Institute" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173415/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=123897. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  52. ↑ "IZEF Uluslararası Herbaryumu". Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222235617/http://izef.ege.edu.tr/db/izef/Default.aspx. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  53. ↑ "Tarihçe". Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222235619/http://izef.ege.edu.tr/genel/tarihce.aspx. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  54. ↑ "Ege Üniversitesi" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173421/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=124460. Retrieved 22 December 2019. 
  55. ↑ "Tıbbi bitki kütüphanesi!". Milliyet. 17 February 2018. https://www.milliyet.com.tr/ege/tibbi-bitki-kutuphanesi-2611697. Retrieved 14 April 2020. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "Karadeniz Technical University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173426/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=125037. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  57. ↑ "BÖLÜM BİLGİLERİ". Selçuk University Information Technologies Department. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223004730/https://www.selcuk.edu.tr/fen/biyoloji/Web/Sayfa/Ayrinti/4242/tr. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  58. ↑ "Selçuk Üniversitesi" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173430/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=125884. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "M.Ü. Eczacılık Fakültesi Herbaryumu". 11 February 2019. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190709205137/http://eczacilik.marmara.edu.tr/arastirma/arastirma-birimleri/#herbaryum. Retrieved 22 December 2019. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 "Art and Science Faculty" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173436/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=253003. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 "Centre for Implementation and Research of Plant Health Clinic" (in en). http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=257806. Retrieved 8 November 2020. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "Marmara University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173441/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=95423. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 "Namik Kemal University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173445/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=176919. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "NGBB Herbaryumu". ANG Foundation. 2018. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190707104042/http://www.ngbb.org.tr/herbaryum.html. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "Ondokuz Mayis University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173450/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=125614. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 "Pamukkale University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173455/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=154635. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "Siirt Üniversity Kezer Campus" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173500/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=242901. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 "Siirt University Flora and Fauna Center" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173505/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=240381. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "Van Flora Application and Research Center" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173514/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=127106. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  70. ↑ "Van Flora Application and Research Center Herbarium Catalogue" (in en). Van YYÜ Van Flora Application and Research Center. 2018. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223003248/http://vanf.yyu.edu.tr/search. Retrieved 29 April 2020. 
  71. ↑ "VANF Herbarium" (in en). Van Y.Y.U Van Flora Application and Research Center. 2018. http://vanf.yyu.edu.tr/GoPage?page=28. Retrieved 23 December 2019. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 "Yuzuncu Yil University" (in en). Archived from the original on 23 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200123173552/http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium-details/?irn=243548. Retrieved 25 December 2019. 
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Hazer, Yasin (2010). "Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Bryofit Herbaryumu". Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191222212002/http://herbarium.beun.edu.tr/. Retrieved 22 December 2019. 

External links



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