Biology:Mattanza

Short description: Traditional bluefin tuna fishing method in Sicily and Sardinia

Tonnara off the coast of Favignana, Sicily, a painting by Antonio Varni

Mattanza, literally 'slaughter' or 'killing' in Italian, also known as Almadraba in Spanish and Almadrava in Portuguese, is a traditional tuna fishing technique that uses a series of large nets to trap and exhaust the fish.

There are mattanza traditions linked to Trapani in Sicily, the Egadi island of Favignana, and Carloforte and the Isola di San Pietro in southwestern Sardinia, as well as locations in Spain , Portugal and Morocco.

History

The slaughter in Sicily, an etching from 1782 by Jean-Pierre Houël

The practice of Mattanza is an elaborate and age-old fishing technique for trapping and catching Atlantic bluefin tuna that can be traced back to the Phoenicians.

While it is unclear how the technique was spread around the Mediterranean basin, it was also imparted to areas such as Iberia during Iberia's Islamic period.

The Spanish derive the term Almadraba (Portuguese: Almadrava) from the Andalusi Arabic word al-maḍraba (المضربة), meaning 'a place to strike' (Arabic root: ḍaraba (ضرب), meaning 'it struck, hit'). The introduction in Sicily and Sardinia, but not mainland Italy, is also either attributed to the Moors, during Sicily's own Islamic period or by the Spanish afterwards.

Traditional mattanza

Mattanza in Favignana, Sicily

From March the tuna schools migrate through the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean to visit their spawning grounds.

From May onwards, fishermen drive schools of fish in straits into a system of nets (known in Italian as tonnara), that form various chambers. The tuna are guided through the chambers, which are being drawn closer and closer together, to the inner chamber (southern Italian: càmira dâ morti, literally "death chamber"), from which they are then lifted onto the fishing boats with grappling hooks. The tuna caught is processed on land directly in the tonnara (from tonno, meaning "tuna").

Traditional Italian locations for the mattanza include Trapani, Favignana, Capo Passero, Formica, Bonagia, Scopello, Castellammare del Golfo, San Vito Lo Capo, Portopalo and Capo Granitola and in the Sardinian locals of Sant'Antioco and Carloforte. There are other locations in Andalusia, Murcia and Valencia in Spain , Algarve in Portugal, and in Morocco.

Falling fish stocks and decline

Abandoned anchors on Tavira Island, Portugal as a result of the decline of the Almadrava tradition

The bycatch contains, among others, bullet tuna (Auxis rochei), little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), Atlantic bonito (Sarda sarda), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius). However, the Atlantic bluefin tuna yields of the mattanza are constantly falling due to the overfishing of the stocks, so that the mattanza is more of a tourist event today.

In Italy, in 2003 and 2004, it could no longer take place in Trapani. The schools of tuna had already been fully fished beforehand by international fishing fleets long before they approach coastal areas were they can be caught with the mattanza traps. The last slaughter in Sicily took place in the Favignana trap in 2007. In 2015, only one slaughter took place in Sardinia, between Portoscuso and Carloforte. The Ministry of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies still authorizes six fixed traps in Italy every year: Flat island and Cala Vinagra (Carloforte), Capo Altano and Porto Paglia (Portoscuso), Favignana, Camogli.

In film

• Roberto Rossellini's Stromboli includes documentary shots of the mattanza
• Rupert Murray's The End of the Line (2009 film) demonstrates almadraba when discussing declining catches
• Portuguese short documentary film A Almadraba Atuneira (pt) directed by Antonio Campos
• L'Ultima Tonnaro-Mattanza? (The Last Tuna Catch/Massacre?), a film by Philip Singer

See also

• Almadraba

References

Sources

• Lazzaro, Giuseppe (1987). La Mattanza. Maimone Editore. 
• Drago, Domenico (1999). Tonnare. L'Epos. 
• Lentini, Rosario (2011). The Tuna-fishing Structures in Sicily: an Identarian Architectural Heritage (Report). 2nd CITCEM Conference: "The Sea: Heritage, Uses and Representations", Universidade do Porto. http://www.citcem.org/encontro/pdf/new_02/TEXTO%20-%20Rosario%20Lentini.pdf. 
• Malandrino, G. (2003). Vendicari La Tonnara Dimenticata. EFS Editore. 
• Malandrino, G. (2016). Di tonni e tonnare fra Sicilia e Malta. Morrone Editore. 
• Giambecchina, Raimondo Sarà (1983). Tonni e tonnare. Libera università di Trapani. 
• Giambecchina, Raimondo Sarà (1998). Dal Mito all'Aliscafo: Storie di tonni e di tonnare. Arti Grafiche Siciliane, Palermo. 
• Maggio, Theresa (2001). Mattanza, Liebe, Tod und das Meer - ein sizilianisches Ritual. ISBN 3-8284-5036-9. 
• Van Ginkel, Rob (2005). "Killing Giants of the Sea - Contentious Heritage and the Politics of Culture". Journal of Mediterranean Studies 15 (1): 71–98. 

Further reading

• Johnston, Kate Sarah (18 March 2014). ""Dal Sulcis a Sushi": Tradition and Transformation in a Southern Italian Tuna Fishing Community". M/C Journal 17 (1). doi:10.5204/mcj.764. 
• Maggio, Theresa (2000). Mattanza: Love and Death in the Sea of Sicily. Perseus. ProQuest 213570011. ISBN 978-0-7382-0269-3. https://www.proquest.com/docview/213570011. 
• Secci, M.; Locci, I.; Addis, P. (2011). "Physiological responses in the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna, Thunnus Thynnus, captured in the trap fishery Of Sardinia". Biologia Marina Mediterranea 18 (1): 228–229. ProQuest 1243334851. 
• Van Ginkel, Rob (2010). "Mattanza: the ritual killing of tuna in Sicily". Emozioni del Mondo del Mare (Sassari: Editrice Democratica Sarda): 51–73. ISBN 9788860251657.