Biology:Mycoplasmoidaceae

From HandWiki

Mycoplasmoidaceae is a family of bacteria under the order Mycoplasmoidales. It contains the genera Eperythrozoon, Malacoplasma, Mycoplasmoides, and Ureaplasma. Members infect animals, including humans.[1] Before 2018, they were known as the "pneumoniae group" of Mycoplasma.[2] Many species are sexually transmitted and cause pelvic inflammatory disease.[3]

Genera

Eperythrozoon

This genus includes the so-called "hemoplasmas", the uncultivated organisms that parasitise their hosts by adhering to erythrocytes.[4][2]

Mycoplasmoides

This genus contains important human pathogens such as Mycoplasmoides genitalium and Mycoplasmoides pneumoniae.[2]

Malacoplsma

This genus contains Malacoplasma penetrans,[2] a known human pathogen.[5]

Ureaplasma

As the name implies, ureaplasma is urease positive. This genera is distinct from other genera in Mollicutes in that it hydrolyses urea for generation of ATP.

Ureaplasma spp. as human pathogens

Both Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum have been identified as important human pathogens, causing infection in the urogenital tract and, rarely, at distal sites.[6][7][8] Their role in neonatal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes has been well established, and semantic classifications are changing to reflect the nature of the detrimental outcomes these infections are associated with.[9] In the 2010s, Mycoplasmoides genitalium has been re-classified as an STI,[10] and it is possible that with more research, Ureaplasma spp. will follow this trend. Similar to other pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis, infection with Ureaplasma spp. is associated with adverse fertility outcomes in both men and women.[11][12][13][14][15] Both cause non-gonococcal urethritis. Ureaplasma spp. were implicated in conditions such as prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain syndrome as early as the 1980s.[16][17][18] Research in women has lagged several decades behind, but it is now becoming more clear how Ureaplasma spp. contribute to etiologies such as interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome.[19][20][21] Ureaplasma spp. are associated with alterations in host environment that increase susceptibility to other infections such as bacterial vaginosis and vaginal candidiasis.[22][23] Ureaplasma spp. can cause reactive arthritis as well as directly infect the synovium.[24][8] Some case studies have suggested a causative role in complex regional pain syndrome/reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.[25]

References

  1. ↑ "Family: Mycoplasmoidaceae" (in en). https://lpsn.dsmz.de/family/Mycoplasmoidaceae. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Gupta, R.S.; Sawnani, S.; Adeolu, M.; Alnajar, S.; Oren, A. (2018). "Phylogenetic framework for the phylum Tenericutes based on genome sequence data: proposal for the creation of a new order Mycoplasmoidales ord. nov., containing two new families Mycoplasmoidaceae fam. nov. and Metamycoplasmataceae fam. nov. harbouring Eperythrozoon, Ureaplasma and five novel genera". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 111 (9): 1583–1630. doi:10.1007/s10482-018-1047-3. PMID 29556819. 
  3. ↑ "Chlamydia trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmas: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health". Journal of Pathogens 2014. 2014. doi:10.1155/2014/183167. PMID 25614838. 
  4. ↑ Maggi, Ricardo G.; Compton, Sarah M.; Trull, Chelsea L.; Mascarelli, Patricia E.; Mozayeni, B. Robert; Breitschwerdt, Edward B. (1 October 2013). "Infection with Hemotropic Mycoplasma Species in Patients with or without Extensive Arthropod or Animal Contact". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 51 (10): 3237–3241. doi:10.1128/JCM.01125-13. PMID 23863574.  – discusses two species, both of which are more adequately put in Eperythrozoon post-2018.
  5. ↑ Waites, K. B.; Katz, B.; Schelonka, R. L. (2005). "Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas as Neonatal Pathogens". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18 (4): 757–789. doi:10.1128/CMR.18.4.757-789.2005. ISSN 0893-8512. PMID 16223956. 
  6. ↑ Waites, Ken B.; Xiao, Li (1 January 2015). "Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas of Humans" (in en). Molecular Medical Microbiology: 1587–1609. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397169-2.00089-5. ISBN 978-0-12-397169-2. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123971692000895. Retrieved 25 October 2023. 
  7. ↑ "Brain abscess caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum in an adult patient". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 52 (2): 695–8. February 2014. doi:10.1128/JCM.02990-13. PMID 24478517. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Molecular diagnosis of Ureaplasma urealyticum in an immunocompetent patient with destructive reactive polyarthritis". Arthritis and Rheumatism 40 (11): 2084–9. November 1997. doi:10.1002/art.1780401122. PMID 9365099. 
  9. ↑ "Ureaplasma species: role in neonatal morbidities and outcomes". Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 99 (1): F87-92. January 2014. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2012-303351. PMID 23960141. 
  10. ↑ "Time to manage Mycoplasma genitalium as an STI: but not with azithromycin 1 g!". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases 27 (1): 68–74. February 2014. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000030. PMID 24322592. 
  11. ↑ "Prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum in semen of infertile and healthy men". International Journal of STD & AIDS 20 (6): 387–90. June 2009. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2008.008334. PMID 19451322. 
  12. ↑ "Ureaplasma spp. in male infertility and its relationship with semen quality and seminal plasma components". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi 51 (6): 778–783. December 2018. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2016.09.004. PMID 28739435. 
  13. ↑ "Identification of novel microbes associated with pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility". Sexually Transmitted Infections 92 (6): 441–6. September 2016. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052285. PMID 26825087. 
  14. ↑ "Association of Ureaplasma urealyticum biovars with clinical outcome for neonates, obstetric patients, and gynecological patients with pelvic inflammatory disease". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 35 (5): 1199–202. May 1997. doi:10.1128/JCM.35.5.1199-1202.1997. PMID 9114407. 
  15. ↑ "Increased prevalence of endocervical Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma colonization in infertile women with tubal factor". JBRA Assisted Reproduction 24 (2): 152–157. May 2020. doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20190078. PMID 32031768. 
  16. ↑ "Quantitative Culture of Ureaplasma Urealyticum In Patients with Chronic Prostatitis Or Prostatosis". Journal of Urology 124 (5): 622–625. 1 November 1980. doi:10.1016/S0022-5347(17)55586-X. PMID 7452788. https://www.auajournals.org/doi/10.1016/S0022-5347%2817%2955586-X. Retrieved 25 October 2023. 
  17. ↑ "Lithogenic Potential of Ureaplasma in Chronic Prostatitis" (in english). Urologia Internationalis 105 (3–4): 328–333. 2021. doi:10.1159/000511653. PMID 33264795. 
  18. ↑ "Roles of Ureaplasma Species in Idiopathic Chronic Prostatitis: A Case-Control Study" (in English). The World Journal of Men's Health 37 (3): 355–363. September 2019. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180081. PMID 30799562. 
  19. ↑ "Association of chronic urinary symptoms in women and Ureaplasma urealyticum" (in English). Urology 55 (4): 486–489. 1 April 2000. doi:10.1016/S0090-4295(99)00555-5. ISSN 0090-4295. PMID 10736488. https://www.goldjournal.net/article/S0090-4295(99)00555-5/abstract. Retrieved 25 October 2023. 
  20. ↑ "A Systematic Review of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma in Urogynaecology". Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde 77 (12): 1299–1303. December 2017. doi:10.1055/s-0043-119687. PMID 29269957. 
  21. ↑ "The role of Ureaplasma parvum serovar-3 or serovar-14 infection in female patients with chronic micturition urethral pain and recurrent microscopic hematuria". Translational Andrology and Urology 10 (1): 96–108. January 2021. doi:10.21037/tau-20-920. PMID 33532300. 
  22. ↑ "Prevalence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis in healthy women and patients with flora alterations". Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 93 (3): 227–231. March 2019. doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.10.001. PMID 30344067. 
  23. ↑ "Ureaplasma parvum genotype, combined vaginal colonisation with Candida albicans, and spontaneous preterm birth in an Australian cohort of pregnant women". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 16 (1): 312. October 2016. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1110-x. PMID 27756249. 
  24. ↑ "Reactive arthritis". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology 25 (3): 347–57. June 2011. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2011.01.018. PMID 22100285. 
  25. ↑ "Ureaplasma urealyticum as a possible cause of reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome". Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 31 (2): 97–9. 1 January 2002. doi:10.1080/03009740252937621. PMID 12109655. 

Wikidata ☰ Q123359007 entry



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