Biology:Neolithodes

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Neolithodes is a genus of king crabs in the subfamily Lithodinae.[1]

Description

Neolithodes has a pyriform carapace which does not cover the bases of its walking legs.[2] Of its three pairs of walking legs, the rearmost are the longest, and all of them have a similar form.[3] At the very front center of the carapace, its rostrum consists of a median spine and a pair of upward-slanted (dorsal) spines.[3] Behind the rostrum sits the elevated gastric region, followed by a deep groove separating it from the triangular cardiac region.[3] The cervical groove behind that is shallow and indistinct.[3] When measuring the carapace's length without including the rostrum,[lower-alpha 1] the carapace is always shorter than the walking legs.[3]

Its second abdominal segment consists of five plates: a median plate and paired submedian and marginal (outer) plates.[3] As in all king crabs, males have a symmetrical abdomen, but females' abdomens are skewed – enlarged on the left side and reduced on the right.[5] In males, the third through fifth abdominal segments are composed of spine-like nodules, while in females, these are composed of well-developed plates on the left and well-developed plates or simply spine-like nodules on the right.[3] In front of the abdomen is a deep, logitudinal sternal fissure between the frontmost pair of walking legs;[3] this fissure is also present in Lithodes and readily distinguishes the two genera from other king crabs.[6]

Distribution

Although there are records from water as shallow as 70 m (230 ft) in cold regions, most records are much deeper, typically 700–2,000 m (2,300–6,600 ft).[7][8][9] Neolithodes grimaldii has been reported to a depth of 5,238 m (17,185 ft).[10]

Ecology

Various sessile organisms such as barnacles are sometimes attached to their carapace and legs,[10][11] and small commensal amphipods may live in their carapace.[12] They are occasionally the victims of parasitic snailfish of the genus Careproctus, which lay their egg mass in the gill chamber of the crab, forming a mobile "home" until they hatch.[7] Conversely, some juvenile Neolithodes have a commensal relationship with Scotoplanes sea cucumbers. To protect itself from large predators, the young king crab hides under the sea cucumber.[13]

Taxonomy

Neolithodes was described in 1894 by carcinologists Alphonse Milne-Edwards and Eugène Louis Bouvier.[14] They initially placed the new species they found, Neolithodes grimaldii, in the closely related genus Lithodes, but they shortly thereafter constructed the genus Neolithodes based on the new species' distinctive abdomen, which they compared to the monotypic genus Dermaturus.[14] The word Neolithodes derives from the Greek neo, meaning "new", and Lithodes.[15] The name of the latter genus originates from the Latin lithodes, meaning "stone-like".[15] No known Neolithodes fossils exist.[16] Neolithodes' relationship to other king crabs can be seen in the following cladogram:[17] Template:Lithodidae cladogram

Species

Neolithodes contains the following species:[1]

Image Scientific name Common name Distribution References
120px Neolithodes agassizii (Smith, 1882) Western Atlantic [2]
Neolithodes asperrimus Barnard, 1947 Rough stone crab South Africa to Mauritania [18][19]
120px Neolithodes brodiei Dawson & Yaldwyn, 1970 Brodie's king crab New Zealand and adjacent waters [20][21]
120px Neolithodes bronwynae Ahyong, 2010 Rock crab Bay of Plenty, Lord Howe Rise, eastern Australia, possibly New Caledonia, Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain [22][23][24]
120px Neolithodes capensis Stebbing, 1905 Cape stone crab Southern Ocean, Indian Ocean, Bellingshausen Sea [25]
120px Neolithodes diomedeae (Benedict, 1895) Eastern Pacific, Southwestern Atlantic, Southern Ocean
Neolithodes duhameli Macpherson, 2004 Crozet Islands [2]
120px Neolithodes flindersi Ahyong, 2010 Southeastern Australia [26]
120px Neolithodes grimaldii (Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894) Porcupine crab North Atlantic [27]
Neolithodes indicus Padate, Cubelio & Takeda, 2020 Southeastern Arabian Sea [28]
Neolithodes nipponensis Sakai, 1971 Japanese spiny crab Japan and Taiwan [29][2]
Neolithodes vinogradovi Macpherson, 1988 Arabian Sea to the Coral Sea [30][31]
120px Neolithodes yaldwyni Ahyong & Dawson, 2006 Ross Sea [32]

Notes

  1. ↑ Known as "postorbital carapace length" (pcl)[4]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ahyong, Shane T. (12 December 2023). "Neolithodes A. Milne-Edwards & Bouvier, 1894". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=106846. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Ahyong 2010b, p. 73.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Ahyong 2010b, pp. 10, 73.
  4. ↑ Ahyong 2010b, p. 12.
  5. ↑ Ahyong 2010b, pp. 9, 73.
  6. ↑ Stevens 2014, p. 34.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ahyong, Shane T. (18 February 2010). "Neolithodes flindersi, a new species of king crab from southeastern Australia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Lithodidae)". Zootaxa 2362: 55–62. doi:10.5281/zenodo.193654. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289804861. Retrieved 14 May 2020. 
  8. ↑ Macpherson, Enrique (2001). "New species and new records of lithodid crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda) from the southwestern and central Pacific Ocean". Zoosystema 23 (4): 797–805. https://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/12131/12131.pdf. Retrieved 14 May 2020. 
  9. ↑ Poore, Gary C. B.; Ahyong, Shane T. (2023). "Anomura". Marine Decapod Crustacea: A Guide to Families and Genera of the World. CRC Press. pp. 311–317. ISBN 978-1-4863-1178-1. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Quigley, Declan T. G.; Flannery, Kevin (April 1997). "Neolithodes grimaldii Milne Edwards & Bouvier 1894 (Lithodes goodei Benedict 1895) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura) in Irish offshore waters". Irish Naturalists' Journal 25 (10): 373–374. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277142759. Retrieved 14 May 2020. 
  11. ↑ Williams, Ruth; Moyse, John (May 1988). "Occurrence, Distribution, and Orientation of Poecilasma kaempferi Darwin (Cirripedia: Pedunculata) Epizoic on Neolithodes grimaldi Milne-edwards and Bouvier (Decapoda: Anomura) in the Northeast Atlantic". Journal of Crustacean Biology 8 (2): 177–186. doi:10.2307/1548310. Bibcode: 1988JCBio...8..177W. 
  12. ↑ Soto, Luis A.; Corona, Adriana (31 December 2007). "Gammaropsis (Podoceropsis) grasslei (Amphipoda: Photidae) a new species of commensal amphipod of the deep-water lithodid Neolithodes diomedeae from the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California". Zootaxa 1406: 33–39. doi:10.5281/zenodo.175510. 
  13. ↑ Barry, James P.; Taylor, Josi R.; Kuhnz, Linda A.; DeVogelaere, Andrew P. (15 October 2016). "Symbiosis between the holothurian Scotoplanes sp. A and the lithodid crab Neolithodes diomedeae on a featureless bathyal sediment plain". Marine Ecology 38 (2). doi:10.1111/maec.12396. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Milne-Edwards & Bouvier 1894, pp. 62–63, 91–92.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Emmerson 2017, p. 93.
  16. ↑ Emmerson 2017, p. 92.
  17. ↑ Noever, Christoph; Glenner, Henrik (2017-07-05). "The origin of king crabs: hermit crab ancestry under the magnifying glass". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182 (2): 300–318. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx033. http://macroecointern.dk/pdf-reprints/Noever_ZJLS_2018.pdf. 
  18. ↑ Atkinson & Sink 2018, p. 188.
  19. ↑ de Matos-Pita, Ramil & Ramos 2018, p. 5.
  20. ↑ "Brodie's king crab (NEB)". Fisheries New Zealand. https://fs.fish.govt.nz/Page.aspx?pk=7&sc=NEB. 
  21. ↑ Ahyong 2010b, p. 83.
  22. ↑ "Deep-sea survey of Australian marine parks reveals striking species". Mongabay. 19 December 2018. https://news.mongabay.com/2018/12/deep-sea-survey-of-australian-marine-parks-reveals-striking-species/. 
  23. ↑ Ahyong 2010b, p. 89.
  24. ↑ Egorova & Dautova 2025, p. 3.
  25. ↑ Atkinson & Sink 2018, p. 189.
  26. ↑ Ahyong 2010b, p. 101.
  27. ↑ Macpherson 1988, p. 45.
  28. ↑ Padate, Cubelio & Takeda 2020, p. 71.
  29. ↑ Muraoka 1989, p. 54.
  30. ↑ Witte 1999, p. 142.
  31. ↑ Macpherson 1990, p. 218.
  32. ↑ Ahyong 2010b, p. 107.

Works cited

  • Data related to Neolithodes at Wikispecies

Template:Lithodidae Wikidata ☰ Q4487123 entry



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