Biology:Nidogen
Nidogens, formerly known as entactins, are a family of sulfated monomeric glycoproteins located in the basal lamina[1] of parahoxozoans.[2] Two nidogens have been identified in humans: nidogen-1 (NID1) and nidogen-2 (NID2).[3] Remarkably, vertebrates are still capable of stabilizing basement membrane in the absence of either identified nidogen.[4] In contrast, those lacking both nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 typically die prematurely during embryonic development as a result of defects existing in the heart and lungs.[5] Nidogen have been shown to play a crucial role during organogenesis in late embryonic development, particularly in cardiac and lung development.[6] Insufficient levels of nidogen in mice causes poorly developed organs such as the lungs and heart, which ultimately ensues to an early death.[7] Due to nidogen being necessary in the formation of basement membranes, serving as a linker protein, and those basement proteins being shown to be necessary during tissue growth, nidogen is crucial for embryonic development.[8] From an evolutionary perspective, nidogens are highly conserved across vertebrates and invertebrates, retaining their ability to bind laminin.[9]
In nematodes, nidogen-1 is necessary for axon guidance, but not for basement membrane assembly.[10]
References
- ↑ The Sticky Synapse: Cell Adhesion Molecules and Their Role in Synapse Formation and Maintenance. New York, NY: Springer. 2009. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-387-92708-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=SACWPJTtXkoC&pg=PA66.
- ↑ "Early animal evolution: a morphologist's view". Royal Society Open Science 6 (7). July 2019. doi:10.1098/rsos.190638. PMID 31417759. Bibcode: 2019RSOS....690638N.
- ↑ "Nidogen-1 and nidogen-2 are found in basement membranes during human embryonic development". The Histochemical Journal 33 (9–10): 523–530. 2001. doi:10.1023/A:1014995523521. PMID 12005023.
- ↑ "Analysis of nidogen-1/laminin γ1 interaction by cross-linking, mass spectrometry, and computational modeling reveals multiple binding modes". PLOS ONE 9 (11). 2014-11-11. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112886. PMID 25387007. Bibcode: 2014PLoSO...9k2886L.
- ↑ "A synaptic nidogen: developmental regulation and role of nidogen-2 at the neuromuscular junction". Neural Development 3 (1): 24. September 2008. doi:10.1186/1749-8104-3-24. PMID 18817539.
- ↑ "Compound genetic ablation of nidogen 1 and 2 causes basement membrane defects and perinatal lethality in mice". Molecular and Cellular Biology 25 (15): 6846–6856. August 2005. doi:10.1128/MCB.25.15.6846-6856.2005. PMID 16024816.
- ↑ "The basement membrane protein nidogen-1 supports platelet adhesion and activation". Platelets 32 (3): 424–428. April 2021. doi:10.1080/09537104.2020.1745170. PMID 32233694.
- ↑ "Role of laminin-nidogen complexes in basement membrane formation during embryonic development". Experientia 51 (9–10): 901–913. September 1995. doi:10.1007/BF01921740. PMID 7556571.
- ↑ "Structural and genetic analysis of laminin-nidogen interaction". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 857 (1): 130–142. October 1998. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10113.x. PMID 9917838. Bibcode: 1998NYASA.857..130M.
- ↑ "Positioning of longitudinal nerves in C. elegans by nidogen". Science 288 (5463): 150–154. April 2000. doi:10.1126/science.288.5463.150. PMID 10753123. Bibcode: 2000Sci...288..150K.
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