Biology:Pandanus language
A pandanus language is an elaborate avoidance language among several of the peoples of the eastern New Guinea Highlands, used when collecting Pandanus nuts.
Use
Annually, people camp in the forest to harvest and cook the nuts of karuka (both Pandanus julianettii and Pandanus brosimos). Many normal words are thought to be unhealthy for the plants, as they carry associations inimical to the proper growth of the nuts. An elaborate vocabulary of up to a thousand words and phrases has developed to replace the taboo vocabulary. The new vocabulary focuses on words involved with trips to harvest karuka nuts, and changes as words become known outside an area.[1] The language is often spoken to control the claimed magical properties of the higher elevations where the karuka grows, and to placate dangerous nature spirits like Kita-Menda (also called Giluwe yelkepo[2]), the ritual keeper of the wild dogs.[1] Pandanus language generally should never be used outside the area where the trees grow, for fear of mountain spirits hearing it and coming down to investigate.[1]
All ages and genders are expected to know the ritual language before entering the taboo areas, but outsiders who do not know the language may be allowed to speak Tok Pisin instead.[1] As Tok Pisin has become more widely spoken in the area, pandanus languages have been spoken less.[2] Newer generations also seem to be less afraid of the deep forest, and do not see much need for the protective talk.[2] The Kewa and Imbongu pandanus languages are already thought to be dying out.[2]
Structure
The grammar and vocabulary of pandanus language is based on the mother tongue, but a restricted and consolidated form, especially for names of living organisms.[1] Often words are grouped into umbrella terms which do not have an equivalent concept in ordinary speech.[3] Pandanus language words can also be loanwords from other languages.[3]
'Karuka,' as a term, is not treated consistently across all pandanus languages. For example, in ordinary Kewa language it is aga,[4][5][1] but in the Kewa pandanus language it is rumala agaa.[1][2] Conversely, in both ordinary Kalam language and its pandanus register, the word is the same: alŋaw.[3]
Languages with Pandanus registers
Pandanus registers have been best documented for:
The Kalam pandanus language, called alŋaw mnm (pandanus language) or ask-mosk mnm (avoidance language), is also used when eating or cooking cassowary,[6] as opposed to speaking monmon mnm (ordinary/free language).[3] It is not spoken out of fear of spirits, but to prevent the nuts from being watery, tough, or rotten; or in the case for cassowaries, to show respect to the bird.[3] Kalam pandanus language may also be used outside the forest without penalty unlike other versions.[3] This register is possibly thousands of years old, and may be inspired by older pandanus languages.[3]
The Huli language has an avoidance register called tayenda tu ha illili (bush divide taboo) used for collecting Pandanus as well as hunting or traveling.[7] Tayenda, like many of the above, is used to evade malevolent bush spirits.[7]
Citations
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Franklin, Karl J. (September 1972). "A Ritual Pandanus Language of New Guinea" (in English). Oceania 43 (1): 66–76. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1972.tb01197.x. OCLC 883021898.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Franklin, Karl J.; Stefaniw, Roman (1992). "The 'Pandanus Languages' of the Southern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea - a further report". in Dutton, Tom (in English). Culture change, language change - case studies from Melanesia. Pacific Linguistics. C-120. Canberra: Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY. pp. 1–6. doi:10.15144/PL-C120.1. ISBN 978-0858834118. OCLC 260177442. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145785/1/PL-C120.pdf. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Pawley, Andrew (1992). "Kalam Pandanus Language: An Old New Guinea Experiment in Language Engineering". in Dutton, Tom E.; Ross, Malcolm; Tryon, Darrell (in English). The Language Game: Papers in Memory of Donald C. Laycock. Pacific Linguistics Series C. 110. Memory of Donald C. Laycock. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. 313–334. ISBN 0858834006. OCLC 222981840.
- ↑ Lim, Tong Kwee (2012). "Pandanus julianettii" (in English). Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants. 4. Springer. pp. 128–130. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4053-2_17. ISBN 978-94-007-4053-2. OCLC 822591349.
- ↑ French, Bruce R. (1982) (in English) (PDF). Growing food in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. AFTSEMU (Agricultural Field Trials, Surveys, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit) of the World Bank funded project in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. pp. 64–71. https://docplayer.net/42672690-Growing-food-in-the-southern-highlands-province-of-papua-new-guinea-bruce-r-french.html. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
- ↑ Majnep, Ian Saem; Bulmer, Ralph (1977) (in English). Birds of my Kalam Country. illustrations by Christopher Healey. New Zealand: Aukland University Press. pp. 150, 152. ISBN 9780196479538. OCLC 251862814.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Goldman, Laurence (1983). "Talking about talk" (in English). Talk Never Dies: The Language of Huli Disputes. London and New York: Tavistock Publications. pp. 254–257. ISBN 978-0422782104. OCLC 993340993. https://archive.org/details/talkneverdieslan0000gold/page/254.
References
- Ulrich Ammon, 2006. Sociolinguistics/Soziolinguistik 3: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society/Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Wissenschaft Von Sprache und Gesellschaft, p. 2042.
- William Foley, 1986. The Papuan Languages of New Guinea, p. 43.
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