Biology:Parmeliella

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Parmeliella is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. It occurs mainly in the tropics and subtropics, with species found in Africa, Asia, Australasia and South America.[1] These lichens form small, leaf-like or crusty patches that are often anchored by blue-black fibres, and they partner with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. The genus was established in 1862 by the Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis, who distinguished it from related genera by the structure of its fruiting bodies.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the Swiss lichenologist Johannes Müller Argoviensis in 1862. In his original description, Müller Argoviensis distinguished Parmeliella from the genus Pannaria primarily by the structure of the fruiting bodies (apothecia). He noted that Parmeliella species have apothecia with a [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] that lacks [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] cells ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) from the beginning and becomes somewhat sunken into the thallus as it ages, contrasting with the swollen, photobiont-rich margins typical of Pannaria. The spores were described as hyaline (colourless) and [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] in structure. Müller Argoviensis initially included two species in the genus: P. triptophylla and P. turgida, both found in the high forests of the Dôle region near Geneva, particularly on Sorbus aucuparia (rowan trees) and less commonly on beech and fir trunks.[2]

Description

Parmeliella produces a thallus that may be leaf-like (foliose), composed of minute overlapping scales (squamulose, or form a thin crust (crustose). Whatever the growth form, the thallus is often anchored by a blue to blue-black felt of hyphae (the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) that can show at the margins. The upper surface ranges from grey-blue to almost black and may carry powdery soredia, cylindrical isidia, or leaf-like [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], which all serve as propagules for vegetative reproduction. On the thallus underside the texture varies: some species bear a fine woolly covering ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]), whereas others develop sparse root-like rhizines, and the tissue is usually pale. The [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] is a filamentous cyanobacterium of the genus Nostoc, giving the lichen its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen.[3]

Sexual reproduction takes place in [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] fruiting bodies (apothecia), most of which are [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] in form—that is, they lack a rim of thallus tissue and instead show a red-brown to black [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] bordered only by the [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]. This [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] is thick and [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], the cells rounded to oblong and roughly 15–20 micrometres across. Threads of unbranched paraphyses weave through the hymenium; their tips are barely swollen, and their external pigment stains blue in iodine solution (I+). Each ascus contains eight ascospores and displays a deeply blue-staining ring when treated with potassium iodide, a feature diagnostic of the Pannaria type. The spores are colourless, single-celled and ellipsoidal, often terminating in one or two pointed tips, and their outer wall is minutely warted or ridged. asexual propagules are produced only rarely in minute pycnidia and appear as straight, rod-shaped conidia. Thin-layer chromatography rarely detects secondary metabolites in the genus, although fresh thalli of some species release an antiseptic odour when moistened, and some members can contain pannarin, which results in PD+ (orange-red) spot test reaction.[3]

Species

As of July 2025, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 42 species of Parmeliella.[4]

Parmeliella appalachensis
  • Parmeliella aggregata P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway (1999)[5] – New Zealand
  • Parmeliella alniphila P.M.Jørg. (2001)[6]
  • Parmeliella angustiloba P.M.Jørg. & Arv. (2004)[7] – Ecuador
  • Parmeliella appalachensis P.M.Jørg. (2000)[8]
  • Parmeliella asahinae (Räsänen) P.M.Jørg. (2001)[6]
  • Parmeliella clavulifera P.M.Jørg. (2000)[9] – Mexico
  • Parmeliella coerulescens Müll.Arg. (1893)[10]
  • Parmeliella conopleioides P.M.Jørg. (2001)[11] – Brazil; Venezuela; Costa Rica
  • Parmeliella corallina P.M.Jørg. & Palice (2010)[12]
  • Parmeliella dactylifera P.M.Jørg. (2003)[13] – South Africa
  • Parmeliella delicata P.M.Jørg. & Arv. (2004)[7] – Ecuador
  • Parmeliella diffracta Müll.Arg. (1893)[10]
  • Parmeliella expansa P.M.Jørg. & Arv. (2004)[7] – Ecuador
  • Parmeliella flavida P.M.Jørg. (2003)[14]
  • Parmeliella foliicola Aptroot & P.M.Jørg. (2006)[15]
  • Parmeliella furfuracea P.M.Jørg. (2001)[16] – Australia
  • Parmeliella granulata I.M.Lamb (1955)[17]
  • Parmeliella gymnocheila (Nyl.) Müll.Arg. (1894)
  • Parmeliella himalayana Upreti & Divakar (2005)[18] – India
  • Parmeliella isidiopannosa P.M.Jørg. (2003)[14]
  • Parmeliella laceroides P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2006)[15]
  • Parmeliella ligulata P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway (1992) – Australia
  • Parmeliella magellanica P.M.Jørg. (2004)[19]
  • Parmeliella nigrata (Müll.Arg.) P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway (1992)[20]
  • Parmeliella nigrocincta (Mont.) Müll.Arg. (1881)
  • Parmeliella palmatula P.M.Jørg. (2001)[16] – Australia
  • Parmeliella paramensis P.M.Jørg. & Arv. (2004)[7] – Ecuador
  • Parmeliella parvula P.M.Jørg. (1977)[21]
  • Parmeliella philippina (Vain.) P.M.Jørg. (2005)
  • Parmeliella piundensis P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2006)[15]
  • Parmeliella plumosella P.M.Jørg. (2007)[22]
  • Parmeliella polydactyla P.M.Jørg. & Coppins (2007)[22]
  • Parmeliella saxicola P.M.Jørg. (2000)[9]
  • Parmeliella serpentinicola P.M.Jørg. & Kashiw. (2001)[6]
  • Parmeliella subfuscata A.Dube & Makhija (2008)[23] – India
  • Parmeliella subtilis P.M.Jørg. & P.James (1999)[5] – New Zealand
  • Parmeliella testacea P.M.Jørg. (1978)[24]
  • Parmeliella triptophylla (Ach.) Müll.Arg. (1862)
  • Parmeliella thysanota (Stirt.) Zahlbr. (1925)
  • Parmeliella triptophylloides P.M.Jørg. (2003)[13] – Kenya
  • Parmeliella verruculosa P.M.Jørg. (2001)[6]

References

  1. ↑ Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Kirika, Paul M.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Crespo, Ana; Mugambi, George; Orock, Elizabeth A.; Leavitt, Steven D.; Gatheri, Grace W. (2016). "Phylogenetic studies uncover a predominantly African lineage in a widely distributed lichen-forming fungal species". MycoKeys (14): 1–16. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.14.8971. 
  2. ↑ Müller, J. (1862). "Principes de classification des lichens et énumeration des lichens de Genève" (in fr). Mémoires de la Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève 16 (2): 343–433 [376]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14253237. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cannon, P.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2021). Peltigerales: Pannariaceae, including the genera Fuscopannaria, Leptogidium, Nevesia, Pannaria, Parmeliella, Pectenia, Protopannaria and Psoroma. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 9. p. 13. https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Pannariaceae.pdf. open access
  4. ↑ "Parmeliella". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/CDVG9. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Jørgensen, P.M. (1999). "Studies in the lichen family Pannariaceae VIII. Seven new parmelielloid lichens from New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany 37 (2): 257–268. doi:10.1080/0028825X.1999.9512632. Bibcode: 1999NZJB...37..257J. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Jørgensen, P.M.; Kashiwadani, H. (2001). "Notes on the lichen genus Parmeliella in Japan". Journal of Japanese Botany 76 (5): 288–296. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Jørgensen, P.M.; Arvidsson, L. (2004). "The lichen family Pannariaceae in Ecuador". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 34 (1): 113–132. 
  8. ↑ Jørgensen, Per M. (2000). "Survey of the lichen family Pannariaceae on the American continent, north of Mexico". The Bryologist 103 (4): 670–704. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2000)103[0670:SOTLFP2.0.CO;2]. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Jørgensen, P.M. (2000). "New or interesting Parmeliella species from the andes and central America". The Lichenologist 32 (2): 139–147. doi:10.1006/lich.1999.0259. Bibcode: 2000ThLic..32..139J. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Müller, J. (1893). "Lichenes exotici II" (in la). Hedwigia 32 (2): 120–136. 
  11. ↑ Jørgensen, Per M. (2001). "Two remarkable additions to the pannariaceous flora of South America". The Bryologist 104 (2): 260–262. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2001)104[0260:trattp2.0.co;2]. 
  12. ↑ Jørgensen, Per M.; Palice, Zdeněk (2010). "Additions to the lichen family Pannariaceae in Ecuador". Nordic Journal of Botany 28 (5): 623–628. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2010.00773.x. Bibcode: 2010NorJB..28..623J. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Jørgensen, Per M. (2003). "Notes on African Pannariaceae (lichenized ascomycetes)". The Lichenologist 35 (1): 11–20. doi:10.1006/lich.2002.0424. Bibcode: 2003ThLic..35...11J. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Jørgensen, Per M. (2003). "Notes on some misunderstood, subtropical Parmeliella species". The Bryologist 106 (1): 121–129. doi:10.1639/0007-2745(2003)106[0121:NOSMSP2.0.CO;2]. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Jørgensen, Per M.; Sipman, H. (2006), "The lichen family Pannariaceae in the montane regions of New Guinea", The Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory 100: 695–720, doi:10.18968/jhbl.100.0_695 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Jørgensen, Per M. (2001). "New species and records of the lichen family Pannariaceae from Australia". Bibliotheca Lichenologica 78: 109–140. 
  17. ↑ Lamb, I.M. (1955). "New lichens from northern Patagonia, with notes on some related species". Farlowia 4: 423–471. 
  18. ↑ Upreti, D.K.; Divakar, P.K.; Nayaka, S. (2005). "Notes on some Indian Pannariaceous Lichens". Nova Hedwigia 81 (1–2): 97–113. doi:10.1127/0029-5035/2005/0081-0097. Bibcode: 2005NovaH..81...97U. 
  19. ↑ Jørgensen, Per M. (2004). "Further contributions to the Pannariaceae (lichenized Ascomycetes) of the Southern Hemisphere". Bibliotheca Lichenologica 88: 229–253. 
  20. ↑ Jørgensen, P.M.; Galloway, D.J. (1992). "Pannariaceae". Lichens—Introduction, Lecanorales 1. Flora of Australia. 54. pp. 314–317. ISBN 978-0-644-24061-1. 
  21. ↑ Jørgensen, P.M. (1977). "Foliose and fruticose lichens from Tristan da Cunha". Skrifter Norske Videnskaps Akademi I Oslo 36: 1–40. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Jørgensen, P.M. (2007). "New discoveries in Asian pannariaceous lichens". The Lichenologist 39 (3): 235–243. doi:10.1017/S0024282907006858. Bibcode: 2007ThLic..39..235J. 
  23. ↑ Dube, Archana; Makhija, Urmila (2008). "A new species of Parmeliella (Pannariaceae) from India". The Lichenologist 40 (3): 209–212. doi:10.1017/s0024282908007470. Bibcode: 2008ThLic..40..209D. 
  24. ↑ Jørgensen, P.M. (1978). The lichen family Pannariaceae in Europe. Opera Botanica. 45. p. 70. 

Wikidata ☰ Q7139194 entry



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