Biology:Pentatomomorpha
The Pentatomomorpha comprise an infraorder of insects in the true bug order Hemiptera. It unites such animals as the shield- or stink-bugs (Pentatomidae and alies), flat bugs (Aradidae), seed bugs (Lygaeidae and Rhyparochromidae), etc. They are closely related to the Cimicomorpha.[1]
Based on the fossil morphology, the common ancestor of Pentatomomorpha must be older than the fossils in the late Triassic. They play an important role in agriculture and forestry industries and they are also used as controlling agents in studies.
Systematics
Five superfamilies are usually placed in the Pentatomomorpha. The Aradoidea represent the most basal extant lineage, while the others, often united as clade Trichophora, are more modern:[2][3][1]
- Aradoidea Brullé, 1836
- Coreoidea Leach, 1815
- Lygaeoidea Schilling, 1829
- Pentatomoidea Leach, 1815
- Idiostoloidea Stys 1964
- Pyrrhocoroidea Amyot & Serville, 1843
Among these, the Pentatomoidea seem to represent a by and large monophyletic lineage as traditionally understood, while the other three form a close-knit group and are in need of further study.[1] The Idiostolidae were considered a family of the Lygaeoidea, but have been found to be a sister of the Henicocoridae and are now treated under the superfamily Idiostoloidea.[4]
The Piesmatidae, usually placed in the Lygaeoidea also, are sometimes considered incertae sedis,[5] or placed in a monotypic superfamily Piesmatoidea with the discovery of Cretopiesma. However a cladistic analysis rejected Cretopiesma from Piesmatidae and placed the genus in the family Aradidae.[6]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Pentatomomorpha. Flat bugs, stink bugs, seed bugs, leaf-footed bugs, scentless plant bugs, etc.". Tree of Life Web Project. January 1, 1995. http://tolweb.org/Pentatomomorpha/10818/1995.01.01.
- ↑ Liu, Yingqi; Li, Hu; Song, Fan; Zhao, Yisheng et al. (2019). "Higher-level phylogeny and evolutionary history of Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) inferred from mitochondrial genome sequences". Systematic Entomology 44 (4): 810–819. doi:10.1111/syen.12357. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/syen.12357.
- ↑ Li, Min; Wang, Yanhui; Xie, Qiang; Tian, Xiaoxuan et al. (2016). "Reanalysis of the phylogenetic relationships of the Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) based on ribosomal, Hox and mitochondrial genes". Entomotaxonomia 38 (2). doi:10.11680/entomotax.2016021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320041784.
- ↑ Zhang, Danli; Chen, XiaoYan; Yang, Jingjing; Yi, Wenbo; Xie, Qiang; Yang, HuanHuan; Sweet, Merrill H.; Bu, Wenjun et al. (2024). "Phylogenetic placement and comparative analysis of the mitochondrial genomes of Idiostoloidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)" (in en). Ecology and Evolution 14 (5). doi:10.1002/ece3.11328. ISSN 2045-7758. PMID 38698924. PMC 11063732. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.11328.
- ↑ David A. Grimaldi; Michael S. Engel (2007). "An unusual, primitive Piesmatidae (Insecta: Heteroptera) in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma)". American Museum Novitates (3611): 1–17. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2008)3611[1:AUPPIH2.0.CO;2]. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5909/1/N3611.pdf.
- ↑ Cassis, G., & R.T. Schuh (2010) Systematic methods, fossils, and relationships within Heteroptera (Insecta). Cladistics 26:262-280.
External links
Template:Hemiptera Wikidata ☰ Q262297 entry
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