Biology:Phoradendron leucarpum
| Phoradendron leucarpum | |
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| Phoradendron leucarpum[1] | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Order: | Santalales |
| Family: | Santalaceae |
| Genus: | Phoradendron |
| Species: | P. leucarpum
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| Binomial name | |
| Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & M. C. Johnst.
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| Occurrence data from GBIF | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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Phoradendron leucarpum is a species of mistletoe in the Viscaceae family which is native to the United States and Mexico. Its common names include American mistletoe, eastern mistletoe, hairy mistletoe and oak mistletoe. It is native to Mexico and the continental United States.[3] It is hemiparasitic, living in the branches of trees. The berries are white and 3–6 millimeters (0.12–0.24 in).[4][5] It has opposite leaves that are leathery and thick. [6] Ingesting the berries can cause "stomach and intestinal irritation with diarrhea, lowered blood pressure, and slow pulse".[4][7] This shrub can grow to 1 meter (3.3 ft) by 1 meter (3.3 ft).[7]
Culture and tradition
Phoradendron leucarpum is used in North America as a surrogate for the similar European mistletoe Viscum album, in Christmas decoration and associated traditions (such as "kissing under the mistletoe"), as well as in rituals by modern druids. It is commercially harvested and sold for those purposes.[8]
Phoradendron leucarpum is the state floral emblem for the state of Oklahoma. The state did not have an official flower, leaving mistletoe as the assumed state flower until the Oklahoma Rose was designated as such in 2004.[9]
Ecology
Over 60 species of trees are hosts to P. leucarpum, especially trees in the genera of Acer (maple), Fraxinus (ash), Juglans (walnuts), Nyssa, Platanus (plane trees), Populus (poplars), Quercus (oaks), Salix (willows), and Ulmus (elms).[2]
Wildlife
While the sticky substance covering the fruits is toxic to humans, it is a favorite of some birds.[10]
See also
- Phoradendron villosum (Pacific mistletoe, western mistletoe)
References
- ↑ illustration by Mary E. Eaton, "Our State Flowers: The Floral Emblems Chosen by the Commonwealths", The National Geographic Magazine, XXXI (June 1917), p. 514.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 eflora North America; Phoradendron leucarpum Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Phoradendron leucarpum | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = January 14, 2008 }}
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Phoradendron leucarpum (P. serotinum)". North Carolina State University. http://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/all/phoradendron-leucarpum-p-serotinum/.
- ↑ "Phoradendron Mistletoe". Jepson Herbarium, University of California, Berkeley. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=98416.
- ↑ "Oak Mistletoe (Phoradendron leucarpum))". Carolina Nature. http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/phle.html.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Phoradendron leucarpum - (Raf.)Reveal.&M.C.Johnst.". Plants For A Future. http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Phoradendron+leucarpum.
- ↑ "Mistletoe (Phoradendron leucarpum)". Purdue University. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ext/WRG_mistletoe.html.
- ↑ "Oklahoma Symbols" (in English). Oklahoma Historical Society. https://www.okhistory.org/learn/symbols.
- ↑ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 622. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
Wikidata ☰ Q3119313 entry
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