Biology:Platycladus

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Short description: Genus of conifers


Chinese arborvitae
Platycladus orientalis Simatai.jpg
Platycladus orientalis in its natural habitat in Simatai, Great Wall of China
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Cupressales
Family: Cupressaceae
Subfamily: Cupressoideae
Genus: Platycladus
Spach
Species:
P. orientalis
Binomial name
Platycladus orientalis
(L.) Franco[2]
Synonyms[3]

Platycladus is a monotypic genus of evergreen coniferous trees in the cypress family Cupressaceae, containing only one species, Platycladus orientalis, also known as Chinese thuja,[4] Oriental arborvitae,[5] Chinese arborvitae, biota or Oriental thuja. It is native to northeastern parts of East Asia and North Asia,[3][6] but is also now naturalised as an introduced species in other regions of the Asian continent.

Description

A monoecious tree, it is small, slow-growing, reaching 15–20 m (49–66 ft) and 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) trunk diameter (exceptionally to 30 m or 98 ft tall and 2 m or 6 ft 7 in diameter in very old trees). The foliage forms in flat sprays with scale-like leaves 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 in) long, which are bright green in colour but may turn brownish or coppery orange in winter. The cones are 1.5–2.5 cm (5⁄8–1 in) long, green ripening brown in about eight months from pollination, and have 6–12 thick scales arranged in opposite pairs. The seeds are 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long, with no wing.[citation needed]

The branches are relatively short, loosely arranged and, usually, sharply directed upwards, and the bark, brownish, is detached in narrow vertical strips. The twigs are compressed and are arranged in vertical planes. The leaves, arranged in four rows, fleshy, opposite, decussate, truncated, imbricated as adults, somewhat curved inwards, of uniform green color and with a resiniferous gland on the underside. The female cones, of pink-salmon color and later bluish-greenish when immature, centimetric and of annual maturation, are oval with 6-8 flattened, thick scales, coriaceous and provided with an apical hook.[7]

Taxonomy

Although generally accepted as the only member of its genus, it has been suggested that the closely related species Microbiota decussata could be included in Platycladus, but this is not widely followed. Other fairly close relatives are Juniperus and Cupressus, both of these genera being graft-compatible with Platycladus. In older texts, Platycladus was often included in Thuja, which is reflected in one of its common names, "oriental thuja". But it is only distantly related to the genus Thuja. Differences include its distinct cones, wingless seeds, and its almost scentless foliage.

Etymology

The binomial Platycladus means "with broad or flattened shoots" deriving from Greek πλατύς platys "broad, flat, level" and κλάδος klados "branch, shoot of a tree".[8] The qualifier orientalis refers to its native habitat in China.[9]

Distribution

It is native to northwestern China, but it is delicate to distinguish the areas where they are native safely from those where they have been introduced. It is distributed in Manchuria, Russian Far East (Amur and Khabarovsk), and now it is naturalised in Korea, Japan , India , Florida and Iran as well. It is also cultivated in many parts of the world in parks, gardens, home yards, cemeteries and for hedges.[10]

Uses

Resistant to drought, it is very often used as an ornamental tree, both in its homeland, where it is associated with long life and vitality, and very widely elsewhere in temperate climates. It is suitable for form cuts and year-round opaque hedges, but also forms impressive slender solitary trees. Several cultivars have been selected, of which 'Aurea Nana'[11] has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[12]

The wood is used in Buddhist temples both for (lavairos) construction work, and chipped, for incense burning. Its twigs and leaves contain 0.12% essential oil containing pinene and probably caryophyllene.[13]

Gallery

  • Habit of young plant

  • Platycladus orientalis, Morton Arboretum acc. 168-53#3[14]

  • Mature trees

  • Mature tree

  • Very young female cones

  • Immature seed cones

  • Mature cones, with seeds visible

  • Mature cones

  • P. orientalis 'Rosedalis'

  • P. orientalis 'Rosedalis' leaf

  • P. orientalis 'Semperaurea' in winter

References

  1. ↑ Farjon, A. (2013). "Platycladus orientalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T31305A2803944. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T31305A2803944.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/31305/2803944. Retrieved 19 November 2021. 
  2. ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Platycladus | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 2008-02-19 }}
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Platycladus". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://wcsp.science.kew.org/namedetail.do?name_id=378336. 
  4. ↑ (xls) BSBI List 2007, Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, https://bsbi.org/download/3542/, retrieved 2014-10-17 
  5. ↑ "Platycladus orientalis". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PLOR80. 
  6. ↑ Fu, Liguo; Yu, Yong-fu; Adams, Robert P.; Farjon, Aljos, "Platycladus orientalis", Flora of China, 4, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005428 
  7. ↑ Kremer BP, Trees, Editorial Blume, Barcelona, 1986, Thuja orientalis L., p. 78
  8. ↑ πλατύς, κλάδος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  9. ↑ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. pp. 224. ISBN 9781845337315. 
  10. ↑ Armin Jagel, Veit Martin Doerken: Morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of the Cupressaceae - part II: Cupressoideae. Bull. CCP 4 (2), 2015, pp. 51-78
  11. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Platycladus orientalis 'Aurea Nana'". https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/13244/Platycladus-orientalis-Aurea-Nana/Details. 
  12. ↑ "AGM Plants - Ornamental". Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 79. https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf. 
  13. ↑ Armin Jagel, Thomas Stützel: Studies on the morphology and morphogenesis of the seed cones of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco (= Thuja orientalis L.) and Microbiota decussata Kom. (Cupressaceae) . Bot. Year syst. Bd. 123, 2001, pp. 337-404.
  14. ↑ Cirrus Digital: Platycladus orientalis Morton Arboretum accession 168-53#3

General references

Wikidata ☰ Q33482 entry



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