Biology:Pseudodon

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Pseudodon is a genus of bivalvia from the Unionidae family of freshwater mussels native to East and Southeast Asia. There are 12 recognized species.[1] Their life cycle is thought to be akin to other Unionids, parasitizing fish in order to disperse. They are locally consumed and provide raw materials for jewelry, cosmetics, and medicine.[2]

Description

The taxon was described by John Gould from his findings at the Salween River Basin in British Burma, initially described as a subgenus of Anodon. Gould included two species in the taxon, the type species Anodon inoscularis and Anodon salweniana.[3]

The shell of Pseudodon is rather thick and shaped like an elongated oval, with a slightly convex crown on the upper valve shifted toward the rear.[4] The surface, although most often smooth, is crossed by deep transverse furrows in some species. The hinge teeth are high, thick, and rounded at the apices.[5]

Range

The distribution of the genus is limited to East and Southeast Asia, mainly the Yangtze River Basin and Myanmar.[5] The species Pseudodon inoscularis is also found in Thailand, Cambodia, and southern Vietnam, while the species Pseudodon resupinatus is endemic to northern Vietnam,[6] and the species Pseudodon vondembuschianus is found in Indonesia and Indochina.[2]

Relation to humans

Main article: Social:Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL
Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL, with details of the engraving.

Pseudodon shell DUB1006-fL is a fossilized shell of Pseudodon vondembuschianus trinilensis that was found in Trinil, Java, Indonesia. The shell has a zigzag pattern engraved on it by a Homo erectus. It was carved between 540,000 and 430,000 years before present, and is the oldest known anthropogenic carving in the world.[7] There is an ongoing controversy on whether or not the carving can qualify as art (which would make it the oldest piece of art in the world). Some commentators call it a "doodle"[8] or "decorative marks",[9] while others suggest that the carving is explicitly art.[10][11][12]

Currently recognized species

WoRMS recognizes 12 species of Pseudodon;[1]

  • †Pseudodon astensis (Sacco, 1886)
  • Pseudodon cambodjensis (Petit de la Saussaye, 1865)
  • Pseudodon inoscularis (A. Gould, 1844)
  • Pseudodon lenyanensis (Bolotov et al., 2020)
  • Pseudodon mekongi (Bolotov et al., 2020)
  • Pseudodon nankingensis (Heude, 1874)
  • Pseudodon nicobaricus (Mörch, 1872)
  • †Pseudodon pingi Otuka, 1942
  • Pseudodon secundus Heude, 1877
  • Pseudodon vagulus (P. Fischer, 1891)
  • Pseudodon vondembuschianus (I. Lea, 1840)
  • Pseudodon walpolei (Hanley, 1871)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WoRMS
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zieritz, Alexandra; Lopes-Lima, Manuel (June 2018). Handbook and National Red-List of the Freshwater Mussels of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: IUCN — SSC. p. 19. https://archive.nationalredlist.org/files/2018/08/HandbookRedlistMalaysianFWMussels_Final.pdf. Retrieved 24 June 2025. 
  3. ↑ "December 6th, 1843". Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (Boston: Boston Society of Natural History) 1: 160–161. 1841. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9490588#page/175/mode/1up. 
  4. ↑ Bolotov, Ivan N.; Vikhrev, Ilya V.; Kondakov, Alexander V.; Konopleva, Ekaterina S.; Gofarov, Mikhail Yu; Aksenova, Olga V.; Tumpeesuwan, Sakboworn (2017-09-14). "New taxa of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) from a species-rich but overlooked evolutionary hotspot in Southeast Asia" (in en). Scientific Reports 7 (1): 11573. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-11957-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 28912555. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...711573B. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Haas, Fritz (1969). Superfamilia Unionacea. De Gruyter. pp. 128. ISBN 9783111721569. 
  6. ↑ The Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (and other less consequential bivalves). Genus Pseudodon Gould, 1844: valid species The Mussel Project, The University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
  7. ↑ Joordens, Josephine C. A.; d’Errico, Francesco; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Munro, Stephen; de Vos, John; Wallinga, Jakob; Ankjærgaard, Christina; Reimann, Tony et al. (2015). "Homo erectus at Trinil on Java used shells for tool production and engraving" (in en). Nature 518 (7538): 228–231. doi:10.1038/nature13962. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 25470048. Bibcode: 2015Natur.518..228J. https://nature.com/articles/nature13962. 
  8. ↑ Callaway, Ewen (2014-12-03). "Homo erectus made world's oldest doodle 500,000 years ago". Nature News. doi:10.1038/nature.2014.16477. https://nature.com/news/homo-erectus-made-world-s-oldest-doodle-500-000-years-ago-1.16477. 
  9. ↑ Thompson, Helen (2014-12-03). "Zigzags on a Shell From Java Are the Oldest Human Engravings" (in en). https://smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/oldest-engraving-shell-tools-zigzags-art-java-indonesia-humans-180953522. 
  10. ↑ Brahic, Catherine (2014-12-03). "Shell 'art' made 300,000 years before humans evolved" (in en-US). https://newscientist.com/article/mg22429983-200-shell-art-made-300000-years-before-humans-evolved. 
  11. ↑ Geggel, Laura 03 (2014-12-03). "540,000-Year-Old Shell Carvings May Be Human Ancestor's Oldest Art" (in en). https://livescience.com/48991-homo-erectus-shell-tools.html. 
  12. ↑ Keim, Brandon (2014-12-04). "World's Oldest Art Identified in Half-Million-Year-Old Zigzag" (in en). https://nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/141203-mussel-shell-oldest-art. 

Wikidata ☰ Q106915867 entry



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