Biology:Psoroma

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Psoroma is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Pannariaceae. The widespread genus contains about 30 species,[1] most of which are found in south temperate regions.[2]

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by the French botanist André Michaux in 1803.[3]

Some species formerly in Psoroma were transferred to the new genera Psorophorus and Xanthopsoroma in 2010.[4] The genus Joergensenia was erected in 2008 to contain the species formerly known as Psoroma cephalodinum.[5]

Description

The genus Psoroma is characterised by its small scale-like thallus, with an underlying layer that is barely noticeable. It houses a green algal [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]], possibly the algae Myrmecia, which collaborates with the fungus to perform photosynthesis. Psoroma species have cephalodia, structures containing the cyanobacterium Nostoc.[6]

The reproductive organs, known as ascomata, are apothecial in form—essentially sessile and somewhat cup-shaped with a raised, enduring edge. Within these structures, the supporting filaments, or paraphyses, may be simple or branch towards their tips, which do not expand or form a cap, staining a dusky blue when iodine is applied. The spore-producing asci are elongated, either club-shaped or cylindrical, featuring a distinctive structure at their tips where a central tube stains blue with iodine within a lighter-staining area, surrounded by a clear amyloid ring.[6]

Spores produced by Psoroma are single-celled, colourless, and often contain one or two large oil droplets. Their shape is ellipsoidal, with a surface that is warty or ridged, and somewhat pointed at the ends. For asexual reproduction, Psoroma develops pycnidia, which are pale brown, and produces simple, rod-shaped, colourless conidia.[6]

Chemically, Psoroma usually lacks detectable secondary metabolites (lichen products) through thin-layer chromatography, although in rare cases, porphyrilic acid and related compounds may be present.[6]

Species

As of March 2024, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 28 species of Psoroma.[1]

Psoroma sphinctrinum
  • Psoroma absconditum Øvstedal (2008)[7]
  • Psoroma antarcticum S.G.Hong & Elvebakk (2018)[8] – Antarctica
  • Psoroma asperellum Nyl. (1869)
  • Psoroma caliginosum Stirt. (1877)
  • Psoroma capense Elvebakk, S.G.Hong & Rämä (2020) – South Africa[9]
  • Psoroma cinnamomeum Malme (1925)
  • Psoroma cyanosorediatum P.M.Jørg. (2004)
  • Psoroma dichroum (Hook.f. & Taylor) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
  • Psoroma echinaceum P.M.Jørg. & Wedin (1999)[10]
  • Psoroma esterhuyseniae Elvebakk (2020) – South Africa[9]
  • Psoroma filicicola P.M.Jørg. & Sipman (2006)
  • Psoroma fruticulosum P.James & Henssen (1983)[11]
  • Psoroma geminatum P.M.Jørg. (1999)[10]
  • Psoroma hirsutulum Nyl. ex Cromb. (1875)
  • Psoroma hypnorum (Vahl) Gray (1821)[12]
  • Psoroma inflatum Elvebakk (2021)[13] – New Zealand
  • Psoroma macquariense C.W.Dodge (1970)[14] – Antarctica
  • Psoroma macrosporum (P.M.Jørg. & Palice) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
  • Psoroma multifidum P.M.Jørg. (2004)[12]
  • Psoroma nigropunctatum Elvebakk & Elix (2021)[15] – Australia
  • Psoroma nivale Fryday, Elvebakk, F.L.Anderson & J.Gagnon (2019)[16] – Quebec, Canada
  • Psoroma obscurius (Nyl.) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
  • Psoroma orphninum (Hue) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
  • Psoroma paleaceum (Fr.) Nyl. (1855)
  • Psoroma pholidotoides (Nyl.) Trevis. (1869)
  • Psoroma polychidioides (Zahlbr.) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
  • Psoroma saccharatum Scutari & Calvelo (1995)[17] – Argentina
  • Psoroma sphinctrinum (Mont.) Nyl. (1855)
  • Psoroma xanthorioides (P.M.Jørg.) P.M.Jørg. (2014)
  • Psoromaria rosulata (P.M.Jørg. & D.J.Galloway) P.M.Jørg. & H.L.Andersen (2015)
  • Psoromaria versicolor (Müll.Arg.) P.M.Jørg. & H.L.Andersen (2015)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Psoroma". Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6434W. 
  2. ↑ Kirk, P.M.; Cannon, P.F.; Minter, D.W.; Stalpers, J.A. (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 575. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8. 
  3. ↑ Michaux, A. (1803) (in la). Flora Boreali-Americana. 2. p. 321. 
  4. ↑ Elvebaak, A.; Robertsen, E.H.; Park, C.H.; Hong, S.G. (2010). "Psorophorus and Xanthopsoroma, two new genera for yellow-green, corticolous and squamulose lichen species, previously in Psoroma". The Lichenologist 42 (5): 563–585. doi:10.1017/S0024282910000083. 
  5. ↑ Passo, A.; Stenroos, S.; Calvelo, S. (2008). "Joergensenia, a new genus to accommodate Psoroma cephalodinum (lichenized Ascomycota)". Mycological Research 112 (12): 1465–1474. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2008.06.025. PMID 18675347. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Cannon, P.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2021). Peltigerales: Pannariaceae, including the genera Fuscopannaria, Leptogidium, Nevesia, Pannaria, Parmeliella, Pectenia, Protopannaria and Psoroma. Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. 9. p. 14. https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Pannariaceae.pdf. open access
  7. ↑ Øvstedal, D.O.; Gremmen, N.J.M. (2008). "Additions and corrections to the lichens of Heard Island". The Lichenologist 40 (3): 233–242. doi:10.1017/S002428290800741X. 
  8. ↑ Park, Chae Haeng; Hong, Soon Gyu; Elvebakk, Arve (2018). "Psoroma antarcticum, a new lichen species from Antarctica and neighbouring areas". Polar Biology 41 (6): 1083–1090. doi:10.1007/s00300-018-2265-x. Bibcode: 2018PoBio..41.1083P. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Elvebakk, Arve; Hong, Soon Gyu; Park, Chae Haeng; Rämä, Teppo (2020). "Psoroma capense and P. esterhuyseniae (Pannariaceae), two new alpine species from South Africa". The Lichenologist 52 (5): 345–352. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000377. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Jørgensen, P.M.; Wedin, M. (1999). "On Psoroma species from the Southern Hemisphere with cephalodia producing vegetative dispersal units". Lichenologist 31 (4): 341–347. doi:10.1017/S0024282999000456. 
  11. ↑ Henssen, A.; Renner, B.; Marton, K.; James, P.W.; Galloway, D.J. (1983). "Studies in the lichen genus Psoroma 2. Psoroma fruticulosum and Psoroma rubromarginatum". Mycotaxon 18 (1): 29–48. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0018/001/0029.htm. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Jørgensen, P.M. (2004). "Further contributions to the Pannariaceae (lichenized Ascomycetes) of the Southern Hemisphere". Bibliotheca Lichenologica 88: 229–253. 
  13. ↑ Elvebakk, Arve (2021). "Psoroma inflatum, a new alpine lichen from New Zealand". Australasian Lichenology 89: 49–53. https://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/AL89.pdf. 
  14. ↑ Dodge, C.W. (1970). "Lichenological notes on the flora of the Antarctic Continent and the Subantarctic islands. IX-XI". Nova Hedwigia 19 (3–4): 439–502. 
  15. ↑ Elvebakk, Arve; Elix, John A. (2021). "Psoroma nigropunctatum sp. nov., an alpine lichen in south-eastern Australia related to P. buchananii". Australasian Lichenology 89: 54–61. https://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/lichenlist/AL89.pdf. 
  16. ↑ Fryday, Alan M.; Elvebakk, Arve; Anderson, Frances L.; Gagnon, Jean Y. (2019). "Psoroma nivale (Pannariaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) a new species with dark, elongate squamules and bacilliform ascospores from arctic Québec, Canada". The Lichenologist 51 (5): 419–429. doi:10.1017/S0024282919000288. 
  17. ↑ Scutari, N.C.; Calavelo, S. (1995). "A new species of Psoroma (pannariaceae, lichenized Ascomycotina) from Tierra del Fuego, Argentina". Annales Botanici Fennici 32 (1): 5–61 [56]. 

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Wikidata ☰ Q7256123 entry



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