Biology:Psyllaephagus
Psyllaephagus is a genus of chalcid wasps.[1] It was named and circumscribed by William Harris Ashmead in 1900.[2] As of 2019[update], Psyllaephagus contains approximately 245 species.[1] They are found worldwide: Australia has 100 described species; the Palaearctic region has about 57 species, India has about 20, and Africa about 30.[1]
Description
Female
Body length 0.8–3.0 mm, usually between 1.2 and 2.0 mm; usually metallic green or blue-green in colour; mandible usually with two teeth and a large straight dorsal truncation; Antenna 11-segmented; funicle 6-segmented; clava often 3-segmented; fore-wing fully developed, often hyaline, rarely with a smoky spot under marginal vein and stigmal vein; marginal vein usually punctiform (submarginal vein only meeting margin at the point where stigmal vein branches) or slightly longer than wide; marginal and postmarginal veins are both usually shorter than stigmal vein; mesopleuron in side view clearly separated from base of metasoma by propodeum; mid-tibia spur usually shorter than basitarsus; hypopygium very rarely reaching apex of metasoma; ovipositor usually hidden, but may be slightly to strongly exserted at gastral apex.[3][4]
Male
Similar to female except for antennae and genitalia: the funicle varies from whiplike with long setae to flattened with short setae; clava entire.[3]
Biology and biological control
Most of the Psyllaephagus species are primary parasitoids of psylloids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea). Three species from Australia have been successfully utilized for biological control of psylloids: Psyllaephagus pilosus was introduced and released in California and European countries for the purpose of controlling Ctenarytaina eucalypti; Psyllaephagus bliteus was introduced and released in California to regulate Glycaspis brimblecombei; and Psyllaephagus yaseeni was introduced into Hawaii and south-east Asia in order to manage Heteropsylla cubana.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Noyes, J. S. (2019). "Psyllaephagus". The Natural History Museum. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/chalcidoids/database/synonyms.dsml?VALGENUS=Psyllaephagus. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ↑ Ashmead, William H. (1900). "On the Genera of Chalcid-flies belonging to the Subfamily Encyrtina". Proceedings of the United States National Museum 22 (1202): 382–383. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.22-1202.323. BHL page 32021125. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources/research-curation/projects/chalcidoids/pdf_X/Ashmea900b.pdf#page=60.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Zou, Boyu; Hu, Hongying; Zhang, Lanwei; Zhang, Yanzhou (2023). "A taxonomic study of Psyllaephagus Ashmead (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) from China". ZooKeys (1184): 327–359. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1184.109476. ISSN 1313-2989. PMID 38045106. Bibcode: 2023ZooK.1184..327Z.
This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
- ↑ Prinsloo, G. L. (1981). On the encyrtid parasites (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) associated with psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) in southern Africa. Journal of the Entomological Society of southern Africa, 44(2), 199-244.
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