Biology:Psyllid

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Psyllidae, the jumping plant lice or psyllids, are a family of small plant-feeding insects that tend to be very host-specific, each plant-louse species feeding on just one plant species (monophagous) or a few closely related plants (oligophagous). They are found mainly on perennial plant hosts. Together with aphids, phylloxerans, scale insects and whiteflies, they form the group called Sternorrhyncha, which is considered to be the most "primitive" group within the true bugs (Hemiptera). They have traditionally been considered a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide make them one of seven families within the superfamily Psylloidea. If we consider the broader definition there are an estimated 4000 species placed in around 70 genera. Some species are considered as pests in citrus and other horticultural crops. The narrowly defined family Psyllidae does not have unambiguous support of monophyly.[1]

Identification and biology

Psyllids are small and the largest are about half a centimetre long and can be mistaken and have a body shape that is similar to that of aphids in having a tubular abdomen tip, but lacking cornicles. They have a long 10-segmented antenna and three ocelli. Adults have strong hind legs adapted for leaping and both sexes are winged in adults. The wings are usually hyaline and show just a few veins. The radial, medial and cubital veins have one branch each. In some species the wings are patterned in black. In most species the wings are held over the body in tent-like position. In many species the apex of the wing is held raised at an angle. The proboscis is short and three segmented. The hind legs are modified and they have a large coxa, often with a backward facing process called a mercanthus. The structures on the hind legs are used in species identification. Psyllids are often collected for monitoring in yellow pan traps.[2]

Diaphorina citri, the citrus psyllid

Psyllids hatch from eggs and go through five nymphal instars before they become adults. The winged adults are weak fliers but they can be dispersed widely by winds. They use their stylets to pierce plant tissue and feed on phloem sap. Feeding by nymphs causes leaf rolling, curling, rosette formation of growing buds, purpling, and chlorosis. They can also transmit bacteria, viruses, and phytoplasmas that affect plants. Diaphorina citri is noted for being a vector of citrus greening.[3] Nymphs of a few psyllid species induce galls on plants and develop inside them either singly or in groups. The eggs have a stalk that is inserted into plant tissue and this induces gall formation in some species. Like other sternorrhyncha, they secrete wax and excrete honeydew with a few species attended by ants[4] but some ant species are predators.[5][6] One species Pachypsylla cohabitans is known to live as an inquiline inside the galls created by other psyllid species.[7] Several genera of psyllids, especially among the Australian fauna, secrete coverings called "lerps" over their bodies, presumably to conceal them from predators and parasites.[8] Psyllid parasitoids include Endopsylla (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), which affects adults and numerous Hymenoptera that mostly lay their eggs on the nymphs.[9][10][11]

Eogyropsylla paveloctogenarius described from 46 mya Eocene shales from Montana is considered the oldest member of the Psyllodea. Other Psylloidea fossils are described from Baltic amber of the Middle to Upper Eocene (44-38 mya).[12] The explosive diversification of the flowering plants in the Cretaceous was paralleled by a massive diversification of associated insects, and many of the morphological and metabolic characters that the flowering plants exhibit may have evolved as defenses against herbivorous insects.

Psyllid "lerp" pest of Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Subfamilies and genera

A 2021 review[1] identified 10 subfamilies (with one from Madagascar, yet to be described), including:[13]

Acizziinae White & Hodkinson, 1985
Amorphicolinae Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021
  • Amorphicola Heslop-Harrison, 1961
Aphalaroidinae Vondráček, 1963
  1. Aphalaroida Crawford, 1914
  2. Baccharopelma Burckhardt et al., 2004
  3. Burckhardtia Straube & Meritzki
  4. Connectopelma Šulc, 1914 (replacement name for Delina Blanchard nec Robineau-Desvoidy)
  5. Ehrendorferiana Burckhardt, 2005
  6. Freysuila Aleman, 1887 (syn. Indana)
  7. Pachyparia Loginova, 1967
  8. Panisopelma Enderlein, 1910
  9. †Primascena Klimaszewski, 1998
  10. Prosopidopsylla Burckhardt, 1987
  11. Russelliana Tuthill, 1959 (syn. Arepuna)
  12. Sphinia Blanchard, 1852
  13. Yangus Fang, 1990 (syn. Pallipsylla)
  14. Zonopelma Burckhardt, 1987

Ciriacreminae

Authority: Enderlein, 1910

  1. Auchmerina Enderlein, 1918
  2. Auchmeriniella Brown & Hodkinson, 1988
  3. Caradocia Laing, 1923
  4. Ciriacremum Enderlein, 1910
  5. Euceropsylla Boselli, 1929
  6. Geijerolyma Froggatt, 1903
  7. Heteropsylla Crawford, 1914
  8. Hollisiana Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021
  9. Insnesia Tuthill, 1964
  10. Isogonoceraia Tuthill, 1964
  11. Jataiba Burckhardt & Queiroz, 2020
  12. Kleiniella Aulmann, 1912 (syn. Desmiostigma, Syndesmophlebia)
  13. Manapa Brown & Hodkinson, 1988
  14. Mitrapsylla Crawford, 1914
  15. Queiroziella Burckhardt, 2021
  16. Palmapenna Hollis, 1976
  17. Telmapsylla Hodkinson, 1992
  18. Trigonon (bug) Crawford, 1920

Diaphorininae

Authority: Vondráček, 1951

  1. Diaphorina Löw, 1880 (syn. Brachypsylla, Diaphora. Gonanoplicus, Pennavena, Eudiaphorina)
  2. Parapsylla Heslop-Harrison, 1961 (syn. Agmapsylla)

Katacephalinae

Authority: Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021

  1. Katacephala Crawford, 1914 (syn. Jenseniella)
  2. Lautereropsis Burckhardt & Malenovský, 2003
  3. Notophorina Burckhardt, 1987
  4. Tuthillia Hodkinson, Brown & Burckhardt, 1986

Macrocorsinae

Authority: Vondráček, 1963

  1. Apsyllopsis Burckhardt & Queiroz, 2020
  2. Brinckitia Heslop-Harrison, 1961
  3. Colophorina Capener, 1973 (syn. †Otroacizzia)
  4. Epiacizzia Li, 2002
  5. Euphaleropsis Li, 2004 (syn. Peregrinivena)
  6. Euphalerus Schwarz, 1904
  7. Euryconus Aulmann, 1912
  8. Macrocorsa Vondráček, 1963
  9. Paraphyllura Yang, 1984
  10. Pugionipsylla Li in Li et al., 2006
  11. Retroacizzia Heslop-Harrison, 1961
  12. Tridencopsylla Li, 2002
  13. Trisetipsylla Yang & Li, 1984

Platycoryphinae

Authority: Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021

  1. Allophorina Hodkinson, 1991
  2. Limbopsylla Brown & Hodkinson, 1988
  3. Padaukia Hollis & Martin, 1993 (syn. Peltapaurocephala)
  4. Platycorypha Tuthill, 1945 (syn. Neopsyllia)

Psyllinae

Authority: Latreille, 1807; selected genera:

  • Cacopsylla Ossiannilsson, 1970 (syn. Edentatipsylla, Hepatopsylla, Osmopsylla, Thamnopsylla, Psyllia)
  • Psylla Geoffroy, 1762 (syn. Baeopelma syn. nov., Chamaepsylla syn. nov., Psylla (Labyrinthopsylla) syn. nov., Asphagis Enderlein, 1921)

Note: the genus Pachypsylla is now placed in the family Carsidaridae.[1]

Coevolution

Red lerps (Austrochardia acaciae) on Mulga, Central Australia

Status as pests

With taxonomic revisions at genus level and above, species including agricultural pests, that have been classed as "Psyllids" may now placed in other families including the Carsidaridae, Liviidae and Triozidae.


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Burckhardt, Daniel; Ouvrard, David; Percy, Diana M. (2021-03-05). "An updated classification of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) integrating molecular and morphological evidence". European Journal of Taxonomy (736): 137–182. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.736.1257. ISSN 2118-9773. Bibcode: 2021EJTax.736..137B. 
  2. ↑ CSIRO (1991). The insects of Australia. Volume I. (2 ed.). Melbourne University Press. pp. 448–450. 
  3. ↑ Sharma, Anamika; Raman, Anantanarayanan (2022). "Gall-inducing Psylloidea (Insecta: Hemiptera) – plant interactions" (in en). Journal of Plant Interactions 17 (1): 580–594. doi:10.1080/17429145.2022.2065371. ISSN 1742-9145. Bibcode: 2022JPlaI..17..580S. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17429145.2022.2065371. 
  4. ↑ Pramatarova, M.; Burckhardt, D.; Gjonov, I.; Lapeva-Gjonova, A. (2026). "Ant–psyllid interactions: rare or underreported?" (in en). Insectes Sociaux. doi:10.1007/s00040-026-01090-0. ISSN 0020-1812. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00040-026-01090-0. 
  5. ↑ Tena, A.; Hoddle, C.D.; Hoddle, M.S. (2013). "Competition between honeydew producers in an ant–hemipteran interaction may enhance biological control of an invasive pest" (in en). Bulletin of Entomological Research 103 (6): 714–723. doi:10.1017/S000748531300045X. ISSN 0007-4853. PMID 23941659. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S000748531300045X/type/journal_article. 
  6. ↑ Sanchez, Juan Antonio; Carrasco-Ortiz, Aline; López-Gallego, Elena; Ramírez-Soria, Maria José; La Spina, Michelangelo (2021). "Ants reduce fruit damage caused by psyllids in Mediterranean pear orchards" (in en). Pest Management Science 77 (4): 1886–1892. doi:10.1002/ps.6213. ISSN 1526-498X. Bibcode: 2021PMSci..77.1886S. https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.6213. 
  7. ↑ Yang, Man-Miao; Mitter, Charles; Miller, Douglass R. (2001). "First incidence of inquilinism in gall-forming psyllids, with a description of the new inquiline species (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea, Psyllidae, Spondyliaspidinae)" (in en). Zoologica Scripta 30 (2): 97–113. doi:10.1046/j.1463-6409.2001.00060.x. ISSN 0300-3256. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1463-6409.2001.00060.x. 
  8. ↑ Oppong, C. K.; Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, M. J.; Wessels, D. C. J. (2010). "Nymphal Behaviour and Lerp Construction in the Mopane PsyllidRetroacizzia mopani(Hemiptera: Psyllidae)". African Invertebrates 51 (1): 201–206. doi:10.5733/afin.051.0105. Bibcode: 2010AfrIn..51..201O. 
  9. ↑ Lal, K. B. (1934). "Insect Parasites of Psyllidae" (in en). Parasitology 26 (3): 325–334. doi:10.1017/S0031182000023635. ISSN 0031-1820. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0031182000023635/type/journal_article. 
  10. ↑ Hodkinson, I. D. (1974). "The biology of the Psylloidea (Homoptera): a review" (in en). Bulletin of Entomological Research 64 (2): 325–338. doi:10.1017/S0007485300031217. ISSN 0007-4853. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007485300031217/type/journal_article. 
  11. ↑ Hall, Aidan A. G.; Steinbauer, Martin J.; Taylor, Gary S.; Johnson, Scott N.; Cook, James M.; Riegler, Markus (2017). "Unravelling mummies: cryptic diversity, host specificity, trophic and coevolutionary interactions in psyllid – parasitoid food webs" (in en). BMC Evolutionary Biology 17 (1). doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0959-2. ISSN 1471-2148. PMID 28587639. Bibcode: 2017BMCEE..17..127H. 
  12. ↑ Ouvrard D.; Burckhard, D.; Greenwalt, D. (2013). "The oldest jumping plant-louse (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) with comments on the classification and nomenclature of the Palaeogene Psylloidea.". Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae Biologicae (Brno) 98 (2): 21–33. 
  13. ↑ Ouvrard D, The World Psylloidea Database: Psyllidae (in French, English, Spanish, and German)

Further reading

On the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website

Wikidata ☰ Q628572 entry



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