Biology:Psyllid

Psyllidae, the jumping plant lice or psyllids, are a family of small plant-feeding insects that tend to be very host-specific, i.e. each plant-louse species only feeds on one plant species (monophagous) or feeds on a few closely related plants (oligophagous). Together with aphids, phylloxerans, scale insects and whiteflies, they form the group called Sternorrhyncha, which is considered to be the most "primitive" group within the true bugs (Hemiptera). They have traditionally been considered a single family, Psyllidae, but recent classifications divide the group into a total of seven families; the present restricted definition still includes more than 70 genera in the Psyllidae. Psyllid fossils have been found from the Early Permian before the flowering plants evolved. The explosive diversification of the flowering plants in the Cretaceous was paralleled by a massive diversification of associated insects, and many of the morphological and metabolic characters that the flowering plants exhibit may have evolved as defenses against herbivorous insects.

Several genera of psyllids, especially among the Australian fauna, secrete coverings called "lerps" over their bodies, presumably to conceal them from predators and parasites.

Psyllid "lerp" pest of Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Subfamilies and genera

A 2021 review identified 10 subfamilies (with one from Madagascar, yet to be described), including:

Acizziinae White & Hodkinson, 1985

• Acizzia Heslop-Harrison, 1961

Amorphicolinae Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021

• Amorphicola Heslop-Harrison, 1961

Aphalaroidinae Vondráček, 1963

1. Aphalaroida Crawford, 1914
2. Baccharopelma Burckhardt et al., 2004
3. Burckhardtia Straube & Meritzki
4. Connectopelma Šulc, 1914 (replacement name for Delina Blanchard nec Robineau-Desvoidy)
5. Ehrendorferiana Burckhardt, 2005
6. Freysuila Aleman, 1887 (syn. Indana)
7. Pachyparia Loginova, 1967
8. Panisopelma Enderlein, 1910
9. †Primascena Klimaszewski, 1998
10. Prosopidopsylla Burckhardt, 1987
11. Russelliana Tuthill, 1959 (syn. Arepuna)
12. Sphinia Blanchard, 1852
13. Yangus Fang, 1990 (syn. Pallipsylla)
14. Zonopelma Burckhardt, 1987

Ciriacreminae

Authority: Enderlein, 1910

1. Auchmerina Enderlein, 1918
2. Auchmeriniella Brown & Hodkinson, 1988
3. Caradocia Laing, 1923
4. Ciriacremum Enderlein, 1910
5. Euceropsylla Boselli, 1929
6. Geijerolyma Froggatt, 1903
7. Heteropsylla Crawford, 1914
8. Hollisiana Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021
9. Insnesia Tuthill, 1964
10. Isogonoceraia Tuthill, 1964
11. Jataiba Burckhardt & Queiroz, 2020
12. Kleiniella Aulmann, 1912 (syn. Desmiostigma, Syndesmophlebia)
13. Manapa Brown & Hodkinson, 1988
14. Mitrapsylla Crawford, 1914
15. Queiroziella Burckhardt, 2021
16. Palmapenna Hollis, 1976
17. Telmapsylla Hodkinson, 1992
18. Trigonon (bug) Crawford, 1920

Diaphorininae

Authority: Vondráček, 1951

1. Diaphorina Löw, 1880 (syn. Brachypsylla, Diaphora. Gonanoplicus, Pennavena, Eudiaphorina)
2. Parapsylla Heslop-Harrison, 1961 (syn. Agmapsylla)

Katacephalinae

Authority: Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021

1. Katacephala Crawford, 1914 (syn. Jenseniella)
2. Lautereropsis Burckhardt & Malenovský, 2003
3. Notophorina Burckhardt, 1987
4. Tuthillia Hodkinson, Brown & Burckhardt, 1986

Macrocorsinae

Authority: Vondráček, 1963

1. Apsyllopsis Burckhardt & Queiroz, 2020
2. Brinckitia Heslop-Harrison, 1961
3. Colophorina Capener, 1973 (syn. †Otroacizzia)
4. Epiacizzia Li, 2002
5. Euphaleropsis Li, 2004 (syn. Peregrinivena)
6. Euphalerus Schwarz, 1904
7. Euryconus Aulmann, 1912
8. Macrocorsa Vondráček, 1963
9. Paraphyllura Yang, 1984
10. Pugionipsylla Li in Li et al., 2006
11. Retroacizzia Heslop-Harrison, 1961
12. Tridencopsylla Li, 2002
13. Trisetipsylla Yang & Li, 1984

Platycoryphinae

Authority: Burckhardt, Ouvrard & Percy, 2021

1. Allophorina Hodkinson, 1991
2. Limbopsylla Brown & Hodkinson, 1988
3. Padaukia Hollis & Martin, 1993 (syn. Peltapaurocephala)
4. Platycorypha Tuthill, 1945 (syn. Neopsyllia)

Psyllinae

Authority: Latreille, 1807; selected genera:

• Cacopsylla Ossiannilsson, 1970 (syn. Edentatipsylla, Hepatopsylla, Osmopsylla, Thamnopsylla, Psyllia)
• Psylla Geoffroy, 1762 (syn. Baeopelma syn. nov., Chamaepsylla syn. nov., Psylla (Labyrinthopsylla) syn. nov., Asphagis Enderlein, 1921)

Note: the genus Pachypsylla is now placed in the family Carsidaridae.

Coevolution

Red lerps (Austrochardia acaciae) on Mulga, Central Australia

Status as pests

With taxonomic revisions at genus level and above, species including agricultural pests, that have been classed as "Psyllids" may now placed in other families including the Carsidaridae, Liviidae and Triozidae.

References

• Oppong, C. K.; Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, M. J.; Wessels, D. C. J. (2009). "Distribution of the Eggs of the Mopane Psyllid Retroacizzia mopani (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on the Mopane Tree". African Invertebrates 50 (1): 185–190. doi:10.5733/afin.050.0107. Bibcode: 2009AfrIn..50..185O. 
• Burckhardt, D.; Kotrba, M. (2009). "A Review of Afrotropical Plant-Lice of the Genus Moraniella, with Description of a New Species (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae: Rhinocolinae)". African Invertebrates 50 (2): 287. doi:10.5733/afin.050.0206. Bibcode: 2009AfrIn..50..287B. 
• Marutani-Hert, M.; Hunter, W. B.; Hall, D. G. (2009). "Establishment of Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) primary cultures". In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 45 (7): 317–320. doi:10.1007/s11626-009-9188-3. PMID 19440802. 
• Marutani-Hert, M.; Hunter, W. B.; Katsar, C. S.; Sinisterra, X. H.; Hall, D. G.; Powell, C. A. (2009). "Reovirus-Like Sequences Isolated from Adult Asian Citrus Psyllid, (Hemiptera: Psyllidae:Diaphorina citri)". Florida Entomologist 92 (2): 314. doi:10.1653/024.092.0216. 
• Hunter, WB; Dowd, SE; Katsar, CS; Shatters Jr, RG; McKenzie, CL; Hall, DG. (2009). "Psyllid biology: expressed genes in adult "Asian citrus psyllid", Diaphorina citri Kuwayama". The Open Entomology Journal 3: 18–29. doi:10.2174/1874407900903010018. 
• Boykin, L. M.; Bagnall, R. A. N.; Frohlich, D. R.; Hall, D. G.; Hunter, W. B.; Katsar, C. S.; McKenzie, C. L.; Rosell, R. C. et al. (2007). "Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci from the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, the vector for citrus greening disease, huanglongbing". Molecular Ecology Notes 7 (6): 1202. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01831.x. 
• Avery, P. B.; Hunter, W. B.; Hall, D. G.; Jackson, M. A.; Powell, C. A.; Rogers, M. E. (2009). "Diaphorina citri(Hemiptera: Psyllidae) Infection and Dissemination of the Entomopathogenic FungusIsaria fumosorosea(Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Under Laboratory Conditions". Florida Entomologist 92 (4): 608. doi:10.1653/024.092.0413. http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/view/76019. 

External links

On the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website

• Blastopsylla occidentalis, eucalyptus psyllid
• Boreioglycaspis melaleucae
• Diaphorina citri, Asian citrus psyllid
• Glycaspis brimblecombei, red gum lerp psyllid
• Pachypsylla venusta, hackberry petiole gall psyllid

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