Biology:Pygoscelis

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The genus Pygoscelis ("rump-legged") contains three living species of penguins collectively known as "brush-tailed penguins".[1]

Taxonomy

Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests the genus split from other penguins around 38 million years ago, about 2 million years after the ancestors of the genus Aptenodytes. In turn, the Adelie penguins split off from the other members of the genus around 19 million years ago.[2]

Extant species
Genus Pygoscelis – Wagler, 1832 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Adélie penguin

Pygoscelis adeliae
(Hombron & Jacquinot, 1841) 		Antarctica, Bouvet Island
Map of range 		Size: 70–73 cm (28–29 in) in length and a weight of 3.8 to 8.2 kg (8.4 to 18.1 lb).[3][4]

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Chinstrap penguin

Pygoscelis antarcticus
(Forster, 1781) 		Antarctica, Argentina, Bouvet Island, Chile, the Falkland Islands, the French Southern Territories, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Map of range 		Size: 68–76 cm (27–30 in) in length and a weight of 3.2–5.3 kg (7.1–11.7 lb)

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 


Gentoo penguin

Pygoscelis papua
(Forster, 1781)

Four subspecies
  • P. p. taeniata (Peale, 1849)
  • P. p. papua (Forster, 1781)
  • P. p. ellsworthi Murphy, 1947
  • P. p. poncetii Tyler, Bonfitto, Clucas, Reddy & Younger, 2020
Falkland Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, and Kerguelen Islands
Map of range 		Size: length of 70 to 90 cm (28 to 35 in), with weight of 4.5–8.5 kg (9.9–18.7 lb)[5]

Habitat:

Diet: 		 LC 



A 2020 study found that the gentoo penguin may actually comprise a species complex of 4 similar but genetically distinct species: the northern gentoo penguin (P. papua), the southern gentoo penguin (P. ellsworthi), the eastern gentoo penguin (P. taeniata), and the newly-described South Georgia gentoo penguin (P. poncetii).[6][7] However, in 2021 the International Ornithological Congress recognized these as being subspecies of P. papua.[8]

A study has estimated that there are about 3.79 million pairs of Adélie, 387,000 pairs of gentoo, and 8 million pairs of chinstrap penguins in their particular areas,[9] making up 90% of Antarctic avian biomass.[10]

Fossil species
  • Pygoscelis grandis (Bahía Inglesa Formation, Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Bahía Inglesa, Chile)
  • Pygoscelis calderensis (Bahía Inglesa Formation, Late Miocene of Bahía Inglesa, Chile)
  • Pygoscelis tyreei (Pliocene of New Zealand)

The latter two are tentatively assigned to this genus.

References

  1. ↑ "Pygoscelis". 2000. http://www.pinguins.info/Engels/Pygoscelis_eng.html. Retrieved 2016-10-02. 
  2. ↑ "Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling". Proc Biol Sci 273 (1582): 11–17. 2006. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3260. PMID 16519228. 
  3. ↑ De Roy, Jones & Cornthwaite 2014, p. 204.
  4. ↑ Shirihai 2002, p. 64.
  5. ↑ "Pygoscelis papua (gentoo penguin)". http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Pygoscelis_papua.html. 
  6. ↑ Tyler, Joshua; Bonfitto, Matthew T.; Clucas, Gemma V.; Reddy, Sushma; Younger, Jane L. (2020). "Morphometric and genetic evidence for four species of gentoo penguin" (in en). Ecology and Evolution 10 (24): 13836–13846. doi:10.1002/ece3.6973. ISSN 2045-7758. PMID 33391684. Bibcode: 2020EcoEv..1013836T. 
  7. ↑ Pertierra, Luis R.; Segovia, Nicolás I.; Noll, Daly; Martinez, Pablo A.; Pliscoff, Patricio; Barbosa, Andrés; Aragón, Pedro; Rey, Andrea Raya et al. (2020). "Cryptic speciation in gentoo penguins is driven by geographic isolation and regional marine conditions: Unforeseen vulnerabilities to global change" (in en). Diversity and Distributions 26 (8): 958–975. doi:10.1111/ddi.13072. ISSN 1472-4642. Bibcode: 2020DivDi..26..958P. 
  8. ↑ "Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins – IOC World Bird List" (in en-US). https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/loons/. 
  9. ↑ Black, Caitlin E. (2016-03-01). "A comprehensive review of the phenology of Pygoscelis penguins" (in en). Polar Biology 39 (3): 405–432. doi:10.1007/s00300-015-1807-8. ISSN 1432-2056. Bibcode: 2016PoBio..39..405B. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00300-015-1807-8. 
  10. ↑ Williams, Tony D. (1995). The penguins: Spheniscidae. Bird families of the world. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 137. ISBN 978-0-19-854667-2. 

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