Biology:Rhynchobdellida

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Rhynchobdellida (from the Greek rhynchos, mouth, and bdellein, sucking),[1] the jawless leeches[2] or freshwater leeches,[3] are an order of aquatic leeches.[4][5] Despite the common name "freshwater leeches", species are found in both sea and fresh water. They are defined by the presence of a protrusible proboscis instead of jaws, and having colourless blood.[6][7][8] They move by "inchworming"[9] and are found worldwide. The order contains 110 species, divided into 41 genera and three families.[9] Members of the order range widely in length, usually between 7 and 40 mm.[3] They are hermaphrodite.[3] The order is not monophyletic.[10]

Appearance and eating habits

Glossiphoniidae: Smooth Turtle Leech (Placobdella parisitica) on a snapping turtle shell. (Southern United States)

Instead of jaws and teeth, Rhynchobdellidae have protrusible proboscises, which they use to penetrate the host's skin.[3][11] Mouths of Rhynchobdellidae species are small holes from which the proboscis can be protruded.[11] The proboscis then sucks out the desired bodily fluid from the host: usually blood or coelomic fluid in the case of invertebrate victims.[10]

Rhynchobdellidae are either sanguivorous or predatory. Sanguivorous species usually feed on a variety of other animals, using their proboscis to host's skin. They generate anticoagulants (like mosquitoes) and natural anaesthesia to help the feeding.[3] Predatory Rhynchobdellidae have digestive enzymes that help break down their prey, which usually consists of small invertebrates such as insect larvae or amphipods.[3]

Families

Glossiphoniidae (Freshwater jawless leeches)

Piscicolidae: Trachelobdella lubrica is a parasite of fish.

The Glossiphoniidae, the freshwater jawless leeches, or leaf leeches (due to their shape)[12] are freshwater leeches, flattened, and with a poorly defined anterior sucker.[3] The family Glossiphoniidae contains one of the world's largest species of leech, the giant Amazon leech, which can grow up to 45 cm in length.[13] Many species show extended parental care, keeping eggs in nests or pouches and caring for and feeding the young.[3][14] They feed on both vertebrate and invertebrate animals.[5]

Piscicolidae (Fish leeches)

The Piscicolidae occur in both freshwater and seawater, have cylindrical bodies, and a usually well-marked, bell-shaped, anterior sucker.[3][5] They are parasites of fish.[12][5] The family was originally divided into three subfamilies based on species' pulsatile vesicles, but the subfamilies were disbanded in 2006.[5]

Ozobranchidae: Ozobranchus jantseanus (dorsal view)

Ozobranchidae (Turtle leeches)

Ozobranchidae are primarily parasitic on marine turtles, and are sometimes merged with the Piscicolidae.[3][5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Mehlhorn, Heinz, ed. (2008) (in en), Rhynchobdellida, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1249, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-48996-2_2723, ISBN 978-3-540-48996-2, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48996-2_2723, retrieved 2022-11-27 
  2. ↑ "Taxonomy browser; Rhynchobdellida". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?command=show&mode=tree&id=6406&lvl=. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 "Order Rhynchobdellida". https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/TFI/start%20key/key/Annelida%20key/Media/HTML/Rhynchobdellida.html. 
  4. ↑ "Explore the Taxonomic Tree" (in en). https://www.fws.gov/taxonomic-tree/18721. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Gulf of Mexico Origins, Waters, and Biota | Volume I: Biodiversity. Harte Research Institute. 2009. pp. 789–790. ISBN 9781603442695. https://books.google.com/books?id=CphA8hiwaFIC&dq=Arhynchobdellida&pg=PA789. 
  6. ↑ "Rhynchobdellida | leech order | Britannica" (in en). https://www.britannica.com/animal/Rhynchobdellida. 
  7. ↑ "Rhynchobdellida | Encyclopedia.com". https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/rhynchobdellida. 
  8. ↑ "Definition of RHYNCHOBDELLIDA" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Rhynchobdellida. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Rhynchobdellida - Encyclopedia of Life". https://eol.org/pages/65. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Borda, Elizabeth; Sidall, Mark (2004-12-30). "Review of the evolution of life history strategies and phylogeny of the Hirudinida (Annelida: Oligochaeta)". Lauterbornia 52: 7–15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280298464. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Rogers, D. Christopher; Thorp, James H. (2019-03-31) (in en). Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates: Volume 4: Keys to Palaearctic Fauna. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-385025-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=euZDBAAAQBAJ&dq=Arhynchobdellida&pg=PA359. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Thompson, Gerald; Coldrey, Jennifer; Bernard, George (1984). The pond. William Collins. pp. 116–118. 
  13. ↑ "Amazon Giant Leech (Haementeria ghilianii) | Invertebrate Zoology". 2018-08-31. https://blogs.unbc.ca/biol202/2015/05/01/amazon-giant-leech-haementeria-ghilianii/. 
  14. ↑ Rohde, Klaus (2005-09-13) (in en). Marine Parasitology. Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-09927-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ktTOf3l66QQC&pg=PT185. 

Wikidata ☰ Q5131120 entry



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