Biology:Strawberry roan

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Short description: Equine coat color

thumb|Strawberry roan horse

Strawberry roan, or chestnut roan, are hippological terms referring to a rare color of the horse coat. The strawberry roan coat consists of a mixture of reddish-brown and white hairs in varying proportions, stable over the long term, with the head and lower limbs remaining darker than the rest of the body. Because of the wide variety of possible shades and seasonal variations, the horse coat has given rise to an abundance of poetic terminology, often inspired by the lexical field of botany, in both English and French.

Before the possibility of genetic recognition, the strawberry roan coat was described solely on the basis of the phenotype of the horses concerned. Its genetic function was hypothesized as early as the 1910s, with the identification of a Roan factor. Genetically, this coat color results from epistasis, the action of at least one copy of an allele of the Roan gene (Rn) on a chestnut base coat. The mutation responsible for all Roan coats, identified in 1999, is located on the KIT gene.

This coat color is mentioned in two horses imported to the American continent by Hernán Cortés, as well as in various works and traditional songs. It can occur in all breeds of horse likely to express Roan on a chestnut base coat, such as Dartmoor, Breton, Belgian, Quarter Horse and Criollo.

Denominations

Strawberry roan horse

The National Center of Textual and Lexical Resources (CNRTL by its acronym in French) defines aubère (strawberry roan) as "[referring to a horse]: Whose coat is made up of a mixture of white and chestnut hairs".[1] The term is found in François-Antoine Pomey's Indiculus Universalis, in Georges Guillet de Saint-George's 1678 work,[2][3] in Gilles Ménage's 1694 Dictionnaire Etymologique,[4][5] and in most general dictionaries of the 19th and 20th centuries.[1] Félix Lecoq and Edmond Lavalard note the existence of the incorrect spelling aubert in the second half of the 19th century.[6][7]

Terminology

In English

There's also an abundance of terminology in English, where depending on its hue, can be called a chestnut roan, strawberry roan,[8] lilac roan, lavender roan, honey roan, peach-coloured chestnut roan, or even flea-bitten chestnut.[9][10][11] The English term red roan[8] may be used to designate chestnut roan,[8][12] but it is generally used to describe bay roan, leading to possible confusion.[13]

In French

In his book Les Couleurs de nos souvenirs, medieval historian Michel Pastoureau highlights the poetic aspect applied to the, historical description of horse coat colors, citing this lexical field as an example.[14] There's also the adjective auberisé (English: flecked), to designate a variegated coat with a partially auberic hue.[14][9] Historically, a large number of French nouns refer to the color of a horse coat resulting from a mixture of chestnut and white, depending on the different shades possible:[15][16]

"The chestnut roan has been called mille-fleurs (hypericum flower), aubère (strawberry roan), pêchard, fleur de pêcher (peach blossom), etc. The various shades of chestnut, combined with white in various proportions, give rise to a thousand varieties which it is impossible to designate by precise names, but whose particular accidents are easy to describe in the reports". – Baron de Curnieu[16]

Peach blossoms (Prunus persica), whose hue inspired a French name for the color of the horse

This color of the horse coat is compared, for example, to that of the Hypericum flower.[17] The name péchard or mille-fleurs (hypericum flower) comes from the pinkish hue created by the mixture of red and white hairs.[6][18]

The word aubère is now considered an old name,[8] although it was retained as an equivalent when the 1999 French classification was published.[19] The official term used by the Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation (IFCE by its acronym in French) is alezan granité.[20][21] To allow genetic distinction, this coat is sometimes (rarely) referred to in English as alezan roan, firstly because the word aubère can be used to designate phenotypes of equine coats that correspond to several different genotypes, and secondly because in French, the word "rouan" historically and by default designates the only variant of the bay roan.[22]

In other languages

In Walloon, the strawberry roan coat is called blanc baïet,[23] in German it is called fuschsschimmel[14] or rotschimmel,[24] and in Hungarian it is called fakó.[25] In Wolof, it is called Jeñ, Jeñ bu weex when white dominates, and Jeñ bu xonq when red dominates.[26]

History

Head of an American strawberry roan horse

In 1910, Alfred Sturtevant published a coat genetics study on a population of American carriage horses in The Biological Bulletin, in which he identified a genetic factor for roan, which he named "R"; he noted that the coat corresponding to roan chestnut was present in less than 10% of carriage horses on the streets of New York City, but that it was never identified separately.[27] Two years later, in his article A critical examination of recent studies on color inheritance in horses, he states that the roan factor causes a mixture of white hairs with another basic color of the horse, and seems dominant in its transmission.[28] In 1913, in his article The Inheritance of Coat Color in Horses, Edward N. Wentworth noted the existence of chestnut and black horses expressing the roan factor, and considered it probable that there also exists a chestnut roan.[29]

Building on the work of the aforementioned authors, Sewall Wright noted in 1917 that a horse born chestnut and becoming white as it aged would be attached to the gray family, while a horse born chestnut roan would be attached to the roan.[30]

In 1979, on the basis of birth statistics for horses expressing a roan phenotype, Harold F. Hintz and Lloyd Dale Van Vleck postulated that the gene responsible was lethal in utero in its homozygous form.[31] Dr. Dan P. Sponenberg demonstrated the epistasis of the Roan gene with the chestnut in 1984, after crossing a Belgian bay roan stallion with several chestnut mares, resulting in some thirty bay roan foals and a single chestnut roan.[24][32] In 1999, Stefan Marklund and colleagues located the mutation responsible for all roan coats on exon 19 of the KIT gene,[33] but the causal mutation has yet to be identified.[12][24]

Description

Strawberry roan pony's head, darker than its body, in Brittany.

The strawberry roan coat is always described as a stable mixture of brown/red/orange and white hairs, in varying proportions.[8][34][35][36][37] Some horses are virtually white, while others retain a very large number of colored hairs.[38]

The manes can also be a mixture of these two colors, or just one of them.[18] The head and extremities of the limbs are always darker than the rest of the body.[39]

The color of the coat can vary from light to dark,[36] depending on the number of white hairs and the shade of the chestnut, which can greatly vary the intensity and reflection of the coat.[6][18][40] It is customary to speak of a "light strawberry roan" when white hairs are the most numerous, and of a "dark strawberry roan" when, on the contrary, red hairs are in the majority.[36][18][40] The horse is called an "ordinary strawberry roan" when the mixture between the two coat colors is roughly equal.[36][18][40]

  • Dark strawberry roan with few white hairs

  • Light strawberry roan with lots of white hairs

  • New Forest strawberry roan foal

A light strawberry roan is said to be a hypericum flower when its white hairs are separated on a reddish-red background, distinct and "resembling a thousand and one isolated flowers".[36][18][41] For Merche, it's the dark strawberry roan that's generally called peach blossom,[36] while for Lavalard, it's the horse with a pinkish tint that gets this name.[18] According to Pastoureau, the light-haired strawberry roan is called peach blossom and the dark-haired strawberry roan: lilac flower.[14] In the 19th century, horse dealers indiscriminately gave the name pêchard to bay-based strawberry roan and roan horses.[36] Occasionally, strawberry roan horses also show corn marks, i.e. small areas where the coat remains dark, generally due to regrowth after an injury.[42]

  • Poils d'un aubère 01.jpg
  • Poils d'un aubère 02.jpg
  • Poils d'un aubère 03.jpg
  • Poils d'un aubère 04.jpg
  • Poils d'un aubère 05.jpg
  • Poils d'un aubère 06.jpg

There is a seasonal variation in color in all horses expressing the Roan gene, but no long-term evolution as occurs with the Gray gene.[43] Seasonal variation means that the horse is generally lighter in summer than in winter, to the point where the white may no longer be visible in the winter coat.[44]

In foals, the presence of roaning can be verified by the color of the base of the coat, which should be white.[45] Foals are generally born dark-colored, and only take on their definitive color around the age of two.[44]

Visual confusion

The strawberry roan coat is often confused with other colors, especially gray on a chestnut base, bay roan and varnish roan.[46]

Distinguishing between strawberry roan and bay roan (both due to the RN allele) can be tricky.[47] Bay roan (formerly roan), consists of white hairs on a bay base. The total absence of black hairs in the strawberry roan coat therefore makes it possible to differentiate these two coats.[36][47]

  • A bay roan, like this Ardennais, has black hairs.

  • A chestnut-based gray, like this Arabian, has a whitening head, becoming whiter and whiter over time.

  • A varnish roan has few manes, streaked hooves and becomes whiter and whiter over time.

Another very frequent confusion occurs between horses carrying the Roan mutation and those carrying the Gray mutation.[19][48][49][50] During the graying process, horses with a chestnut base coat go through a phase in which they display a mixture of chestnut and white coats.[49] The distinction is made on the basis of the color of the head (which remains dark in the case of the Roan gene, whereas it contains many white hairs in the case of the Gray gene) and the evolution of the coat color over the long term, as the color of gray evolves over the years over the very long term, but not according to the seasons.[19][48] If you wait a year, you can see if the number of white hairs tends to increase.[19]

Finally, it's not uncommon to confuse strawberry roan and varnish roan coats on a chestnut base.[8] Differentiation is based on the presence of an inverted V on the varnish roan horse head, and the characteristics of the leopard complex, such as the abundance of manes (not abundant on a varnish roan), the striated hooves, the appearance of the eye (circled in white on a varnish roan coat), and above all the evolutionary aspect, with the varnish roan horse having more and more white hair as it ages.[8]

Spreading

Strawberry roan Belgian horse

Strawberry roan coats are found in a great many breeds of horse,[19][24] but the founding individuals and frequency of the coat are not precisely known.[24]

Two strawberry roan horses are mentioned among the cavalry imported by the conquistador Hernán Cortés to the American Continent; one belonged to a certain Moron, from Vaimo, and the other to a certain Vaena, from La Trinidad.[51][52] The Roan mutation, and hence the strawberry roan coat, is found in American Horse breeds such as the Quarter Horse, Criollo, Paso Fino, Peruvian Paso, Mustang, Nokota and American Miniature Horse.[8][24][53]

The strawberry roan coat is also found in various draft horse breeds,[24] including the Belgian Trait, but at a lower frequency than the bay roan.[32] Brooklyn Supreme, a Belgian draft that probably holds the record for the world's heaviest horse, wears this coat.[54] Ardennais can also express the various variants of roan.[8] Among European ponies, this coat is found in the Welsh, Dartmoor and New Forest breeds.[8]

Strawberry roan coat is almost non-existent in sport horse breeds, and is impossible in Arabians, where the Roan mutation does not exist.[8]

Genetics

Genetically, the strawberry roan is a chestnut-based coat that has been modified by the Roan mutation,[48] thanks to an epistasis relationship.[24] All forms of Roan coat, including strawberry roan, are caused by this dominant allele (autosomal dominant transmission), the Roan allele.[24][44] A single copy of this allele is all that's needed to express the strawberry roan coat.[24][44] The Roan allele is denoted by the symbol RN (rn if absent).[12]

The KIT gene, which plays a role in pigmentation cells, controls the expression of roan (RN) coats.[24] The tan coat can be tested genetically.[24]

Combination with other coat genes

In this miniature horse, the strawberry roan coat is expressed in combination with the flaxen gene, which gives blond tones to the manes.

Strawberry roan coat can be combined with gray; as with all gray horses, the coat will lighten to white in appearance.[44]

Due to its location on the KIT gene, homozygous roan theoretically cannot co-exist with a number of pinto coats, such as tobiano, sabino[44] and dominant white.

Health and pleiotropy

Little is known about the pleiotropic effects of RN.[24] It has been suspected that the homozygous form of RN (RN/RN) is lethal,[55][31] but this remains controversial since RN homozygous horses exist and are viable.[24][44] The source of this error could lie in the existence of horses that are genetically roan, but whose phenotype is hardly visible.[21] It is also possible that several causal mutations will be identified in the future.[55]

Cultural references

Japanese yabusame horse

Various references to strawberry roan horses can be found in the arts, heroic tales and traditional songs.

According to sinologist Françoise Aubin's translation, the Jesuit painter Giuseppe Castiglione (known as Lang Shining, 1688–1766) painted a "white strawberry roan horse adapted for mountain walking" (in Manchu, Kulkuri suru and in Mongolian, Riditu čayan).[56] Fulanic epic tales from Mali mention a long-listed strawberry roan horse belonging to a Fulani from Djelgôdji (1705–1827).[57]

The title of the traditional Mongolian song zaalxan sarga (TGS 126 A6) translates as "The little strawberry roan horse".[58] Chor bard Vladimir Tannagašev (1932-2007) noted among his recorded epics Kyryk kulaš synnyg kara sar'attyg Kan-Mergen, or "Khan-Mergen (tr) to the dark strawberry roan horse of forty fathoms".[59]

In the US, the most popular western ballad about bucking horses (wild horses) in the 1930s is The Strawberry Roan.[60] It was composed by Curley Fletcher (1892–1954), originally under the title The Outlaw Broncho, in 1915.[60]

Beliefs

There are various beliefs associated with the color of a horse's coat.

For Georges Guillet de Saint-George (1624–1705), in Les Arts de l'homme d'épée (1678), "their lack of sensitivity to the mouth and flanks is the reason why they are not held in high esteem, besides the fact that they are prone to losing their sight".[2][3] Baron Charles-Louis-Adélaïde-Henri Mathevon de Curnieu (1811–1871), professor of equestrian science at the Haras national du Pin,[61] considers the strawberry roan to be the least good of the horses he calls "roans", including the grullo, the chestnut, the strawberry roan, the buckskin, the bay and the sooty.[36]

In Yakut shamanism, according to ethnologist Wenceslas Sieroszewski, it is customary to sacrifice horses with certain coat colors to specific spirits; the Dohsoun-douïah spirit is appeased by the sacrifice of a golden-strawberry roan mare with a white head; spirits in the south of the sky that harm men are appeased by the sacrifice of light-strawberry roan horses with half-white muzzles, pink nostrils and white eyes.[62]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "AUBÈRE : Définition de AUBÈRE" (in fr). https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/aubère. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Académie française (1888) (in fr). Dictionnaire historique de la langue française : Ascensionnel-Azyme. Didot. pp. 404. https://books.google.com/books?id=3WYhAQAAMAAJ&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA404. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Guillet de Saint-George, Georges (1678) (in fr). Les arts de l'homme d'épée, ou Le dictionnaire du gentilhomme : Première partie. Contenant. L'art de monter à cheval. Paris. pp. 22. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k64065r/f40.item.zoom. 
  4. ↑ Ménage, Gilles (1694) (in fr). Dictionaire étymologique ou Origines de la langue françoise. Anisson. https://books.google.com/books?id=HTBHAAAAcAAJ&q=cheval+aubère. 
  5. ↑ Ménage, Gilles (1750) (in fr). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise. Briasson. https://books.google.com/books?id=AYM-AAAAcAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA110. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Lecoq, Félix (in fr). Traité de l'extérieur du cheval et des principaux animaux domestiques (4th ed.). P. Asselin. pp. 544. 
  7. ↑ (Lavalard 1894)
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 (Marandet 2018)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Boulet, Jean-Claude (2002) (in fr). Dictionnaire multilingue du cheval. JC Boulet. pp. 526. ISBN 978-2-9804600-6-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=uY2uV21Lv4wC&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA222. 
  10. ↑ (Sponenberg Bellone)
  11. ↑ Sponenberg, Dan Phillip; Beaver, Bonnie (1983). Horse Color. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 124. ISBN 978-0-89096-155-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=ydwqAQAAMAAJ. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 (Bailey Brooks)
  13. ↑ (Sponenberg Bellone)
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Pastoureau, Michel (2015) (in fr). Les Couleurs de nos souvenirs. Éditions du Seuil. pp. 272. ISBN 978-2-02-103262-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=cDYzCwAAQBAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PT124. 
  15. ↑ (Tsaag Valren Népoux)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 (De Curnieu 1842)
  17. ↑ Devic, Marcel (1869). "Les mots français d'origine arabe". Revue de l'instruction publique de la littérature et des sciences en France et dans les pays étrangers: Recueil hebdomadaire politique 20: 313. https://books.google.com/books?id=kq8hfj8lZzcC&pg=PA313. Retrieved 24 April 2022. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 (Lavalard 1894)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 (Chéhu 2004)
  20. ↑ Lemaire, S.; Grosbois, Frédérique; Morin, V.; Grison, Anne-Claire. "Les mélanges de poils" (in fr). https://equipedia.ifce.fr/elevage-et-entretien/race-et-robe/robes-des-chevaux/les-melanges-de-poils. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 (Tsaag Valren Népoux)
  22. ↑ (Sabbagh Sauvegrain)
  23. ↑ (in fr) Vocabulaire de la faune wallonne. Bulletin de la Société liégeoise de littérature wallonne. 1889. pp. 249. https://books.google.com/books?id=vZ_YAAAAMAAJ&dq=BAILLET+cheval+aubère&pg=PA249. 
  24. ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 COFICHEV. "Roan" (in fr). https://www.cofichev.ch/fr/Connaissances/Genetique-genomique/Maladies-hereditaires/Maladies-monogeniques-locus-lie-a-la-pigmentation/Roan-homozygote-lethal.html. 
  25. ↑ Eiben, Jean (1843) (in fr). Nouvelle grammaire hongroise. E. Winiasz. pp. 321. https://books.google.com/books?id=KMoDAAAAQAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA321. 
  26. ↑ N'Doye, Doune Pathe (1988) (in fr). Le cheval de course au Sénégal. Université Cheikh Anta-Diop de Dakar. pp. 92. https://beep.ird.fr/collect/eismv/index/assoc/TD88-29.dir/TD88-29.pdf. 
  27. ↑ Sturtevant, Alfred (1910). "On the inheritance of color in the american harness horse". The Biological Bulletin 19 (3): 204–216. doi:10.2307/1535965. ISSN 0006-3185. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.2307/1535965. Retrieved 24 April 2022. 
  28. ↑ Sturtevant, A. H. (1912). "A critical examination of recent studies on colour inheritance in horses". Journal of Genetics 2 (1): 41–51. doi:10.1007/BF02981546. ISSN 0022-1333. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02981546. Retrieved 24 April 2022. 
  29. ↑ Wentworth, Edward (1913). "Color Inheritance in the Horse". Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 20 (1): 316–324. ISSN 0085-2236. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/pias/vol20/iss1/40/. Retrieved 24 April 2022. 
  30. ↑ Wright, Sewall (1917). "Color inheritance in mammals". Journal of Heredity 8 (12): 561–564. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111694. ISSN 1465-7333. https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/8/12/561/902176?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Retrieved 24 April 2022. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Hintz, H. F.; Van Vleck, L. D. (1979). "Lethal dominant roan in horses". Journal of Heredity 70 (2): 145–146. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109213. ISSN 0022-1503. https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article-abstract/70/2/145/832860?redirectedFrom=fulltext. Retrieved 7 May 2022. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Sponenberg, D. Phillip; Harper, Henry T.; Harpar, Anne L. (1984). "Direct evidence for linkage of roan and extension loci in Belgian horses". Journal of Heredity 75 (5): 413–414. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109968. ISSN 0022-1503. PMID 6481131. https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/75/5/413/767404. Retrieved 24 April 2022. 
  33. ↑ Marklund, Stefan; Moller, Maria; Sandberg, Kaj; Andersson, Leif (1999). "Close association between sequence polymorphism in the KIT gene and the roan coat color in horses". Mammalian Genome 10 (3): 283–288. doi:10.1007/s003359900987. ISSN 1432-1777. PMID 10051325. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s003359900987. Retrieved 7 May 2022. 
  34. ↑ Faron, Nathalie (2002) (in fr). Le Cheval. Illustrated by Jean-Yves Decottignies. Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot. pp. 48. ISBN 978-2-87747-189-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=4XNhgq04hLQC&q=cheval+aub%C3%A8re. 
  35. ↑ Bernard, Isabelle; Corn, Myriam; Miriski, Pierre; Racic, Françoise (2006) (in fr). Les races de chevaux et de poneys. Éditions Artémis. pp. 126. ISBN 978-2-84416-338-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=MvlTSufpZE8C&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA126. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.8 (Merche 1868)
  37. ↑ (Lavalard 1894)
  38. ↑ (Marandet 2018)
  39. ↑ Richard, Achille (1859) (in fr). Étude du cheval de service et de guerre : haras, courses, types reproducteurs.... Librairie de L. Hachette et Cie.. https://books.google.com/books?id=wLWEvpaPwUQC&pg=PA295. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Moll, Louis; Gayot, Eugène (1861) (in fr). La connaissance générale du cheval : études de zootechnie pratique, avec un atlas de 160 pages et de 103 figures. Didot. pp. 289. https://books.google.com/books?id=VmACAAAAYAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA289. 
  41. ↑ Villeroy, Félix (1858) (in fr). Manuel de l'éleveur de chevaux. Librairie agricole de la maison rustique. https://books.google.com/books?id=s21vmoYxfLAC&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA165. 
  42. ↑ (Tsaag Valren Népoux)
  43. ↑ (Sabbagh Sauvegrain)
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 44.6 (Marandet 2018)
  45. ↑ (Sabbagh Sauvegrain)
  46. ↑ (Marandet 2018)
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Leduc, Saint-Germain (1854). "Revue agricole". L'Illustration: 366. https://books.google.com/books?id=9cZRAAAAYAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA366. Retrieved 24 April 2022. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 (Sabbagh Sauvegrain)
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 (Sponenberg Bellone)
  50. ↑ (Marandet 2018)
  51. ↑ Diaz Del Castillo, Bernal (2017) (in fr). La Conquête du Mexique. Actes Sud Littérature. pp. 811. ISBN 978-2-330-08391-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=8NUkDwAAQBAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PT48. 
  52. ↑ Piétrement, Charles-Alexandre (1883) (in fr). Les Chevaux dans les temps préhistoriques et historiques. G. Baillière. pp. 621. https://books.google.com/books?id=V78rAAAAYAAJ&dq=cheval+aubère&pg=PA621. 
  53. ↑ (Bailey Brooks)
  54. ↑ Willoughby, David (1974). The empire of Equus. A.S. Barnes. pp. 475. ISBN 0-498-01047-3. https://www.worldcat.org/es/title/666686. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 (Bailey Brooks)
  56. ↑ Aubin, Françoise (2005). "Review of Giuseppe Castiglione, dit Lang Shining (1688–1766), jésuite italien et peintre chinois, by M. Cartier" (in fr). Art Asiatiques 60: 193–196. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43484225. 
  57. ↑ Seydou, Christiane (2014) (in fr). Héros et personnages du Massina : récits épiques peuls du Mali. Éditions Karthala. pp. 289. ISBN 978-2-8111-1230-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxeTBQAAQBAJ&dq=cheval+aub%C3%A8re&pg=PA251. 
  58. ↑ Helffer, Mireille (1978). "Collection Tangent – Vocal Music from Mongolia; and Instrumental Music from Mongolia. Two 12" LP Records. Tangent TGS 126 & 127. Stereo. Recordings (1974), photographs and English Commentaries by Jean Jenkins. London: Tangent, n.d.". Yearbook of the International Folk Music Council 10: 139–140. doi:10.2307/767369. ISSN 0316-6082. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/yearbook-of-the-international-folk-music-council/article/abs/collection-tangent-vocal-music-from-mongolia-and-instrumental-music-from-mongolia-two-12-lp-records-tangent-tgs-126-127-stereo-recordings-1974-photographs-and-english-commentaries-by-jean-jenkins-london-tangent-nd/8CBAFCCFEF199842502B3BBC88464AB0. Retrieved 24 April 2022. 
  59. ↑ Stépanoff, Charles (2011). "Funk Dmitrij, Šorskij geroičeskij èpos" (in fr). Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines (42). doi:10.4000/emscat.1923. ISSN 0766-5075. https://journals.openedition.org/emscat/1923. Retrieved 24 April 2022. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 (White 1969)
  61. ↑ Seydou, Christiane (2014) (in fr). Charles Louis Adélaïde Henri Mathevon de Curnieu (1811?–1871). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 9782811112301. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxeTBQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 24 April 2022. 
  62. ↑ Sieroszewski, Wenceslas (1902). "Du chamanisme d'après les croyances des Yakoutes (Suite)" (in fr). Revue de l'histoire des religions 46: 299–338. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23660996. Retrieved 24 April 2022. 

Bibliography



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