Biology:Synallaxis
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Synallaxis is a genus of birds in the ovenbird family, Furnariidae. It is one of the most diverse genera in the family and is composed of small birds that inhabit dense undergrowth across tropical and subtropical habitats in the Neotropical region. Some species show contrasting plumage patterns involving rufous crown and wing patches and black throat patches but they are difficult to see as they keep ensconced in vegetation most of the time. Most species show the long graduated tail with pointy feathers that is typical of spinetails. They are also characterized by constructing large domed nests with stick, including a long entrance tube. Some species can be difficult to distinguish from one another on the basis of their plumage, but can be told apart by their vocalizations, which can be quite distinctive.[1]
Taxonomy
The genus Synallaxis was introduced in 1818 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot.[2] The name is from the Ancient Greek sunallaxis meaning "exchange".[3] Vieillot did not specify a type species but in 1840 George Gray designated the rufous-capped spinetail.[4][5]
The genus contains 37 species:[6]
| Image | Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|
| 125px | Ochre-cheeked spinetail | Synallaxis scutata | Brazil, eastern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina |
| 125px | Grey-bellied spinetail | Synallaxis cinerascens | southern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, Uruguay and Selva Misionera |
| 125px | Plain-crowned spinetail | Synallaxis gujanensis | Guianas, southern Amazonia and Colombia |
| 125px | Araguaia spinetail | Synallaxis simoni | Goiás |
| 125px | White-lored spinetail | Synallaxis albilora | Pantanal |
| 125px | Maranon spinetail | Synallaxis maranonica | lower Marañón River |
| 125px | Great spinetail | Synallaxis hypochondriaca | upper Marañón River |
| 125px | Chinchipe spinetail | Synallaxis chichipensis | Chinchipe and Maranon river |
| 125px | Necklaced spinetail | Synallaxis stictothorax | Tumbes |
| 125px | Russet-bellied spinetail | Synallaxis zimmeri | western Peru |
| 125px | Slaty spinetail | Synallaxis brachyura | Central America and Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena |
| 125px | Silvery-throated spinetail | Synallaxis subpudica | Cordillera Oriental (Colombia) |
| 125px | Red-shouldered spinetail | Synallaxis hellmayri | Caatinga |
| 125px | Rufous-capped spinetail | Synallaxis ruficapilla | southern Atlantic Forest |
| 125px | Bahia spinetail | Synallaxis cinerea | Bahia |
| 125px | Pinto's spinetail | Synallaxis infuscata | Pernambuco forests |
| - | Dusky spinetail | Synallaxis moesta | eastern Northern Andes |
| 125px | McConnell's spinetail | Synallaxis macconnelli | tepuis and Guiana Shield |
| 125px | Cabanis's spinetail | Synallaxis cabanisi | eastern Central Andes |
| 125px | Cinereous-breasted spinetail | Synallaxis hypospodia | Cerrado, Caatinga and central Southern Amazonia |
| 125px | Spix's spinetail | Synallaxis spixi | northeastern Brazil to northeastern Argentina |
| - | Dark-breasted spinetail | Synallaxis albigularis | western Amazonia |
| 125px | Rio Orinoco spinetail | Synallaxis beverlyae | Venezuela |
| 125px | Pale-breasted spinetail | Synallaxis albescens | South America |
| 125px | Sooty-fronted spinetail | Synallaxis frontalis | central/eastern South America |
| 125px | Azara's spinetail | Synallaxis azarae | Andes |
| 125px | Apurimac spinetail | Synallaxis courseni | Ampay |
| 125px | White-whiskered spinetail | Synallaxis candei | northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela |
| 125px | Rufous-breasted spinetail | Synallaxis erythrothorax | southeastern Mexico and norther Central America |
| 125px | Hoary-throated spinetail | Synallaxis kollari | Branco River and tributaries |
| 125px | Blackish-headed spinetail | Synallaxis tithys | Tumbes |
| 125px | Rusty-headed spinetail | Synallaxis fuscorufa | Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta |
| 125px | Rufous spinetail | Synallaxis unirufa | northern Andes |
| Black-throated spinetail | Synallaxis castanea | central Venezuelan Coastal Range | |
| 125px | Stripe-breasted spinetail | Synallaxis cinnamomea | mountains of northeastern Colombia and Venezuela ; Trinidad-and-Tobago |
| 125px | Ruddy spinetail | Synallaxis rutilans | Amazonia |
| 125px | Chestnut-throated spinetail | Synallaxis cherriei | Amazonia (scattered range) |
Formerly, some authorities also considered the following species as species within the genus Synallaxis:
- White-browed spinetail (as Synallaxis gularis)[7]
- Chotoy spinetail (as Synallaxis phryganophila)[8]
- White-bellied spinetail (as Synallaxis propinqua)[9]
References
- ↑ Hilty, Steven L.; Ascanio, David (2009). "A New Species of Spinetail (Furnariidae:Synallaxis) from the Río Orinoco of Venezuela". The Auk 126 (3): 485–492. doi:10.1525/auk.2009.08036.
- ↑ Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1818) (in French). Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc.. 24 (Nouvelle édition ed.). Paris: Deterville. p. 117. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.20211. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45177361.
- ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 376. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n376/mode/1up.
- ↑ Gray, George Robert (1840). A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus. London: R. and J.E. Taylor. p. 17. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668911.
- ↑ Peters, James Lee, ed (1951). Check-List of Birds of the World. 7. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 80. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480417.
- ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds (July 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers". IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/ovenbirds/.
- ↑ "Hellmayrea gularis – Avibase". http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=3FACD55E6DCC281C.
- ↑ Derryberry, Elizabeth P.; Claramunt, Santiago; Derryberry, Graham; Chesser, R. Terry; Cracraft, Joel; Aleixo, Alexandre; Pérez-Emán, Jorge; Remsen Jr., J. V. et al. (2011). "Lineage diversification and morphological evolution in a large-scale continental radiation: the Neotropical ovenbirds and woodcreepers (Aves: Furnariidae)". Evolution 65 (10): 2973–2986. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01374.x. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 21967436. Bibcode: 2011Evolu..65.2973D.
- ↑ Claramunt, Santiago (2014). "Phylogenetic relationships among Synallaxini spinetails (Aves: Furnariidae) reveal a new biogeographic pattern across the Amazon and Paraná river basins". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 78: 223–231. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.05.011. PMID 24867462. Bibcode: 2014MolPE..78..223C.
External links
- Synallaxis. Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
- Synallaxis species. BirdLife International.
Wikidata ☰ Q1080599 entry
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