Biology:Thrombin–antithrombin complex
Thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT) is a protein complex of thrombin and antithrombin.[1][2] It is a marker of net activation of coagulation.[3]
Formation and elimination
TAT is formed in response to the high thrombin level caused by coagulation following a ruptured vessel. Since thrombin is rapidly bound by antithrombin, TAT is a useful measure for thrombin level in the blood. Thrombin can pass the blood–brain barrier, destroying neurons and potentially causing cerebral edemas.[4]
The half-life of TAT is approximately 15 minutes.[5]
Disease
Cerebral hemorrhage
TAT levels were studied in patients with intracranial blood clot removal within 24 hours after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in Fujian from 2006 to 2008. This study revealed that TAT levels in the plasma and hematoma fluid of these patients are higher than that those of healthy people, and that TAT levels decreased in the patients after surgery and increased in the patients that had a hemorrhage again. The TAT levels correlate with the severity of ICH according to GCS and NIHSS, and so, the study concluded that TAT complex may be useful in the prognosis for post-operative ICH-patients.[4]
Influences
TAT levels are increased with pregnancy[6] and by ethinylestradiol-containing birth control pills.[7] They have also been reported to be increased by menopausal hormone therapy, although findings are mixed,[3][8] and with high-dose parenteral estradiol therapy for prostate cancer.[9][10][11]
References
- ↑ "Biochemical markers for the diagnosis of venous thromboembolism: the past, present and future". J. Thromb. Thrombolysis 30 (4): 459–71. 2010. doi:10.1007/s11239-010-0460-x. PMID 20213258.
- ↑ "Cancer-associated thrombosis". Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol. 62 (2): 126–36. 2007. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.01.001. PMID 17293122.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Effects of non-oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review". Fertil Steril 90 (3): 642–72. September 2008. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1298. PMID 17923128.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Wu, C. -H.; Yang, R. -L.; Huang, S. -Y.; Li, H. -Z.; Wang, K. -Y.; Yang, D. -H.; Yan, X. -H.; Xue, X. -H. et al. (August 2011). "Analysis of thrombin-antithrombin complex contents in plasma and hematoma fluid of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage patients after clot removal: TAT in ICH patients". European Journal of Neurology 18 (8): 1060–1066. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03336.x. PMID 21244583.
- ↑ "Laboratory Measurement of Thrombin Activity--What Every Clinician Scientist Needs to Know". J Thromb Thrombolysis 2 (2): 85–92. 1995. doi:10.1007/BF01064374. PMID 10608009.
- ↑ "Hemostasis during normal pregnancy and puerperium". Semin Thromb Hemost 29 (2): 125–30. April 2003. doi:10.1055/s-2003-38897. PMID 12709915.
- ↑ "Oral Contraceptives and Venous Thromboembolism: Focus on Testing that May Enable Prediction and Assessment of the Risk". Semin Thromb Hemost 46 (8): 872–886. November 2020. doi:10.1055/s-0040-1714140. PMID 33080636.
- ↑ Skouby, Sven O.; Sidelmann, Johannes J. (2 July 2020). "Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT) and Venous Thrombosis". Managing the Menopause. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–233. doi:10.1017/9781108869102.023.
- ↑ "Transdermal estradiol therapy for prostate cancer reduces thrombophilic activation and protects against thromboembolism". J Urol 174 (2): 527–33; discussion 532–3. August 2005. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000165567.99142.1f. PMID 16006886.
- ↑ Kohli, M.; Alikhan, M. A.; Spencer, H. J.; Carter, G. (15 July 2004). "Phase I trial of intramuscular estradiol valerate (I/M-E) in hormone refractory prostate cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology 22 (14 suppl): 4726–4726. doi:10.1200/jco.2004.22.90140.4726. ISSN 0732-183X.
- ↑ "Phase II study of transdermal estradiol in androgen-independent prostate carcinoma". Cancer 106 (1): 234–5; author reply 235. January 2006. doi:10.1002/cncr.21528. PMID 16284988.
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