Biology:Tibouchina

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Short description: Genus of flowering plants

Tibouchina
Tibouchina papyrus.jpg
Tibouchina papyrus
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Myrtales
Family: Melastomataceae
Genus: Tibouchina
Aubl.[1]
Type species
Tibouchina aspera
Aubl.
Species

See text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Scop. DC. ex Steud.
  • Gynomphis Bractearia
  • Raf. Savastania

Tibouchina /ˌtɪbuːˈkaɪnə/[2][3] is a neotropical flowering plant genus in the family Melastomataceae.[4][5][6] Species of this genus are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees and typically have purple flowers.[7] They are native to Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America where they are found as far south as northern Argentina .[1][7][8] Members of this genus are known as glory bushes, glory trees or princess flowers. The name Tibouchina is adapted from a Guianan indigenous name for a member of this genus.[3] A systematic study in 2013 showed that as then circumscribed the genus was paraphyletic,[4] and in 2019 the genus was split into a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina, two re-established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra, and a new genus, Andesanthus.[9]

Description

Tibouchina species are subshrubs, shrubs or small trees. Their leaves are opposite, usually with petioles, and often covered with scales. The inflorescence is a panicle or some modification of a panicle with reduced branching. The individual flowers have five free petals, purple or lilac in color; the color does not change as the flowers age. There are ten stamens, either all the same or dimorphic, with five larger and five smaller ones. The connective tissue below the anthers of the stamens is prolonged and modified at the base of the stamens into ventrally bilobed appendages. When mature, the seeds are contained in a dry, semiwoody capsule and are cochleate (spiralled).[9]

Taxonomy

The genus Tibouchina was established by Aublet in 1775 in his Flora of French Guiana with the description of a single species, T. aspera, which is thus the type species.[10][11] In 1885, in his treatment for Flora brasiliensis, Alfred Cogniaux used a broad concept of the genus, transferring into it many of the species at that time placed in Chaetogastra, Diplostegium, Lasiandra, Pleroma and Purpurella, among others. This broad concept was generally adopted subsequently, and around 470 taxa were at one time or another assigned to Tibouchina.[9]

Phylogeny

A phylogenetic analysis in 2013 based on molecular data (2 plastid and 1 nuclear regions) determined that the traditional circumscription of Tibouchina was paraphyletic. Four major clades were resolved within the genus which were supported by morphological, molecular and geographic evidence.[4] Based on the traditional code of nomenclature, the clade that the type species falls in retains the name of the genus; therefore, the clade containing Tibouchina aspera remains Tibouchina.[12]

A further molecular phylogenetic study in 2019 used the same molecular markers but included more species. It reached the same conclusion: the original broadly circumscribed Tibouchina consisted of four monophyletic clades. The authors proposed a split into four genera: a more narrowly circumscribed Tibouchina, two re-established genera Pleroma and Chaetogastra, and a new genus, Andesanthus. The relationship between Chaetogastra and the genus Brachyotum differed between a maximum likelihood analysis and a Bayesian inference analysis: the former found Brachyotum embedded within Chaetogastra, the latter found the two to be sisters. The part of their maximum likelihood cladogram which includes former Tibouchina species is as follows,[9] using their genus names and with shading added to show the original broadly circumscribed Tibouchina s.l.:

 
 
 

Tibouchina s.s.

 
 

Pleroma

 
 
 
 

clade 1 (other genera)

 
 

clade 2 (other genera)

 
 
 

Andesanthus

 
 

Chaetogastra / Brachyotum

 
 
 
 

As re-circumscribed, Tibouchina is monophyletic and contains species belonging to the traditional sections T. section Tibouchina and T. section Barbigerae.[10][4] Diagnostic characteristics include the presence of scale-like trichomes on the hypanthium and leaves and a long pedoconnective on lilac anthers, and the absence of glandular trichomes.[10][13][4] Species are found in savanna habitats.[10]

Species

(As of May 2022), Plants of the World Online accepts the following species within Tibouchina:[1]


Selected former species

Species placed in Tibouchina in its former broad sense include:

  • Tibouchina anderssonii Wurdack, synonym of Chaetogastra anderssonii
  • Tibouchina asperior (Cham.) Cogn., synonym of Pleroma asperius
  • Tibouchina campii Wurdack, synonym of Chaetogastra campii
  • Tibouchina ciliaris (Vent.) Cogn., synonym of Chaetogastra ciliaris
  • Tibouchina clinopodifolia (DC.) Cogn., synonym of Chaetogastra clinopodifolia
  • Tibouchina elegans Cogn., synonym of Pleroma elegans
  • Tibouchina francavillana Cogn., synonym of Pleroma francavillanum
  • Tibouchina gleasoniana Wurdack, synonym of Andesanthus gleasonianus
  • Tibouchina granulosa, synonym of Pleroma granulosum
  • Tibouchina gracilis (Bonpl.) Cogn., synonym of Chaetogastra gracilis
  • Tibouchina grossa, synonym of Chaetogastra grossa
  • Tibouchina heteromalla, synonym of Pleroma heteromallum - silver-leaved princess flower
  • Tibouchina lepidota (Bonpl.) Baill., synonym of Andesanthus lepidotus
  • Tibouchina mollis (Bonpl.) Bonpl., synonym of Chaetogastra mollis
  • Tibouchina mutabilis (Vell.) Cogn., synonym of Pleroma mutabile
  • Tibouchina oroensis Gleason, synonym of Chaetogastra oroensis
  • Tibouchina pereirae Brade & Markgr., synonym of Pleroma pereirae
  • Tibouchina pulchra (Cham.) Cogn., synonym of Pleroma raddianum
  • Tibouchina rufipilis (Schltdl.) Cogn., synonym of Chaetogastra rufipilis
  • Tibouchina semidecandra, synonym of Pleroma semidecandrum
  • Tibouchina trichopoda (DC.) Baill., synonym of Pleroma trichopodum
  • Tibouchina urvilleana, synonym of Pleroma urvilleanum - princess flower, glory bush
  • Tibouchina versicolor (Lindl.) Cogn., synonym of Chaetogastra versicolor


Distribution and invasive potential

All the species of Tibouchina are native to the Americas as far north as Mexico south to northern Argentina ,[1] with many found in Brazil ,[4] and others in Belize, Bolivia, Brazil , Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guyana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.[1] Members of Tibouchina tend to be found in lowland savannas and on the lower slopes of the Andes.[4][14] All Tibouchina species as well as those formerly placed in the genus are considered noxious weeds in Hawaii,[15] because of their high potential for being invasive species.[16][17][18] Many species, such as T. araguaiensis, T. papyrus, T. mathaei and T. nigricans, have narrow distributions, being known from only a handful of locations, while a few other species, including T. aspera, T. barbigera and T. bipenicillata, have broader distributions.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Tibouchina Aubl.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000734-2. 
  2. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Tibouchina." Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. Merriam Webster, 1961.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Michelangeli, Fabian; Guimaraes, Paulo J.F.; Penneys, Darin S.; Almeda, Frank; Kriebel, Ricardo (2013). "Phylogenetic relationships and distribution of New World Melastomeae (Melastomataceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171: 38–60. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01295.x. 
  5. ↑ "Tropicos - Name Search". http://www.tropicos.org/NameSearch.aspx?name=Tibouchina&commonname=. 
  6. ↑ "Search results — The Plant List" (in en). http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Tibouchina. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Neotropical Melastomataceae - Neotropikey from Kew". http://www.kew.org/science/tropamerica/neotropikey/families/Melastomataceae.htm. 
  8. ↑ Renner, Susanne S. (1993). "Phylogeny and classification of the Melastomataceae and Memecylaceae". Nord. J. Bot. 13 (5): 519–540. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1993.tb00096.x. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Guimarães, P.J.F.; Michelangeli, F.A.; Sosa, K.; de Santiago Gómez, J. (2019). "Systematics of Tibouchina and allies (Melastomataceae: Melastomateae): A new taxonomic classification". Taxon 68 (5): 937–1002. doi:10.1002/tax.12151. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Guimarães, Paulo José Fernandes (2014). "Two New Species of Tibouchina (Melastomataceae) from Brazil". Novon 23 (1): 42–46. doi:10.3417/2012029. 
  11. ↑ Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophe Fusée (1775). Histoire des Plantes de la Guiane Françoise 1. & se trouve à Paris, chez Pierre-François Didot jeune. pp. 446–448. https://archive.org/details/histoiredesplan00aublgoog. 
  12. ↑ McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S. et al. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) Regnum Vegetabile 154. Königstein:Koelz Scientific Books. ISBN 978-3-87429-425-6. 
  13. ↑ Oliveira, Ana Luiza Freitas; Guimarães, Paulo José Fernandes; Romero, Rosana (2015). "Validation of the Names Tibouchina albescens and Tibouchina nigricans (Melastomataceae), Two New Species from Central Brazil". Systematic Botany 40 (4): 1003–1011. doi:10.1600/036364415x690049. 
  14. ↑ Rojas, Ruilova, Xavier; Isabel, Marques (2016-10-01). "Better common than rare? Effects of low reproductive success, scarce pollinator visits and interspecific gene flow in threatened and common species of Tibouchina (Melastomataceae)" (in en). Plant Species Biology 31 (4): 288. doi:10.1111/1442-1984.12114. ISSN 1442-1984. 
  15. ↑ Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 4 Department of Agriculture, Subtitle 6 Division of Plant Industry, Chapter 68, Noxious Weed Rules ("Archived copy". http://www.hawaiiag.org/hdoa/adminrules/AR-68.pdf. , cited 5 February 2007)
  16. ↑ Tibouchina urvilleana: Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk project [PIER] data (http://www.hear.org/pier/species/tibouchina_herbacea.htm, accessed 5 February 2007)
  17. ↑ Plants of Hawaii reports: Tibouchina longifolia ("Plants of Hawaii: Tibouchina longifolia -- REPORT". http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_longifolia.htm. , accessed 5 February 2007)
  18. ↑ Plants of Hawaii reports: Tibouchina urvilleana ("Plants of Hawaii: Tibouchina urvilleana -- REPORT". http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/tibouchina_urvilleana.htm. , accessed 5 February 2007)

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q1035441 entry



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