Biology:Vangueria infausta
| African medlar | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Gentianales |
| Family: | Rubiaceae |
| Genus: | Vangueria |
| Species: | V. infausta
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| Binomial name | |
| Vangueria infausta Burch.
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Vangueria infausta, the medlar[1] or African medlar, is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae, which is native to the southern and eastern Afrotropics. Some other names for V. infausta in Southern African languages include mmilo in Northern Sotho, muzwilu in Venḓa, umviyo in Southern Ndebele, mothwani in Tswana and umtulwa in Zulu.[2][3][4][5]
The fruits are consumed by humans and have a pleasant apple-like flavor. The specific name infausta alludes to a superstition that an evil spirit lives within the tree and the misfortune from its use as firewood which is said to 'unlock' the evil spirit from the wood.[6] Many indigenous african names for V. infausta come from the Prot-Bantu mìdìdò (plural "fires").[7][8][9][10]
Description
The trees are low-branching[6] and mostly smallish but may reach 8 m in height. They have drooping branchlets and have pale greyish brown, flaky bark.[11] The fairly large, dull leaves have entire margins and are somewhat variable in shape. They have an opposite arrangement and conspicuous net-veining below.[11] Young leaves are boat-shaped and recurved along the central vein.[6]
Dense clusters of robust green flowers develop from pointed buds in spring. Each velvety flower is about 4 mm long and 6 mm wide, and are carried on opposite and axillary cymes.[11] The corolla is dropped early.
The initially green and glossy fruit appear in summer, and bear the remains of the calyx around their tips.[6] They develop into unevenly shaped, glossy, tan-coloured plums, that contain soft fleshy pulp and fairly large seeds.[11]
Range
This shrub or small tree occurs in abundance in woodlands, scrub, valleys, stony kopjes, or sandy dunes throughout much of Southern and East Africa, including Madagascar. In Africa it is native to Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa .[11] It may be found from 350[11] to 1,330 m above sea level.[6]
Uses
The African medlar is a traditional food plant in Africa. This little-known fruit has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food security, foster rural development and support sustainable land care.[12] The fruit are consumed raw or the pulp may be dried and stored for later use, while the seeds may be roasted.[11] Goats and game browse on the leaves, while other animals may consume the fruit on the tree, or after they are shed on the ground.[6][11] The roots and leaves are used by traditional healers.[6][11]
Thin twigs are prone to being populated by spittlebugs.
The boat-shaped leaves
Acalitus mite galls on leaves
Flowers
Fruit
References
- ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Vangueria infausta | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 16 January 2018 }}
- ↑ "About Mmilo Tours in South Africa: SA National Park Tours". https://www.mmilotours.com/about_us.html.
- ↑ "Wild Medlar - South African Indigenous Fruit". https://southafrica.co.za/wild-medlar-fruit.html.
- ↑ "Vangueria infausta | PlantZAfrica". http://pza.sanbi.org/vangueria-infausta.
- ↑ "Vangueria infausta wild medlar wilde mispel mpfilwa mmilo muzwilu, mavelo umviyo, umtulwa umvilo umbizo, umviyo mmilo, mothwany umvile, amantulwane". https://www.randomharvest.co.za/South-African-Indigenous-Plants/Show-Plant/PlantId/202/Plant/Vangueria-infausta?Filter=All.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Thomas, Val; Rina Grant (2001). Sappi tree spotting: Highlands: Highveld, Drakensberg, Eastern Cape mountains (3rd ed.). Johannesburg: Jacana. p. 264. ISBN 978-1-77009-561-8.
- ↑ "About Mmilo Tours in South Africa: SA National Park Tours". https://www.mmilotours.com/about_us.html.
- ↑ "Wild Medlar - South African Indigenous Fruit". https://southafrica.co.za/wild-medlar-fruit.html.
- ↑ "Vangueria infausta | PlantZAfrica". http://pza.sanbi.org/vangueria-infausta.
- ↑ "Vangueria infausta wild medlar wilde mispel mpfilwa mmilo muzwilu, mavelo umviyo, umtulwa umvilo umbizo, umviyo mmilo, mothwany umvile, amantulwane". https://www.randomharvest.co.za/South-African-Indigenous-Plants/Show-Plant/PlantId/202/Plant/Vangueria-infausta?Filter=All.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 "Vangueria infausta, Rubiaceae". Agroforestree Database:a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. worldagroforestry.org. 2009. http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/.
- ↑ National Research Council (2008-01-25). "Medlars". Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits. Lost Crops of Africa. 3. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-10596-5. http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11879&page=301. Retrieved 2008-08-01.
Wikidata ☰ Q7914865 entry
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